Outcomes of the Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate for Patients With Prior Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Surgery

BACKGROUND: To assess the functional outcomes and morbidity in patients undergoing holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) with and without previous transurethral prostate surgery. METHODS: Patients were stratified into two groups, 558 patients who underwent primary HoLEP (group I) and 50 patients who underwent 'secondary-HoLEP' with prior transurethral prostate surgery (group II). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the preoperative parameters (median age, International Prostate Symptom Score [IPSS], prostate-specific antigen [PSA], prostate volume, maximum urinary flow rate [Qmax], and postvoid residual urine volume [PVR]). No significant intraoperative differences were noted in the use of total energy, resected volume, enucleation time, resection efficiency, and mean catheterization time. There were significant improvements in Qmax, PVR, and IPSS in both groups. Complications in groups I and II included 19 (3.1%) and 1 (2.0%) bladder injuries, 25 (4.4%) and 2 (4.0%) recatheterization for transient voiding difficulty, 20 (3.5%) and 2 (4%) cases of severe hematuria requiring additional treatment, and 5 (0.8%) and 0 cases for remorcellation due to remaining adenoma. Transient incontinence was the most common complication for both groups I and II, 30 cases (5.4%) and 3 cases (6.0%) respectively. Urinary tract infection showed improvement subsequent to antibiotic treatment. During the 6 month follow-up period, urethral stricture occurred in 7 cases (1.3%) for group I and in 1 case (2.0%) for group II. CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in functional outcomes and morbidity between the two groups. 'Secondary-HoLEP' seems to be effective and safe for patients with prior BPH surgery.

Application of the Modified Clavien Classification System to 402 Cases of Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

PURPOSE: We attempted to evaluate the perioperative complications of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia by using the modified Clavien classification system (MCCS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Targeting 402 patients who underwent HoLEP for benign prostatic hyperplasia performed by a single surgeon between July 2008 and January 2011, we investigated complications that occurred during and within 1 month after surgery and classified them into grade I to grade V on the basis of the MCCS. If two or more complications occurred in one patient, each complication was graded and counted. RESULTS: The mean age, prostate volume, operation time, hospital stay, and average follow-up period of 402 patients who underwent HoLEP were 68.8 years (range, 52-84 years), 53.2 g (range, 23-228 g), 58.2 minutes (range, 20-230 minutes), 4.5 days (range, 2-7 days), and 9 months (range, 4-27 months), respectively; 78 complications occurred in 71 of the patients (morbidity rate, 17.6%). In MCCS grade I, complications occurred in 54 cases (69.2%); in grade II, complications occurred in 19 cases (24.3%); in grade III, complications occurred in 4 cases (5.1%); and in grade IV, 1 patient required intensive care unit care because of cerebral infarction (1.2%). There were no grade V complications. CONCLUSIONS: The HoLEP-based MCCS complications classification was performed very quickly. However, MCCS, when compared with other measures of endoscopic prostate surgery experiences, including HoLEP, exposed the lack of accuracy in low grade classification and the inability to include late complications.

Prognostic Value of Body Mass Index in Korean Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

PURPOSE: We investigated the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and the prognosis of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in patients who received docetaxel treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of 55 patients who were diagnosed with CRPC and received docetaxel treatment between 2003 and 2009 at our institution. Patients with a normal or lower BMI ( or =23.0 kg/m2) were categorized as group II. Clinicopathological features and survival rates were evaluated by using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: On the basis of BMI, 27 patients (49.1%) belonged to group I and 28 (50.9%) patients belonged to group II. Mean follow-up periods were 30 months and 34.2 months, respectively (p=0.381). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, hemoglobin level, alkaline phosphatase level, distant metastasis, radiation treatments, or performance of radical prostatectomy (p>0.05). In the univariate analysis for predicting survival rates, BMI (p=0.005; hazard ratio [HR], 0.121), logPSA (p=0.044; HR, 2.878), and alkaline phosphatase level (p=0.039; HR, 8.582) were significant factors for prediction. In the multivariate analysis, BMI (p=0.005; HR, 0.55), logPSA (p=0.008; HR, 7.836), Gleason score (p=0.018; HR, 6.434), hemoglobin (p=0.006; HR, 0.096), alkaline phosphatase level (p=0.005; HR, 114.1), and metastasis to the internal organs (p=0.028; HR, 5.195) were significant factors for prediction. CONCLUSIONS: Better effects on the cancer-specific survival rate were observed in cases with higher BMI.

