Analysis of norovirus surveillance in adult infectious diarrhea in Putuo District of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of norovirus in adult cases with infectious diarrhea in Putuo District of Shanghai， and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of infectious diarrhea caused by norovirus. MethodsFecal samples， clinical information and epidemiological data were collected from January 2013 through December 2019 in surveillance hospitals in Putuo District of Shanghai. Norovirus was examined by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （rRT-PCR）. ResultsIn 1 389 adult cases with infectious diarrhea， norovirus positive rate was 25.41%， which was significantly higher in male （27.16%） than female （23.89%）. Furthermore， in 353 cases positive for norovirus， GⅡ group was the most common （77.98%）.The positive rate was highest in the cases aged 30-44 years. Spring， autumn and winter were the seasons with higher incidence of norovirus （September to May）. The norovirus-infected cases had more nausea， vomiting， hyperactivity of bowel sounds， and watery stool， compared to the negative cases （P<0.05）. ConclusionThe detection rate of norovirus remains high in adult cases with infectious diarrhea in Putuo District of Shanghai， of which GII is predominant. Seasonality may be spring， autumn and winter. Therefore， it warrants the countermeasures， such as surveillance and health education， for prevention and control of norovirus in susceptible population during epidemic seasons.

Analysis of norovirus surveillance in adult infectious diarrhea in Putuo District of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of norovirus in adult cases with infectious diarrhea in Putuo District of Shanghai， and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of infectious diarrhea caused by norovirus. MethodsFecal samples， clinical information and epidemiological data were collected from January 2013 through December 2019 in surveillance hospitals in Putuo District of Shanghai. Norovirus was examined by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （rRT-PCR）. ResultsIn 1 389 adult cases with infectious diarrhea， norovirus positive rate was 25.41%， which was significantly higher in male （27.16%） than female （23.89%）. Furthermore， in 353 cases positive for norovirus， GⅡ group was the most common （77.98%）.The positive rate was highest in the cases aged 30-44 years. Spring， autumn and winter were the seasons with higher incidence of norovirus （September to May）. The norovirus-infected cases had more nausea， vomiting， hyperactivity of bowel sounds， and watery stool， compared to the negative cases （P<0.05）. ConclusionThe detection rate of norovirus remains high in adult cases with infectious diarrhea in Putuo District of Shanghai， of which GII is predominant. Seasonality may be spring， autumn and winter. Therefore， it warrants the countermeasures， such as surveillance and health education， for prevention and control of norovirus in susceptible population during epidemic seasons.

Research on extraction of Zizyphus jujuba planting area in Jia county of Shaanxi / 中国中药杂志

With digital satellite remote sensing image data of GF-1,in 2018 the object-oriented classification method was used to extract Zizyphus jujuba planting area in Jia county of Shaanxi province. The results showed that the remote sensing classification method based on rule set could extract and reckon Z. jujube planting area in the study area effectively. The planting area of Z. jujube in Jia county was about 5. 34×104 hm2 and the area of consistent accuracy was 97. 92%. The method used in this study could provide a technical reference for the area extraction of the same type of medicinal materials. And it is of great significance to provide decision support for the protection and utilization of Z. jujube resources.

Responses of seed germination of Astragalus membranaceus to light and temperature conditions accompanied with drought and salt stresses / 中国中药杂志

We studied the seed germination of Astragalus membranaceus under PEG and Na Cl osmotic stress gradients( 0,-0. 1,-0. 3,-0. 5,-0. 7 MPa) respectively applied with light( continuous light,light 12 h/dark 12 h circulation and continuous dark) and temperature( constant 15 ℃,15 ℃ 12 h/30 ℃ 12 h circulation and constant 30 ℃) treatments. The results showed as following: ① Under the light and temperature interactive treatments,total germination percentage( TGP) was restrained by high temperature and continuous light also decreased TGP under high temperature. Mean germination time( MGT) was not changed by light mode. Root development was enhanced by dark and low temperature. Shoot development was enhanced by light and high temperature. Hypocotyl length was enhanced by dark and high temperature. ② Under the light and temperature interactive treatments combined respectively with PEG and NaCl stress conditions,although the inhibitions of seed germination and growth were gradually strengthened with the increases of osmotic stresses,slight osmotic stress can promote seed germination. Under the same osmotic potential,the effects of PEG on TGPs and MGTs were stronger than that of NaCl. As the temperature increase,the seeds may change from photo-neutrality to photo-phobia. Decreased TGP under drought and continuous light interactive treatment is an adaptation strategy to avoiding drought. Hypocotyl growth accelerated under continuous dark treatment is an ecological trait which could increase dry matter input in stem and height for more light. Seed development under high concentration of NaCl treatment is better than that of PEG treatment due to low water potential caused by Na~+,which can enter into seed coat and promote water absorption.

