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ObjectiveTo analyze the current state, research hotspots, and development trends of electroencephalography (EEG) applied in the field of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). MethodsRelevant literature from the Web of Science core collection database from January, 2014 to January, 2024 were retrieved and analyzed using CiteSpace 6.2.R4. ResultsA total of 1 509 articles were included, with an increasing trend in publication volume over the years. The United States ranked highest in both publication volume and node centrality. The primary journals in this field were concentrated in clinical medicine, immunology and psychology. Keyword co-occurrence and clustering indicated that research primarily focused on the correlation between core symptoms of ASD and EEG indicators, differential diagnosis of ASD and its comorbidities, brain functional connectivity, and assessment of rehabilitation efficacy. Keywords bursted in the past three years mainly included artificial intelligence and machine learning. ConclusionThe researches in EEG technology in the field of ASD is generally increasing. Future researches may focus on exploring the brain network mechanisms of ASD using EEG combined with multimodal neuroimaging, and machine learning technologies.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifactorial disease, with social difficulties and repetitive behaviors as its core symptoms. With the improvement of diagnostic methods, the detection rate of ASD is increasing year by year.Cognitive flexibility impairment is very obvious in most autistic patients.More and more studies have shown that cognitive flexibility impairment is related to the occurrence and development of core symptoms. However, the mechanism of cognitive flexibility impairment in autism remains unclear. The frontal lobe plays an important role in advanced cognition, and its complete development is related to cognitive function. Recent studies have shown that frontal lobe dysfunction is closely related to cognitive flexibility deficits in autistic patients, and the abnormal changes in the frontal lobe, the associated default mode network dysfunction and frontal striatal circuit defects may be the important mechanisms of cognitive flexibility impairment. Based on the recent clinical and basic studies on cognitive flexibility in autism, this article reviews the mechanisms of frontal lobe and related circuits involved in the impairment of cognitive flexibility in autism.
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Objective To observe changes in hippocampal network electrical activities in electroacupuncture regulation of abnormal cardiovascular activities and explore the central mechanism of the regulation. Method Experimental rats were randomized into three groups: normal urethane anesthesia without electroacupuncture (n=15), urethane enhanced deep anesthesia (n=9) and normal anesthesia plus anal canal pressurization (n=15). Femoral arterial pressure, cardiac electricity, hippocampal field potentials and cellular discharge were recorded in the three groups. The normal anesthesia group did not receive intervention measures. The other two groups received acupuncture intervention after successful induction of abnormal blood pressure. Result In rats with normal urethane anesthesia, sleep-like periodic hippocampal electrical activity occurred with periodic cardiovascular activities and theta oscillations was corresponding to increased heart rates. In rats with deep anesthesia and hypotension, theta oscillations appeared in hippocampal network with increased blood pressure and heart rates after electroacupuncture (P<0.001). Anal canal pressurization induced increases in blood pressure and heart rates and caused theta oscillations in hippocampal network. During that time, electroacupuncture could still activate theta-related cells, reduce blood pressure and decrease heart rates (P<0.001). Conclusion Theta oscillations in hippocampal network are involved in the bidirectional regulating effect of electroacupuncture on abnormal cardiovascular activities.
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In the study of neurodegenerative diseases,a hypothesis of inflammation in central nervous system is raised:the activated microglia leads to sustained release of preinflammatory cytokines and injury of normal neural structures and function,resulting in learning and memory deficits,such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).Synapses structural disorders are responsible for deficit of synaptic plasticity;after high frequency stimulation,changes of long-term potentiation (LTP) are most obvious in synaptic plasticity,characterized by decrease of amplitude and excitatory postsynaptic potential duration.Activated microglia and inflammatory cytokines released by activated microglia,such as interleukin-1β,tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide are involved in the pathological process of LTP changes in these kinds of disease.The aim of this paper is to give a review about progress in the relations between microglia activation and LTP in neurodegenerative diseases researches in recent years and hope to have something to guide the research of neurodegenerative disease.
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Objective To study the effects of acute weak vagus nerve stimulation on hippocampal CA1 unit discharges and field potentials of normal and epileptiform discharging rats.Methods The experiments were performed with 55 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180～250 g,SPF grade.Animals were divided into normal(n=45)and regularly epileptiform discharging(n=10)groups.The normal rat group:Separate the left neck vagus nerve and ligate the peripheral end.Acute weak electrical stimulation(10 Hz,0.5 ms,1.5～5.0 V,15～20 unit /train)were administered to the left neck vagus nerve central end.20 trains were performed with a regular interval of 5 min.Record the unit discharges of right hippocampal CA1 and field potentials of bilateral hippocampal CA1.The epileptiform discharging group:Gelatin spongia was put onto the left cortex to induce epileptiform discharges.After 30 min stable regularly discharging,continue the procedure in the first group.Results Cyclical theta oscillation(about 3～6.5 Hz)appeared in bilateral hippocampal CA1 of normal rats after the stimulation(strain m=5～7,38/45,84.4%).With oscillation,there is unit discharging.It has two kinds:theta-on(n=30)and theta-off(n=5).The sharp wave amplitude was inhibited while the sharp wave interval increased following the acute weak vagus nerve stimulation(n=10)in epileptiform discharging rats.Theta oscillation was induced during the sharp wave.With oscillation,there is tonic unit discharging(n=10).The number of action potential spikes positively correlate with the sharp wave intervals(P