Prognostic Value of Body Mass Index in Korean Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

PURPOSE: We investigated the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and the prognosis of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in patients who received docetaxel treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of 55 patients who were diagnosed with CRPC and received docetaxel treatment between 2003 and 2009 at our institution. Patients with a normal or lower BMI ( or =23.0 kg/m2) were categorized as group II. Clinicopathological features and survival rates were evaluated by using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: On the basis of BMI, 27 patients (49.1%) belonged to group I and 28 (50.9%) patients belonged to group II. Mean follow-up periods were 30 months and 34.2 months, respectively (p=0.381). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, hemoglobin level, alkaline phosphatase level, distant metastasis, radiation treatments, or performance of radical prostatectomy (p>0.05). In the univariate analysis for predicting survival rates, BMI (p=0.005; hazard ratio [HR], 0.121), logPSA (p=0.044; HR, 2.878), and alkaline phosphatase level (p=0.039; HR, 8.582) were significant factors for prediction. In the multivariate analysis, BMI (p=0.005; HR, 0.55), logPSA (p=0.008; HR, 7.836), Gleason score (p=0.018; HR, 6.434), hemoglobin (p=0.006; HR, 0.096), alkaline phosphatase level (p=0.005; HR, 114.1), and metastasis to the internal organs (p=0.028; HR, 5.195) were significant factors for prediction. CONCLUSIONS: Better effects on the cancer-specific survival rate were observed in cases with higher BMI.

Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate: Modified Morcellation Technique and Results

PURPOSE: We developed an inverse technique for tissue morcellation by modifying the conventional upward technique and then examined its safety and efficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 2008 to December 2010, a total of 389 consecutive patients treated with holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) were enrolled in this study. For tissue morcellation, we used an upward technique for an initial series of 84 patients and an inverse technique for a consecutive series of 305 patients. We compared efficiency and safety between the inverse technique and the upward technique. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in mean age or prostate volume between the two groups. The mean morcellation efficiency was higher in the inverse technique group. The incidence of severe bladder injury was significantly higher in the upward technique group. Regarding the site of bladder injury, 7 and 4 cases of bladder injury occurred in the bladder dome and posterior wall, respectively, in the upward technique group. In the inverse technique group, however, the site of bladder injury was limited to the trigone. We divided our clinical series of patients into the upward technique group and three inverse technique groups on the basis of the timing. The mean morcellation efficiency was significantly higher in all three inverse technique groups than in the upward technique group. However, there was no significant difference in mean morcellation efficiency between the three inverse technique groups. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the inverse technique might be a more effective, safer, and more excellent method of morcellation than the conventional upward technique.

Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate: Modified Morcellation Technique and Results

PURPOSE: We developed an inverse technique for tissue morcellation by modifying the conventional upward technique and then examined its safety and efficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 2008 to December 2010, a total of 389 consecutive patients treated with holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) were enrolled in this study. For tissue morcellation, we used an upward technique for an initial series of 84 patients and an inverse technique for a consecutive series of 305 patients. We compared efficiency and safety between the inverse technique and the upward technique. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in mean age or prostate volume between the two groups. The mean morcellation efficiency was higher in the inverse technique group. The incidence of severe bladder injury was significantly higher in the upward technique group. Regarding the site of bladder injury, 7 and 4 cases of bladder injury occurred in the bladder dome and posterior wall, respectively, in the upward technique group. In the inverse technique group, however, the site of bladder injury was limited to the trigone. We divided our clinical series of patients into the upward technique group and three inverse technique groups on the basis of the timing. The mean morcellation efficiency was significantly higher in all three inverse technique groups than in the upward technique group. However, there was no significant difference in mean morcellation efficiency between the three inverse technique groups. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the inverse technique might be a more effective, safer, and more excellent method of morcellation than the conventional upward technique.

Interval from Prostate Biopsy to Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy (RALP): Effects on Surgical Difficulties

PURPOSE: Traditionally, an interval of 4 to 6 weeks has been recommended after prostate biopsy before open radical prostatectomy. However, such an interval is not explicitly specified in robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP). This study was designed to determine whether the interval from prostate biopsy to RALP affects surgical difficulties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2008 and May 2009, a total of 237 men underwent RALP in our institution. The interval from biopsy to RALP was categorized as follows: 2 to 4 to 6 to 8 weeks. Multivariate analysis was used to identify whether the interval from prostate biopsy to RALP was an independent predictor of operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), margin positivity, continence, and potency. RESULTS: Among the 5 groups, there were no significant differences in age, body mass index (BMI), preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume, or preoperative International Index of Erectile Dysfunction-5 score (all p>0.05). In the multivariate analysis, operative time was significantly associated with prostate volume. EBL was associated with prostate volume and BMI. Margin positivity was associated with preoperative serum PSA, prostate volume, and biopsy Gleason score. Postoperative continence and potency were significantly associated with age. However, in univariate and multivariate analyses, the interval from biopsy to RALP was not significantly associated with operative time, EBL, margin positivity, postoperative continence, or potency (all p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the interval from prostate biopsy to RALP is not related to surgical difficulties.