Programmed cell death induced by drought stress in sprout tumble of Pinellia ternata / 中国中药杂志

To further study the mechanism of sprout tumble caused by drought,drought stress was simulating with 30% PEG 6000,physiological,and then the morphological changes of Pinellia ternata cells at different treatment time were detected. The results indicated that,along with the period of drought stress continued,the contents of chlorophyll and water potential were decreased,relative electrical conductivity,contents of soluble sugar and MDA increased. Sprout tumble of P. ternata first occurred on the fourth day during drought stress,large scale of sprout tumble appeared on the eighth day with about 73% of tumble rate. The nuclei exposed to drought stress for 2 days were flattened,lobed,invalidated or irregular in shape and significant showed the apoptotic morphological characteristics. Adenylate transferase( ANT) gene expressions were inhibited by drought,with the rapid increase of Caspase-3 enzyme activity,the cell death rate increased. All this proves that the essence of sprout tumble caused by drought is programmed cell death,which may be a self dormancy protection mechanism of P. ternata against adverse environment.

Effects of shading on key enzyme genesexpression and accumulation of saponins in Panax japonicus var. major / 中国中药杂志

To explore the effects of shading and the expression of key enzyme genes on the synthesis and accumulation of Panax japonicus var. major saponins, different shading treatments (0%, 30%,50%) of potted P. japonicus var. major were used as test materials, the expression of three key enzyme genes(CAS,DS,-AS) of leaves and rhizomes in different growth periods of P. japonicus var. major was determined by real-time quantitative PCR, the content of total saponins was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The results indicated that, in flowering stage, CAS,DS,-AS were highly expressed in the aerial parts of P. japonicus var. major, 30% shading treatment significantly inhibited the expression of CAS in leaves and promoted the expression of DS and -AS in stems, leaves and flowers, it was speculated that the main part of saponin synthesis was leaf in this stage. Both the expression levels of DS and -AS and changes in the content of total saponins in leaves showed a tendency of low-high-low throughout the growth cycle, correlation coefficient analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between them. Compared with control, the expression levels of DS and -AS and the content of total saponins were greatly enhanced under shading treatment, 30% shading treatment significantly promoted the accumulation of total saponins. Therefore, it is suggested that 30% shading treatment should be applied to the artificial cultivation of P. japonicus var. major, which is beneficial to the accumulation and quality improvement of saponins.

Which research is needed to support clinical decision-making on integrative medicine? Can comparative effectiveness research close the gap? / 中国中西医结合杂志

In clinical research on complementary and integrative medicine, experts and scientists have often pursued a research agenda in spite of an incomplete understanding of the needs of end users. Consequently, the majority of previous clinical trials have mainly assessed the efficacy of interventions. Scant data is available on their effectiveness. Comparative effectiveness research (CER) promises to support decision makers by generating evidence that compares the benefits and harms of best care options. This evidence, more generalizable than evidence generated by traditional randomized clinical trials (RCTs), is better suited to inform real-world care decisions. An emphasis on CER supports the development of the evidence base for clinical and policy decision-making. Whereas in most areas of complementary and integrative medicine data on CER is scarce, available acupuncture research already contributes to CER evidence. This paper will introduce CER and make suggestions for future research.

Which research is needed to support clinical decision-making on integrative medicine?- Can comparative effectiveness research close the gap? / 中国结合医学杂志

In clinical research on complementary and integrative medicine, experts and scientists have often pursued a research agenda in spite of an incomplete understanding of the needs of end users. Consequently, the majority of previous clinical trials have mainly assessed the efficacy of interventions. Scant data is available on their effectiveness. Comparative effectiveness research (CER) promises to support decision makers by generating evidence that compares the benefits and harms of the best care options. This evidence, more generalizable than the evidence generated by traditional randomized controlled trials (RCTs), is better suited to inform real-world care decisions. An emphasis on CER supports the development of the evidence base for clinical and policy decision-making. Whereas in most areas of complementary and integrative medicine data on comparative effectiveness is scarce, available acupuncture research already contributes to CER evidence. This paper will introduce CER and make suggestions for future research.