Anatomy of the original short head of biceps-muscular structure / 解剖学报

Objective To analyze and describe the morphological characteristics of the proximal origin of the biceps brachii, and measure the anatomical data of its tendons, so as to provide references for related clinical applications of the biceps brachii. Methods Six adult shoulder specimens (4 on the left and 2 on the right) were dissected to observe the origin, morphology, and course of the biceps brachii tendon and its adjacent relationship with the coracobrachialis muscle, musculocutaneous nerve and other structures. And then the length, width, and thickness of the biceps tendon were measured. Results The origin of the short head of biceps consisted of muscle fibers attaching directly to the tip of the coracoid process, with a thin, tendinous aponeurosis covering its anterior surface, rather than a true tendon as previously described. The mean of length,widths and thickness of the short head of biceps were (107.7±9.6) mm,(20.0±1.5)mm and (5.8±2.0)mm. Conclusion The short head of the biceps brachii is directly from the coracoid process with muscle fibers.

Comparison of Thyroglobulin and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women between Counties with a Median Urinary Iodine Concentration of 100-149 µg/L and 150-249 µg/L / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#This study explored whether thyroglobulin and thyroid disease prevalence rates were higher in pregnant Chinese women with a median urinary iodine concentration of 100-149 µg/L, compared with those with a median urinary iodine concentration of 150-249 μg/L maintained through sustainable universal salt iodization.@*METHODS@#This was a cross-sectional study in which 812 healthy pregnant women were enrolled to collect samples of their household edible salt, urine, and blood during their routine antenatal care in the 18 counties in Fujian Province, China. The levels of salt iodine concentration, urinary iodine concentration (UIC), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroid hormone (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody were assessed during the routine antenatal care visits.@*RESULTS@#The median UIC (mUIC) in pregnant women was 130.8 μg/L (interquartile range = 91.5-198.1 μg/L) in the counties with an mUIC of 100-149 μg/L (Group I), and 172.0 μg/L (interquartile range = 123.5-244.4 μg/L) in the counties with an mUIC of 150-249 μg/L (Group II). Goiter prevalence and thyroid nodule detection rates showed no difference between Group I and Group II ( P > 0.05). Except for FT4 values, the TSH, FT4, FT3, Tg and Tg values > 40 (μg/L) and the thyroid diseases prevalence rate (TDR) showed no significant differences between Group I and Group II ( P > 0.05), whether or not iodine supplementation measures were taken.@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with an mUIC of 150-249 μg/L, not only there was no difference in thyroid morphology, but also the Tg value, rate of Tg values > 40 µg/L, and TDR were not higher in pregnant women in the counties with an mUIC of 100-149 μg/L achieved through sustainable universal salt iodization in Fujian Province, China.

Research on Improving Humanistic Quality of Medical Students in Obstetrics and Gynecology Based on Blend-learning / 中国医学伦理学

Under the new situation of rapid development of medical science and technology, how to effectively cultivate medical students’ humanistic spirit and comprehensively improve medical quality is an important responsibility of medical college teachers. Blend-learning can guide students to immersive learning in multiple dimensions and forms. Obstetrics and Gynecology is one of the main compulsory courses for clinical medical students, which is faced more sensitive and vulnerable female patients, and required higher humanistic quality training for medical students. Through the construction of the blend-learning platform, medical humanities can be better integrated into the content and teaching design of medical education, and students can be more appropriately imperceptibly trained in medical humanities in obstetrics and gynecology teaching, so as to enhance medical students’ medical humanities quality in the process of obstetrics and gynecology diagnosis and treatment, and improve doctor-patient relationship.

Analysis of 8 Cases of Blau Syndrome/Early-onset Sarcoidosis——Clinical Manifestations, Histopathology Features and Gene Mutation Diversity / 罕见病研究

  Objective  To summarize the clinical manifestations, pathological features and gene mutation diversity of Blau syndrome/early-onset sarcoidosis.  Methods  We collected general data, clinical manifestations, and auxiliary examination results from 8 patients who were diagnosed of Blau syndrome/early-onset sarcoidosis and treated in our hospital from January 2011 to December 2022, and then summarized and analyzed their characteristics and diversity.  Results  Among the 8 patients, 4 were males and 4 were females. The onset age was 3 to 8 months old. Rash was the first symptom in 7 patients(87.5%). 6 patients(75.0%) had papules and erythema.3 cases(37.5%) had arthritis. 2 cases(25.0%) had uveitis and other eye inflammation. 4 cases (50.0%) also showed intermittent fever. 3 cases (37.5%) showed symptoms in nerve and respiratory system, and hypertension respectively. The skin histopathology of 8 patients showed non-caseous granuloma formation. In laboratory detection, CRP and TNF-α were significantly increased before treatment, while IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-2 receptor(IL-2R) were significantly decreased in 5 patients after glucocorticoid therapy. The results of genetic testing showed that 4 of the 7 patients had p.R334W(c.1000C > T) mutation, 1 had p.H313R(c.938A > G) and p.R471C(c.1411C > T)double mutation, and 1 had p.476_477del (c.1427_1429delcct).  Conclusions  Blau syndrome/early-onset sarcoidosis has significant features in clinical manifestations, histopathology and gene mutation, but it also has diversity.