Are There Risk Factors for Persistent Urge Urinary Incontinence after the Transobturator Tape (TOT) Procedure in Mixed Urinary Incontinence?

PURPOSE: We wanted to identify factors predicting persistent urge urinary incontinence (UUI) after the transobturator tape (TOT) procedure in patients with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 293 patients who underwent a TOT procedure from May 2007 to August 2010, 175 MUI patients had at least one 6-month follow-up visit. Preoperative evaluations including history taking, physical examination, urinalysis, urine culture, uroflowmetry, postvoid residual (PVR), urodynamic studies (UDS), and symptom questionnaire were performed. After the operation, surgical outcome and patient satisfaction were assessed by symptom questionnaire, uroflowmetry, PVR, and stress test. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the possible factors influencing persistent UUI after the TOT procedure. RESULTS: Of 175 patients with MUI, 51 (29.1%) had persistent UUI after the TOT procedure. In a univariate analysis, age (p=0.012) and previous anticholinergic use (p=0.040) were found to be associated with persistent UUI. However, only age (adjusted odds ratio, 3.317; 95% confidence interval, 1.015-12.060; p=0.036) was an independent risk factor in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that women who are older than 65 years may have an increased likelihood of persistent UUI after a TOT procedure. Clinicians should consider the possibility of persistent postoperative UUI in elderly women with mixed incontinence.

Single Scrotal Incision Orchiopexy for Children with Palpable Low-Lying Undescended Testis: Early Outcome of a Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

PURPOSE: We prospectively evaluated the surgical outcomes of single scrotal incision orchiopexy in children with a palpable undescended testis compared with the traditional two incision orchiopexy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 398 orchiopexies (292 children) were included and randomly assigned to the single scrotal incision orchiopexy group (Group I, 147 children, 201 testes) or the traditional inguinal incision orchiopexy group (Group II, 145 children, 197 testes). The final number of patients enrolled (excluding those lost to follow-up) was 107 children (146 testes) in group I and 105 children (141 testes) in group II. Success was defined as no complications, postoperative intrascrotal location of the testis, and no conversion to the traditional inguinal approach. Surgical outcomes and complications were compared between the two groups. Testicular location, complications, and subjective satisfaction rate were assessed at the follow-up evaluation at least 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The overall success rate in group I was 92.5% in 135 of 146 testes; the remaining 9 testes required conversion to traditional two incision orchiopexy. In group II, orchiopexy was successful in 136 of 141 testes (96.5%). The operation time and hospital stay were significantly shorter in group I (40.5+/-25.9 minutes, 2.1+/-0.8 days) than in group II (62.3+/-35.6 minutes, 2.5+/-0.7 days), respectively (p<0.001, p=0.03). Postoperative complications were found in two cases (hematoma, wound dehiscence) in group I and in one case (wound dehiscence) in group II; all cases with complications recovered with conservative care. The subjective rate of satisfaction with the cosmetic result was 96.6% in group I and 96.5% in group II (p=0.97). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that single scrotal incision orchiopexy is a simple technique that is associated with a shorter operation time and hospital stay than the traditional method and that is more feasible cosmetically.

Dietary Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged Men / 農村醫學 地域保健

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify dietary factors related to metabolic syndrome in middle aged Korean men who were participants in the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES IV) in 2007. METHODS: The study targeted 361 of the 709 men aged between 40 and 64 years for a final analysis; the other 348 surveys had incomplete data which did not allow for the determination of metabolic syndrome. The definition of metabolic syndrome was based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III(NCEP ATP III). RESULTS: There were significant differences in the metabolic syndrome of middle-aged men according to age, smoking pack-years, and number of resturant meals per week. Dietary factors such as vitamins, riboflavin, natrium, carbohydrate, protein and lipid intakes were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: It was verified that metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men is related to age, smoking pack-years and number of resturant meals per week. Dietary factors were not significantly related. However, further detailed studies in this area are needed.

A Case of Gastric Carcinosarcoma with Neuroendocrine and Smooth Muscle Differentiation

Carcinosarcoma of the stomach is a rarely occurring malignant biphasic tumor that consists of both carcinomatous and sarcomatous components simultaneously in a single tumor. The common carcinoma component is tubular or papillary adenocarcinoma and the mesenchymal sarcomatous components are variable and these include leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. However, neuroendocrine carcinomatous differentiation in the carcinomatous component is extremely rare. We present here a rare gastric carcinosarcoma that demonstrated neuroendocrine carcinomatous and leiomyosarcomatous differentiation in a 47-year-old man.

