Quantitative analysis of active ingredient content of Rhodiola rosea at different harvest months / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To establish a method for quantitative analysis of the active ingredients including salidroside, rosarin and rosavin and content determination in Rhodiola rosea at different harvest months. Methods:HPLC was used on an X selectHSS T3 (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with mobile phase consisting of methol-acetonitrile-phosphoric acid (0.05%) aqueous solution for gradient elution at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The wavelength was detected at 275 nm (salidroside) and 254 nm (rosarin, rosavin). The column temperature was set at 30 ℃ and the injection volume was 5 μl.Results:The peak areas of Salidroside, rosarin and rosavin showed good linear relationships ( r > 0.999) with the content in the ranges of 44-1 420, 10-307 and 18-573 μg, respectively. The method was precise, stable, repeatable and the sample recovery test all well satisfied the requirements of quantitative analysis. The highest accumulation of the active ingredients was observed in Rhodiola rosea in September and the content of salidroside, rosarin and rosavin were 0.66, 0.07 and 0.53 mg/g, respectively. Conclusion:This method is simple and rapid to evaluate the content of active ingredients in Rhodiola rosea.

Changes of transport sugar content in different organs of Rehmannia glutinosa / 中国中药杂志

Raffinose series oligosaccharides are the transport and storage sugars of many plants, Rehmannia glutinosa is one of the commonly used Chinese herbal medicines, medicinal parts ist he roots. Root and tuber of R. glutinosa contains stachyose, raffinose and other oligosaccharides, but the study about the process of growth and development of other organs in the non-structural changes in sugar content is rare.In this study, leaves, stems and roots of R. glutinosa were used as materials to analyze the diurnal variation and the changes of sugar content of sucrose, raffinose and stachyose in different organs of R. glutinosa. The results showed that the content of sucrose in R. glutinosa leaves gradually increased from seedling stage.However, the content of stachyose did not change much at the early stage of growth, and the stachyose rapidly increased at the later stage of growth. The raffinose content gradually decreased throughout the growing season, young leaves of R. glutinosa have higher ability to sucrose synthesis than mature leaves, while mature leaf has higher raffinose and stachyose synthesis ability than young leaves. Sucrose and stachyose content in stem gradually increased, while there was little change in raffinose content. The content of raffinose and stachyose in root increased rapidly from the beginning of fast growing period, while the content of sucrose did not change much. The content of sucrose in leaves of R. glutinosa did not change much at day and night, while the daily changes of raffinose and stachyose contents were very obvious. The contents of raffinose and stachyose in daytime were higher than those at night. The content of raffinose in root and stem was not changed much, but the change of stachyose in root, stem and leaf was very obvious, especially in stem and leaf. In summary, the leaf is the main synthetic organ of raffinose, leaves, stems and roots are stachyose synthesis organ. Sucrose, raffinose and stachyose are the major transport forms of carbohydrates in R. glutinosa.

Pharmacodynamic differences between hangmaidong and chuanmaidong based on metabonomics / 药学学报

To evaluate the differences of Ophiopogonjaponicus from different cultivations, the metabolomics based method was conducted to compare the effects of Hangmaidong and Chuanmaidong (Chinese name) on plasma endogenous metabolites of normal rats. Data were collected by ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS), and were analyzed by multivariate statistical method, such as Principal Component Analysis and Orthogonal Signal Correction Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis. Results revealed that the plasma metabolites profiling of low and middle dose group of Chuanmaidong were similar to the control group, but different from the high dose group obviously. Meanwhile the high, middle and low dose groups of Hangmaidong were different from control group notably, and the difference is dose dependent. Lysophosphatidylcholines, the possible endogenous metabolites which contribute to the classification most significantly, are closely related to cardiovascular system diseases. Compared with the group of Chuanmaidong, Hangmaidong has greater impact on the plasma metabolic profiling of normal rats. Hangmaidong and Chuanmaidong showed significant differences pharmacodynamically.

Influence of plant growth regulater on yield and quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza / 中国中药杂志

The study is aimed to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators on yield and quality of the Salvia miltiorrhiza. The plant growth regulators was spraying on Salvia plants in July or August in field experiment, then the yield, ingredient content and the antioxidant activity were determined. The results showed that plant growth regulator 'Zhuanggenling' could increase the yield of Salvia with root-planting by 38.45%. Plant growth regulator 'Duoxiaozuo' could increase the yield of Salvia with seedling planting by 14.19%. Both plant growth regulator significantly reduced the antioxidant activity of Salvia in vitro, but they had no significant effect on active ingredient contents.

