Design of the key links and implementation path of management in the clinical comprehensive evaluation of drug / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To design the implementation path around the key links of the management in the clinical comprehensive evaluation of drug in China， and to provide suggestions for optimizing and perfecting the management in the clinical comprehensive evaluation of drug. METHODS Based on the relevant experience of drug evaluation management in typical countries regions at home and abroad， the discussion was performed and the management mechanism was designed from seven aspects， such as funding source， selection of topics， staff management， information management， data management， evaluation process and quality assessment. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS In terms of funding sources， the financial department can provide funding guarantees or other alternative forms such as performance evaluations to encourage all parties to undertake the clinical comprehensive evaluation of drug projects. In terms of the selection of topics， a “top-down” or “bottom-up” selection mode can be determined according to the project’s nature and actual situation， and a selection process of “forming alternatives-setting up theme selection list-demonstrating and publishing theme selection list” can be formed. In terms of staff management， the specialty of team members should be specified， and the expert team should be established to provide clinical comprehensive evaluation of drug. In terms of information management， the national/provincial basic informational platform should be established， and the registration system should be established. In terms of data management， a regional health data-sharing platform should be formed and the “application-checking-utilization” mechanism should be conducted. In terms of the evaluation process， the evaluation procedures that concern on project implementation plan demonstration system and project closing review system should be constructed. In terms of quality assessment， quality assessment and reward and punishment mechanism for project completion，that consider the quality of management first while focusing on the technical quality， can be established. The management mechanism based on the standardized implementation of the seven key links will standardize the development of clinical comprehensive evaluation of drugs in China to some extent， and help improve the quality of clinical comprehensive evaluation projects for drugs.

Association between screen time and psychology behaviors of preschool children / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the correlation between screen time, exposure time to different screens and psychology behaviors of preschool children.@*Methods@#A total of 2 582 children from kindergartens in urban Xuzhou areas were recruited to perform the physical examination, a cluster sampling method being explored. Parent questionnaires were performed to understand the time of screens and children’s psychology behaviors. Multi-linear regression and Logistic regression models were also used to analyze the correlation between them in preschool children.@*Results@#The prevalence of abnormal internalization behavior of preschool children in Xuzhou City was 3.8%, the detection rate of abnormal externalization behavior was 22.4%, and the detection rate of prosocial behavior abnormality was 20.9%. The time spent by the preschool boys on TV time, learning day screen time and one-week video time is significantly higher than the girls (P<0.05). After adjusting for age and gender, the results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the longer the average screen time, the more serious the problem of internalizing and externalizing problems; and the longer the average screen time of the weekend and the week, the worse the prosocial behavior of children (P<0.05). After correcting multiple covariates, it was found that the average screen time was positively correlated with children’s internal and external behavioral problems (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age and gender, the average screen time of study day, weekend and week was a risk factor for preschool children’s internal and external behavior problems, and the average weekly screen time was a protective factor for prosocial behavior (P<0.05). After adjusting for multiple covariates, the learning day and the average weekly screen time were risk factors for children’s internal and external behavior (P<0.05). In addition, the results of association analysis between different types of video time exposure and psychological behavior showed that after adjusting for age and gender, all types of video exposures affected the internal and external behaviors of patients (P<0.05); after correcting multiple covariates The association was still statistically significant (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age and gender, the exposure time of each type of video screen was a risk factor for children’s internal and external behavior problems (P<0.05). After correcting multiple covariates, all types of video exposure were internalized behavior problems. The risk factors, and the video time of other electronic products were risk factors for externalization behavior problems (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Average screen time has a significant positive correlation with psychological behavior, and the exposure time of screens such as TV and mobile phone could increase the incidence of psychological behaviors in preschool children.

Design and application of the improved atomized airway humidifier / 中华危重病急救医学

Airway humidification is an important treatment for tracheotomy patients. At present, the commonly used methods of humidification are atomization inhalation, intra-tracheal drip, etc., but most of them have the disadvantages of interrupted humidification, inadequate humidification, repeated exposure of airway, increased nursing workload, etc. An improved disposable atomizer was designed by the emergency department of Jiaxing First Hospital in Zhejiang Province, which solved the above problems and obtained the National Utility Model Patent of China (ZL 2014 2 0406688.9). In the traditional atomizer, a make-up pipeline is added to run through the liquid container. The replenishing pipe is connected with an external infusion device. At the end of the pipeline inside the liquid container, a buoy with a guide rod is designed to continuously add liquid and automatically control the make-up speed. The device is driven by oxygen to perform airway humidification. The design can keep sufficient airway humidification, avoid frequent addition of humidification fluid, achieve the effect of increasing humidification, reducing the occurrence of complications, increasing the comfort of patients, and reducing the workload of nursing, and has a certain clinical value.

