Hygiene risks and management advices for "Room Escape" venues / 环境与职业医学

In recent years, the "Room Escape" industry in China is booming, and this real live game has become popular. However, health threatening events such as fire, trauma, coma, and lung infection in the game venues have been reported at home and abroad. If these venues are not supervised in time, there will be great potential public safety and health hazards. In this review, we summarized the hidden dangers of public safety and health in such venues, including fire and safety hazards, persistent stress state, indoor ventilation problems, risk of contagious infection, non-player characters’ health risk, special film effects of 4D cinemas, mosquito problems, light pollution and noise, and food safety. Meanwhile, health management recommendations for the game venues were proposed from the aspects of formulating health management standards, improving health security measures, and strengthening related health education to players, so as to improve the hygiene levels of such venues and protect players and staff from injuries or diseases.

Related factors and interaction on HIV/HCV co-infection of patients access to methadone maintenance treatment / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To estimate the prevalence of HIV/HCV co-infection and explore the influence factors and their interaction on HIV/HCV co-infection of patient's access to methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).Methods A face to face interviews were conducted among 750 patients at two MMT clinics in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.The questionnaires information included demographic characteristics,HIV and HCV infection status,history of drug abuse,urine test for morphine,high risk sex behaviors,needle sharing,dropped out etc.Methods of x2 test one-way,multivariate logistic regression and interactions were used to analyze the related factors of HIV/HCV co-infection.Results The study subjects included 750 participants,18.31％ (127/691) of patients were co-infected with HIV and HCV.The HIV/HCV co-infection rate in patients who shared needles with others or dropped out of treatment was 35.84％ (81/226) and 19.88％ (64/322) respectively,which were higher than those who have never shared needles or dropped out (9.89％,46/465 and 17.07％,63/369).Logistic regression analysis results showed that after adjusted for confounding factors,patients who shared needles (OR=4.50,95％CI:2.72-7.43) and dropped out of treatment (OR=1.71,95％CI:1.04-2.80) were more likely to be infected with HIV/HCV.Interaction analysis showed that sharing needles and dropping out of treatment exist additive effect on co-infection of HIV and HCV (RERI=4.21,AP=0.44,SI=1.95).Conclusions Needle sharing and dropping out of treatment are associated with HIV/HCV co-infection.Health education,psychological counseling and other measures should be taken to reduce needle sharing and dropping out of MMT.

Related factors and interaction on HIV/HCV co-infection of patients access to methadone maintenance treatment / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of HIV/HCV co-infection and explore the influence factors and their interaction on HIV/HCV co-infection of patient's access to methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Methods: A face to face interviews were conducted among 750 patients at two MMT clinics in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The questionnaires information included demographic characteristics, HIV and HCV infection status, history of drug abuse, urine test for morphine, high risk sex behaviors, needle sharing, dropped out etc. Methods of χ(2) test one-way, multivariate logistic regression and interactions were used to analyze the related factors of HIV/HCV co-infection. Results: The study subjects included 750 participants, 18.31% (127/691) of patients were co-infected with HIV and HCV. The HIV/HCV co-infection rate in patients who shared needles with others or dropped out of treatment was 35.84% (81/226) and 19.88% (64/322) respectively, which were higher than those who have never shared needles or dropped out (9.89%, 46/465 and 17.07%, 63/369). Logistic regression analysis results showed that after adjusted for confounding factors, patients who shared needles (OR=4.50, 95%CI: 2.72-7.43) and dropped out of treatment (OR=1.71, 95%CI: 1.04-2.80) were more likely to be infected with HIV/HCV. Interaction analysis showed that sharing needles and dropping out of treatment exist additive effect on co-infection of HIV and HCV (RERI=4.21, AP=0.44, SI=1.95). Conclusions: Needle sharing and dropping out of treatment are associated with HIV/HCV co-infection. Health education, psychological counseling and other measures should be taken to reduce needle sharing and dropping out of MMT.

Correlation between insufficient methadone dosage and morphine positive urine on drop out of treatment in patients with access to methadone maintenance treatment / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To estimate the incidence of drop out of treatment in patients with access to methadone maintenance treatment and explore the correlation and interaction between insufficient methadone dosage and morphine positive urine on the drop out in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.Methods Face to face interview was conducted in 1 031 patients at 3 methadone maintenance treatment clinics in Guangxi.Results The study included 1 031 participants,40.6％ of them (419/1 031) had stopped treatment.The drop out rates in urine morphine positive group and methadone dosage ＜ 100 mg/d group were 57.6％ (99/172) and 37.4％ (347/929) respectively,higher than those in urine morphine negative group and methadone dosage ≥ 100 mg/d group (42.3％,363/ 859,and 26.5％,27/102).Orderly logistic regression analysis results showed that after adjusted factors,such as gender,age,marital status,ethnic group,patients who received a dosage less than 1 00 mg/day (OR=3.05,95％CI:1.84-5.06) and had morphine positive urine (OR=2.25,95％CI:1.59-3.19) were more likely to drop out of the treatment.Interaction analysis showed that dosage less than 100 mg/d and morphine positive urine during treatment had additive interaction (RERI=256.46,AP=0.87,S=8.05) and multiplication interaction (OR=2.45,95％CI:1.71-3.49).Conclusion Insufficient dosage and morphine positive urine were significantly correlated with drop out of treatment in patients with access to methadone maintenance treatment.