Myxoma of the Larynx Presenting As a Nodule

We describe herein a rare case of a laryngeal myxoma presenting as a nodule. Laryngeal myxomas involving the neck region, especially the laryngeal area, are quite rare. A 36-year-old male patient presented with a 2 month history of hoarseness. On laryngoscopic examination, there was a myxoid homogeneous transparent mass on the right vocal cord. On microscopic examination, the lesion was hypocellular and myxoid. The lesion showed stellate or spindle cells which were evenly dispersed in the poorly vascularized myxoid stroma. Although the incidence is extremely rare, a laryngeal myxoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of laryngeal masses.

An Unusual Meningothelial Element in a Hairy Polyp of the Hard Palate

Hairy polyps are a rare malformations of bigerminal origin that comprise of both ectodermal and mesodermal elements. Meningothelial elements are an extremely rare pathologic finding in hairy polyps. Here we report a case of a hairy polyp with a meningothelial element, which originated from the hard palate. A 1-year-old boy was evaluated for an intraoral mass accompanied by multiple congenital anomalies. A small polypoid mass was noted at the midline of the hard palate. The lesion had central fibroconnective tissue with an unusual stromal component showing reticulated anastomosing pseudovascular patterns. Immunohistochemical staining of the cells lining the pseudovascular spaces and the interstitial cells revealed vimentin and epithelial membrane antigen positivity.

Cystic Lymphangioma of the Breast in an Adult Woman

Cystic lymphangioma is also known as cystic hygroma, and this is a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Most lymphangiomas are present at birth and they are diagnosed by the age of 2. They are mostly located in the neck or axillary region. The breast as a site of origin is an extremely unusual location, and especially in adults. We report here on a case of cystic lymphangioma in a 36-year-old woman. Physical examination revealed a tender cystic mass in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. Ultrasonography revealed an irregular hypoechoic mass lesion that was associated with irregular duct dilatation and several enlarged axillary lymph nodes. After the operation, the mass was revealed to be a cystic lymphangioma. Although it is very rare, cystic lymphangioma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a breast mass in adults.

The Intestinal Type of Florid Cystitis Glandularis Mimics Bladder Tumor: A Case Report

Cystitis glandularis is a benign metaplastic proliferative lesion of the urinary bladder which usually occurs in the setting of chronic irritation and infection or in some cases as a congenital process. Sometimes it presents as a tumor mass-like florid lesion, grossly mimicking malignancy. We report a case of 59-year-old man with multiple mass lesions around the trigone and the neck portion, which suggested the possibility of malignancy in clinical and radiological evaluations. Final diagnosis was confirmed by transurethral resection. The surface urothelial lining was intact. The submucosa showed von Brunn's nests, cystitis glandularis and cystitis cystica in the edematous lamina propria. There were numerous glands lined by tall columnar, mucin producing epithelium without atypia, conforming to the appearance of the intestinal variant of cystitis glandularis. The cystitis glandularis may mimic a neoplasm on gross evaluation. The intestinal variant of cystitis glandularis is particularly likely to be problematic when florid.

Kikuchi's Disease of the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes Presenting as Acute Appendicitis

Kikuchi's disease is a benign self-limiting necrotizing lymphadenitis that occurs most commonly in young women, and is usually found in the cervical lymph nodes. When there is an unusual location of involved lymph nodes, the diagnosis can be difficult. We recently treated a patient with Kikuchi's disease who had ileocecal mesenteric lymph node involvement; the patient presented with symptoms of acute appendicitis in an 11-year old boy. Although mesenteric lymph node involvement of Kikuchi's disease is very rare, Kikuchi's disease should be added to the differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis in patients with enlarged ileocecal mesenteric lymph nodes on radiological evaluation.