Introduction and Enlightenment of Compound Oral Contraceptives Usage Criteria and Guideline Issued by WTO,US and Europe Union / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide the reference for verifying and improving the usage criteria and guidelines of compound oral contraceptives(COCs)in China. METHODS:The usage criteria and guidelines of COCs were introduced and compared issued by WHO,US and European Union(EU). RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:WHO has established 4 standards and guidelines for COCs, i.e. Medical Eligibilitu Criteria for Contraceptive Use(MEC),Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use(SPR), Decision-making Tool for Family Planning Clients and Providers,Family Planning:A Global Handbook for Providers. According to the specific circumstances of the user,MEC has been divided into 4 levels according to the situation of users,i.e. suitable for use,use cautiously,relative contraindication,absolute contraindication. SPR mainly describes the specific issues of how to use vari-ous contraception methods safely and effectively. The reading card mode for Decision-making Tool for Family Planning Clients and Providers can query specific methods and steps of contraceptive informed choice fast. Family Planning:A Global Handbook for Providers can provide practical guide for the family planning service providers in the first line. On the basis of WHO MEC and SPR,some projects are modified and added in the US MEC and SPR,including the classification of breast feeding,the risk grade of DVT/PE recurrence,etc. EU have formulated COCs criteria and guidelines earlier than WHO and US;the key points and specif-ic varieties of COCs are prompted and updated based on the latest evidence- based medicine,including a new assessment of the risk of thrombosis after using the COCs,the special safety tips for the use of Diane 35? and its generics. Concerning the optimal ev-idences of current COCs usage of WHO,US and EU,combined with domestic situation,our country may provide the clear and up-to-date usage criteria and guidelines of COCs for its users and medical staff.

Evaluation on the hepatitis A vaccine in preventing hepatitis A infection in Tianjin, from 2000 to 2011 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Hepatitis A immunization strategies were carried out in 2001 in Tianjin. We wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies related to hepatitis A control programs and to provide the basis for further modification of the strategies.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Descriptive epidemiology study was used to analyze the hepatitis A epidemic situation in 2000-2011 in Tianjin and to evaluate the disease reporting system. Hepatitis A vaccine coverage of target population and serum epidemiological study were carried out in 1999, 2005 and 2010 to check on the hepatitis A antibody levels so as to evaluate the immuno-barrier condition in the normal population. Cox-Stuart test was used to analyze the epidemic trend of hepatitis A and other intestinal infectious diseases in Tianjin.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence rate of hepatitis A decreased from 2.89/100 000 in 2000 to 0.12/100 000 in 2011, and the percentage of hepatitis A in all types of viral hepatitis decreased from 8.02% in 2000 to 0.48% in 2011 in Tianjin. The positive rates of hepatitis A antibody also increased in the residents.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The hepatitis A vaccination program was successful in the programs on prevention and control of hepatitis A in Tianjin, China.</p>

Evaluation on the hepatitis A vaccine in preventing hepatitis A infection in Tianjin,from 2000 to 2011 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective Hepatitis A immunization strategies were carried out in 2001 in Tianjin. We wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies related to hepatitis A control programs and to provide the basis for further modification of the strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiology study was used to analyze the hepatitis A epidemic situation in 2000-2011 in Tianjin and to evaluate the disease reporting system. Hepatitis A vaccine coverage of target population and serum epidemiological study were carried out in 1999,2005 and 2010 to check on the hepatitis A antibody levels so as to evaluate the immuno-barrier condition in the normal population. Cox-Stuart test was used to analyze the epidemic trend of hepatitis A and other intestinal infectious diseases in Tianjin. Results The incidence rate of hepatitis A decreased from 2.89/100 000 in 2000 to 0.12/100 000 in 2011,and the percentage of hepatitis A in all types of viral hepatitis decreased from 8.02%in 2000 to 0.48% in 2011 in Tianjin. The positive rates of hepatitis A antibody also increased in the residents. Conclusion The hepatitis A vaccination program was successful in the programs on prevention and control of hepatitis A in Tianjin,China.

Evaluation on the hepatitis A vaccine in preventing hepatitis A infection in Tianjin,from 2000 to 2011 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective Hepatitis A immunization strategies were carried out in 2001 in Tianjin. We wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies related to hepatitis A control programs and to provide the basis for further modification of the strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiology study was used to analyze the hepatitis A epidemic situation in 2000-2011 in Tianjin and to evaluate the disease reporting system. Hepatitis A vaccine coverage of target population and serum epidemiological study were carried out in 1999,2005 and 2010 to check on the hepatitis A antibody levels so as to evaluate the immuno-barrier condition in the normal population. Cox-Stuart test was used to analyze the epidemic trend of hepatitis A and other intestinal infectious diseases in Tianjin. Results The incidence rate of hepatitis A decreased from 2.89/100 000 in 2000 to 0.12/100 000 in 2011,and the percentage of hepatitis A in all types of viral hepatitis decreased from 8.02%in 2000 to 0.48% in 2011 in Tianjin. The positive rates of hepatitis A antibody also increased in the residents. Conclusion The hepatitis A vaccination program was successful in the programs on prevention and control of hepatitis A in Tianjin,China.

Comparison and Analysis on Instructions for Foreign and Domestic Levonorgestrel Emergency Contraception / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the standardization of the instruction of levonorgestrel emergency contraception. METHODS:Instruction of levonorgestrel emergency contraception in the market was compared with the national regulations and foreign instruction of the same kind of productions in order to discover the problems in domestic specification. RESULTS:The major problems of domestic instruction of levonorgestrel emergency contraception included instructions without population limits, unclear frequency and interval of drug use,without attention to ADR of levonorgestrel emergency contraception,lack of pharmacy research data. CONCLUSIONS:The problems existing in domestic instruction of levonorgestrel emergency contraception are shortage of items and warnings of drug safety. Related administration departments and enterprises are suggested to modify and perfect the instruction of levonorgestrel emergency contraception.