Prevalence and related factors of HIV/HBV coinfection among HIV/AIDS patients / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To reveal the prevalence and the related factors of hepatitis B (HepB) virus infection among HIV/AIDS patients.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in two HIV clinics,affiliated to local Centers of Disease Control and Prevention in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional.A face-to-face interview,with questionnaire was conducted to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics,drug use,and sexual behavior.Blood samples were used to test HBsAg.x2 test or Fisher's exact test and unconditional logistic regression models were used to identify the influencing factors.Results The prevalence of HBV and HIV co-infection was 13.85％ (113/816).Results from multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that age (25-45),family history of HBV and history of HepB vaccination were independent influencing factors for HBV and HIV coinfection,with OR (95％ CI) as 1.738 (1.031-2.931),2.898 (1.678-5.005) and 1.744 (1.052-2.892),respectively.Conclusion The prevalence of HBV among HIV/AIDS patients was significantly higher than that in general population.HIV/AIDS patients aged between 25 and 45 and with family history of HBV were more likely to be infected with HBV,while HepB vaccination was associated with the reduction of HIV/HBV coinfection.Specific comprehensive prevention and treatment programs on HIV/AIDS patients need to be set up.

Correlation between insufficient methadone dosage and morphine positive urine on drop out of treatment in patients with access to methadone maintenance treatment / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To estimate the incidence of drop out of treatment in patients with access to methadone maintenance treatment and explore the correlation and interaction between insufficient methadone dosage and morphine positive urine on the drop out in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.Methods Face to face interview was conducted in 1 031 patients at 3 methadone maintenance treatment clinics in Guangxi.Results The study included 1 031 participants,40.6％ of them (419/1 031) had stopped treatment.The drop out rates in urine morphine positive group and methadone dosage ＜ 100 mg/d group were 57.6％ (99/172) and 37.4％ (347/929) respectively,higher than those in urine morphine negative group and methadone dosage ≥ 100 mg/d group (42.3％,363/ 859,and 26.5％,27/102).Orderly logistic regression analysis results showed that after adjusted factors,such as gender,age,marital status,ethnic group,patients who received a dosage less than 1 00 mg/day (OR=3.05,95％CI:1.84-5.06) and had morphine positive urine (OR=2.25,95％CI:1.59-3.19) were more likely to drop out of the treatment.Interaction analysis showed that dosage less than 100 mg/d and morphine positive urine during treatment had additive interaction (RERI=256.46,AP=0.87,S=8.05) and multiplication interaction (OR=2.45,95％CI:1.71-3.49).Conclusion Insufficient dosage and morphine positive urine were significantly correlated with drop out of treatment in patients with access to methadone maintenance treatment.

Prevalence and related factors of HIV/HBV coinfection among HIV/AIDS patients / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To reveal the prevalence and the related factors of hepatitis B (HepB) virus infection among HIV/AIDS patients.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in two HIV clinics,affiliated to local Centers of Disease Control and Prevention in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional.A face-to-face interview,with questionnaire was conducted to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics,drug use,and sexual behavior.Blood samples were used to test HBsAg.x2 test or Fisher's exact test and unconditional logistic regression models were used to identify the influencing factors.Results The prevalence of HBV and HIV co-infection was 13.85％ (113/816).Results from multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that age (25-45),family history of HBV and history of HepB vaccination were independent influencing factors for HBV and HIV coinfection,with OR (95％ CI) as 1.738 (1.031-2.931),2.898 (1.678-5.005) and 1.744 (1.052-2.892),respectively.Conclusion The prevalence of HBV among HIV/AIDS patients was significantly higher than that in general population.HIV/AIDS patients aged between 25 and 45 and with family history of HBV were more likely to be infected with HBV,while HepB vaccination was associated with the reduction of HIV/HBV coinfection.Specific comprehensive prevention and treatment programs on HIV/AIDS patients need to be set up.

Ambient PM2.5 during pregnancy and risk on preterm birth / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association between ambient fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and the risk on preterm birth.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 1 882 pregnant women with local residency of Taiyuan city and underwent delivery at the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University with the dates of conception between January 1 and December 31, 2013, were enrolled in the study. Information on general demographics, home address and history on pregnancy, lifestyle and related environmental factors were collected through in-person interview. Birth outcomes and maternal complications were abstracted from medical records. Data on the amount of daily average PM2.5 from 8 monitor points in Taiyuan city, between March 1, 2012 and December 31, 2013 were also collected. Individual exposure during pregnancy were calculated using the inverse-distance weighting method, based on home address. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression model was used to examine the associations among PM2.5 exposure, risk of preterm birth and related clinical subtypes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The overall incidence of preterm birth was 8.21% (151/1 839)in 1 839 pregnant women. Exposure to ambient PM2.5 during the second week prior to delivery was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (OR=1.087, 95% CI: 1.001-1.182 per 10 μg/m(3) increase) and mild preterm birth (OR=1.099, 95% CI: 1.007-1.200 per 10 μg/m(3)). Compared to data from the China Environmental Air Quality Standard, higher level of exposure (≥75 μg/m(3)) of PM2.5 during the second week before delivery was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (OR=1.008, 95%CI: 1.000-1.017) but the association was mainly seen for mild preterm birth (OR=1.010, 95%CI: 1.001-1.018).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>RESULTS from our study showed that exposure to high level of PM2.5 during late pregnancy would increase the risk of preterm birth. Future large studies are needed to examine the association by preterm clinical subtypes and to elucidate potential underlying mechanisms.</p>