The Results of Performing the SPARC Procedure for Treating Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: A 14 Month Study / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of performing the suprapubic arc (SPARC) procedure during 14 months at our hospital for treating female stress urinary incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between October 2002 and December 2003, 114 consecutive women who suffered with stress urinary incontinence underwent the SPARC procedure. All the patients were followed up for at least 1 year. The patients were preoperatively evaluated via taking their medical history, physical examinations, and conducting urinalysis and voiding cystourethrography and urodynamic studies, including determining the Valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP). Evaluations were conducted by questionnaires and interviews for determining the surgical outcome and the patients' satisfaction. RESULTS: The mean age was 48.6 years (30-70), the mean follow-up period was 16.4 months (12-25), the mean hospital stay was 3.8 days (2-10) and the mean operation time was 38.7 minutes. For 114 patients, 92 (80.7%) were cured and 17 (14.9%) were significantly improved. 99 patients (86.8%) were satisfied with the SPARC procedure, and 95 patients (83.3%) would like to recommend the SPARC procedure to others. Intraoperative complications included 9 (7.9%) bladder perforations and 1 (0.9%) urethral injury. Postoperative complications showed 14 cases (12.3%) of urinary retention, 2 cases (1.8%) of vaginal wound infections and 1 case (0.9%) of vaginal erosion due to tape. De novo urge incontinence was noted in 3 patients (2.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Favorable results were obtained from the SPARC procedure. This procedure is an effective and safe technique for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence in terms of the low morbidity and the high success rate.

Surgical Management of Chronic Lymphedema of Penis and Scrotum / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Chronic lymphedema of the penis and scrotum is a rare disease in Korea. Lymphedema can be defined as an accumulation of excessive lymph, proteins, chronic inflammation, edema and fibrosis, secondary to the impairment of the lymph vessels, which can be classified into primary, which is the result of inadequate drainage of lymph caused by agenesis and hypogenesis of lymph vessels, and secondary, which could be due to an obstruction or interruption of the lymphatic system, caused by malignancies, post-operative, post-radiation fibrosis, infection, trauma or excision. The treatment method for a lymphedema of the genitalia is determined by cause, which is crucial to the natural course of the disease. In contrast to a primary lymphedema without soft tissue changes and injury, which could be treated conservatively, surgical excision is the best method to treat a chronic lymphedema with soft tissue changes. In this article, a case of penile and scrotal chronic lymphedema of unknown cause, treated with surgical methods, is reported.

Incidence of Concomitant Procedures for Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Reconstruction in Women Who Undergo Sling Operation for Stress Urinary Incontinence

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of concomitant procedures performed for pelvic organ prolapse or vaginal reconstruction at the time of surgery for stress urinary incontinence in contemporary urologic practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively examined all concomitant procedures for pelvic organ prolapse or vaginal reconstruction in 279 women who had underwent sling operation for stress urinary incontinence at our institution. The subjects presented with stress urinary incontinence underwent history taking, physical examination and urologic investigations such as standing cystourethrography and urodynamic study including Valsalva leak point pressure. RESULTS: Of 279 women, 64(22.9%) had at least one concomitant procedure performed for pelvic organ prolapse or vaginal reconstruction, including 43(15.4%) cystocele repairs, 24(8.6%) rectocele repairs, 6(2.2%) cystocele and rectocele repairs concurrently, 2(0.7%) vaginal hysterectomy and 1(0.4%) urethral diverticulectomy. CONCLUSION: We found that women who undergo surgery for stress urinary incontinence had a high incidence(22.2%) of associated pelvic organ prolapse requiring surgical repair. These additional maneuvers contributed to the overall success of surgery and should not be overlooked.

Comparison of C-anoplasty and House Shaped Advancement Flap in Anal Stenosis

PURPOSE: The surgical treatment of anal stenosis includes internal sphincterotomy, rotaton flap and advancement flap according to the stenosis degree, recently, Christensen performed house shaped advancement flap and reported fair results. We compared and analyzed the surgical methods and results in patients with moderate and severe anal stenosis who underwent house shaped advancement flap and C-anoplasty. METHODS: We have performed this study with 6 cases using the house shaped advancement flap and 6 cases using the C-anoplasty. The out come was assessed by clinical characteristics, surgical method, operation time, duration of hospitalization, healing time, postoperative complications, results. RESULTS: The average operation time was 38 min in those house shaped advancement flap cases and 63 min in C-anoplasty cases. The average time of hospitalization was 6 days and 9 days, respectively, and the average time of healing was 28 days and 46 days, respectively. In those house advancement flap cases, surgery could be done in 2 directions at the same time in 4 cases and 3 directions in 2 cases; as for those C-anoplasty cases, surgery could be done in 1 direction in 4 cases and 2 directions in 1 case. Two complications were observed in C-anoplasty, one flap infection and one flap necrosis, and in house shaped advancement flap, no complication was observed. CONCLUSIONS: House shaped advancement flap have several advantages compared to the C-anoplasty, and since house shaped advancement flap could be performed in 2 to 3 directions or even 4 directions at the same time, the anus could sufficiently expanded in severe anal stenosis patients. The house shaped advancement flap might be one of the good method in treating anal stenosis.