Study on distribution and dynamic accumulation of catalpol and total iridoid in fresh Rehmannia glutinosa / 中国中药杂志

Iridoid glycosides were the main active ingredient of Rehmannia glutinosa, of which catalpol has the highest content. This work will provide theoretical basis for metabolic study and cultivation of iridoids on the basis of the dynamic accumulation of catalpol and total iridoids in the growth of R. glutinosa. The samples of rehmannia 85-5 were gathered in the same filed from July to October. The contents of catalpol and total iridoid glycosides were measured by HPLC and specteophotometric, respectively. The results showed that youngest leaves had the higher content of catalpol and total iridoid glyosides than that of the other two leaf ages in the same growth stage from July to September, while their content of catalpol and total iridoid glycosides were all decreased as the growth of leaves of R. glutinosa. The content of catalpol didn't differ significantly from July to September, whereas it has significantly increased in October in the three leaf stage. In the same stage, the wider the root diameter is, the higher content of the effective components are. In August and September, the total iridoid glycosides have the fastest accumulation. The content of catalpol was increased as the accumulation of total iridoid glycosides.

Growth and development of fruit and seed of Panax quinquefolium / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the embryo after-ripening phenomenon of Panax quinquefolium, the growth and development process of fruit and seed was investigated in this study.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The growth and development characteristics of fruit and seed were obtained by field observation, the morphological changes were measured with a vernier caliper, paraffin section was used as well.</p><p><b>RESULT AND CONCLUSION</b>The plant reached the most flowering numbers in 5-8 d after initial blooming time and the lag phase of embryo occurred in about 70 d. The size, fresh and dry weight of fruit and seed were all reached maximum in fruit maturation period. As the result showed, the development of seed was stopped at torpedo form of embryos, this conclusion can be applied to explore the morphological after-ripening mechanism of P. quinquefolium seed.</p>

Effects of seedling quality on growth of Rehmannia glutinosa and oligosaccharide content / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of seedling quality on growth, yield and quality of Rehmannia glutinosa at harvest and build a basis for its GAP.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The seedling quality of R. glutinosa in main producing regions was surveyed to understand the current status of seedling quality. Field experiments with different varieties and seedling quality were conducted to measure dry matter accumulation with different growth of R. glutinosa and oligosaccharide content, and economic yield at harvest.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The seedling was randomly selected by farmers in R. glutinosa producing regions. Seedling quality could significantly improve on seedling emergence rate, and promote seedling growth, especially with early stage R. glutinosa, finally increase yield at harvest. At harvest, 63% and 50% of yield with A and B seedling could be improved for variety of 85-5, and 50% and 47% of yield could be increased for variety of Beijing No. 1, compared to the C seeding.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In cultivation, the seedlings with the diameter > 1.5 cm should be transplanted firstly.</p>

Study on seed quality of Achyranthes bidentata / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the seed quality of Achyranthes bidentata from different sources and establish a standard of seed quality grading.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Seed weight and moisture content determination, germination test, purity analysis were carried out by 100 grains method, high-temperature drying, double deck filter paper and GB/T354. 3-Seed Testing for Crops methods respectively. Eight collections were planted in several field plots.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The 1 000 grains weight of 33 collections is 0.69 to 3.54 g with a variance coefficient 24.83%, the germination rate between 19.02% to 99% with a variance coefficient 38.24%. Seed moisture content and purity showed no significantly difference. K-means cluster analysis showed that 33 collections were divided into 3 grades: the first grade including 23 collections, the second and third grade including 5 collections respectively. Eight collections showed different field growth and yield characters.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There are significant differences in seed quality of A. bidentata, so the classification management is needed in medicinal materials market. Germination test is an effective method before cultivating.</p>

Comparative analysis of character on germplasm resources of Rehmannia glutinosa / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare difference in character between wild germplasm and cultivar of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Field test and statistical analysis were applied.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The results showed that the plant height and leave weight of individual plant in cultivar were decreased significantly comparing to wild germplasm, and the output was increased significantly. The leave length was reduced. The leave width, the catalpol content in leave and polysaccharides and reducing sugar content in cultivar was increased not significantly. Whereas the catalpol content and the water extract content in cultivar were equal to wild germplasm.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The plant height and leave weight of individual plant of R. glutinosa was decreased significantly in cultivar, but the active compounds content not changed obviously.</p>

Study on seed testing for Salvia miltiorrhiza / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a seed testing methods for Salvia miltiorrhiza.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Referring to the International Seed Testing Rules made by ISTA and the Seed Testing for Crops (GB/T3543. 1-1995) issued by China.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The seeds are selected by winnowing; the seed purity is about 50%-60%; 100 grain weight is used to determine the quality of the seed; the seed moisture content is determined by air drying, the drying hour is 3 h. Seed viability is tested by TFC method.</p>

Analysis of genetic diversity of wild Rehmannia glutinosa by using RAPD and ISSR markers / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the genetic diversity of wild Rehmannia glutinosa and evaluate and compare random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter sample sequence repeat (ISSR) for analysis of R. glutinosa accessions.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Two molecular markers, RAPD and ISSR were used for analyzing 55 wild R. glutinosa accessions.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Average 16.00 and 19.08 bands were amplified by RAPD primers and ISSR primers respectively, and the percentage of polymorphic bands were 89.58% and 94.32% respectively; Fifty-five R. glutinosa accessions categorized into 7 clusters were identified by unweighted pair-group method, arithmetic average (UPGMA) method.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A high level of genetic diversity of wild Rehmannia glutinosa was displayed at DNA level, and genetic diversity coefficient of R. glutinosa from different production areas was 0.63-0.98, and ISSR marker can detect higher genetic diversity of R. glutinosa germplasms than RAPD marker.</p>

Studies on diversity of quality of Forsythia suspensa / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study on diversity of quality of Forsythia suspense collected from different regions.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The hundred-seed weight of shucks was analyzed by the method of hundred grain mass. The thousand-seed weight of seeds was analyzed by the method of thousand grain mass. The contents of the active components in shucks and seeds were determined by HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The hundred-seed weight of shucks, the thousand-seed weight of seeds and the contents of the active components in the shucks and seeds from different regions were significantly different.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The quality of F. suspense from different regions is not consistant.</p>

Study on seed determination practice in Polygala tenuifolia / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To control the seed quality market, a study on the seed determination practice in Polygala tenuifolia was carried out.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>By studying the thousand grain weight moisture content, viability, genuineness, purity and germination percentage, some indices of seeds were fixed to the standards. The seed determination practice in P. tenuifolia was established.</p><p><b>RESULT AND CONCLUSION</b>The practice could be utilized to control the seed quality of P. tenuifolia.</p>

Testing of seed-borne fungi of Glycyrrihiza seed and disinfection effect of several fungicides on seed-borne fungi / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the dominant seed-borne fungi of Glycyrrihiza seeds which were from different producing area and compare the disinfection effect of several fungicides on seed-borne fungi of Glycyrrihiza seed.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Petri-dish testing was used to determine the external and internal seed-borne fungi and the disinfection effect of fungicides.</p><p><b>RESULT AND CONCLUSION</b>The result showed that the amount of spore on the surface of one Glycyrrihiza seed varied from 0.3% to 37.0% among samples. Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were the two major dominant fungi and there was few differences in the type of the fungi among producing areas but differences in the isolation frequency of the furgi; Penicillium spp. , Rhizopus spp. , Aspergillus spp. and Alternaria spp. were the internally dominant seed-borne fungi, including seed capsule and the internal tissue of seed and their fungi-carrying percentage was 8.0%-48.3% and 3.5%-42.0% respectively. There were differences in fungi percentage and dominant seed borne fungi among different producing areas. The disinfection effect of both mancozeb and thriam was up to 89.0%, so it is suggested to use them to disinfect Glycyrrihiza seed.</p>

Study on quantified relationship between contents of active components in Forsythia suspense and nutrition of soil / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To sift the main effective factors of active component of Forsythia suspense.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The active component of F. suspense was mensurated by HPLC, and the contents of nutrition in soil was determined by conventional methods. The active component of F. suspense and the nutrition of soil collected from different regions was analyzed by SPSS 11.0 for windows software package. Accounted the partial correlation coefficients of soil factor to the active component of F. suspense, and established regression equations.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Soil available phosphorus is the most important factor that effected forsythiaside content in the seeds of F. suspense, followed by kalium, pH, FACT; Forsythin in the seeds of F. suspense is mainly effected by soil abailable kalium and FACT; pH is the important factor effected Forsythinin in F. suspense, followed by soil available phosphorus, soil available kalium, and FACT; and the main effectivefactors of forsythiaside in F. suspense are soil available phosphorus, soil available kalium.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The contents of nutrition in soil is one of important factors which affect the active component of F. suspense.</p>

Photosynthetic pigment contents of different germplasm of Rehmannia glutinosa and the relationship between pigments and leaf color / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the germplasm of Rehmannia glutinosa on the basis of photosynthetic pigment contents (PPC).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>20 cultivars were planted on the same condition. On Oct. 23 and Sept. 25, 3 leaves per cultivar were collected on different plants, and 80 mg mesophyll was collected among upper lateral veins and was ground in 96% alcohol, and the supernatant was subjected to measure on a spectrophotometer (Angilent 8453).</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The PPCs among cultivars were significantly different at a P < or = 0.01 level. The results of the measurements were similar. Chlolophyll a was the most abundant pigment, but varied to a great extent among different cultivars. 20 cultivars were divided into 9 homogeneous groups according to the contents of chlorophyll a by Duncan's multiple range test at P < or = 0.05. In addition, the content of chlorophyll a was closely related to leaf color. The cultivars with higher chlolophyll a had deep green leaves, and those with lower had yellow green or pale green leaves.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PPC was an inherent character and an important index for the germplasm evaluation of R. glutinosa.</p>