Immune-related Features of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma：A Multi-omics Perspective / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is a common malignancy in the Asia-Pacific region， especially in China， where the morbidity remains high in spite of the improved overall survival due to advances in medical technology. Immunotherapy becomes a hot spot in recent tumor research when it has provided significant survival benefits in patients with advanced malignant tumors， such as lung cancer， breast cancer， colon cancer， etc. In esophageal squamous cell carcinoma， immunotherapy promotes survival benefit as well. However， because of the complex and changeable biological functions and gene expression regulation of malignant tumors， the conclusions based on a single-omics analysis are often incomprehensive. Currently， most of the immune-related studies on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma are still confined to a single-omics study like genomics， with limitations and one-sidedness. Since multi-omics analysis helps us better understand tumors from a wider and deeper perspective， this review explores and summarizes immune-related features of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from a multi-omics perspective.

Surgical treatment methods and classification of proximal clavicle fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To summarize the surgical treatment of different proximal clavicle fractures, and discuss the classification of proximal clavicle fractures.@*METHODS@#Total of 24 patients with displaced proximal clavicle fractures were treated from January 2017 to December 2020 including 16 males and 8 females, aged 28 to 66 years old. Among them, 20 cases were fresh fractures and 4 cases were old fractures. According to the Edinburgh classification, 14 cases were type 1B1 fractures and 10 cases were type 1B2 fractures. The different internal fixation methods were selected for internal fixation treatment according to different fracture types.The operation time, blood loss, preoperative and postoperative displacement difference, fracture healing time and Rockwood scoring system were recorded.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 12 to 24 months. There were no patients with infection or loss of reduction after the operation. Three patients had internal fixation failure after operation, and the internal fixation device was removed. Results The operation time was 30 to 65 min, and the blood loss was 15 to 40 ml. No important nerves, blood vessels, or organs were damaged. The imaging healing time was 3 to 6 months. According to the Rockwood functional score, the total score was (13.50±1.86), pain (2.57±0.50), range of motion (2.78±0.41), muscle strength (2.93±0.28), restricted daily activity (2.85±0.35), subjective results (2.63±0.61);the results were excellent in 20 cases, good in 3 cases, fair in 1 case.@*CONCLUSION@#Proximal clavicular fracture is a type of fracture with low incidence. According to different fracture types, different internal fixation methods and treatment methods can be selected, and satisfactory surgical results can be achieved.

ATAD3A gene variations in a family with Harel-Yoon syndrome / 浙江大学学报·医学版

An 11-day-old female neonate was admitted for cough with mouth foaming and feeding difficulties. The laboratory results indicated hyperlactatemia, elevated markers of myocardial injury and inflammation, and high levels of acylcarnitine octanoylcarnitine and decanoylcarnitine in tandem mass spectrometry. Ultrasonography and MRI suggested cardiac insufficiency and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Whole exome sequencing showed that both the proband and her elderly sister had a compound heterozygous variant of c.1492dup (p.T498Nfs*13) and c.1376T>C (p.F459S) in the ATAD3A gene, inherited from their father and mother, respectively. The diagnosis of Harel-Yoon syndrome was confirmed. The proband and her sister were born with clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis, hyperlactatemia, feeding difficulties, elevated markers of myocardial injury as well as cardiac insufficiency, and both died in early infancy.

Deubiquitination complex platform: A plausible mechanism for regulating the substrate specificity of deubiquitinating enzymes

Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) or deubiquitinases facilitate the escape of multiple proteins from ubiquitin‒proteasome degradation and are critical for regulating protein expression levels in vivo. Therefore, dissecting the underlying mechanism of DUB recognition is needed to advance the development of drugs related to DUB signaling pathways. To data, extensive studies on the ubiquitin chain specificity of DUBs have been reported, but substrate protein recognition is still not clearly understood. As a breakthrough, the scaffolding role may be significant to substrate protein selectivity. From this perspective, we systematically characterized the scaffolding proteins and complexes contributing to DUB substrate selectivity. Furthermore, we proposed a deubiquitination complex platform (DCP) as a potentially generic mechanism for DUB substrate recognition based on known examples, which might fill the gaps in the understanding of DUB substrate specificity.

Comparison and improvement of palatability for multisourced oral azithromycin suspension / 药学学报

Azithromycin dry suspension is one of the most commonly used drugs in pediatric clinic, but its taste masking has been difficult to achieve. 5 representative products of azithromycin dry suspension were chose to compare their tastes both using electronic tongue and human sensory evaluation methods, and there existed the differences of bitterness, later bitterness, graininess, and adhesion among these products. Raman micro-imaging was used to determine the difference in taste mainly due to different prescription ingredients and manufacturing techniques. Through mixing the dry suspensions with alkaline mixing solvent, the bad taste of each product was masked after evenly dispersing in the solvent, and their tastes were all close to the taste of the solvent. In the future, it is planned to investigate the stability and bioavailability of the solvent preparations, and then to give the medication suggestion of solvent preparation after ensuring their efficacy.

Recent advances of pharmaceutical 3D printing extrusion molding technology / 药学学报

3D printing is an additive manufacturing technology with the help of digital control. Since FDA approved the first 3D printing drug in 2015, its research enthusiasm in the pharmaceutical field has been increasing year by year. In printing technology, fused deposition molding (FDM) and semi-solid extrusion (SSE) are the two most widely used extrusion molding technologies. In this review, recent advances of pharmaceutical 3D printing extrusion molding technology are reviewed from six aspects: mechanism, equipment, pharmaceutical excipients, applications, design and industrialization prospects of extrusion molding technology.

Virus aerosol transmission, dispersion, and infection probability simulation: A case study in subway carriages / 环境与职业医学

Background Subways are typical congregate settings and may facilitate aerosol transmission of viruses. However, quantified transmission probability estimates are lacking. Purpose To model spread and diffusion of respiratory aerosols in subways by simulation and calculation of infection probabilities. Methods The internal environment of carriages of Shanghai Metro Line 10 was used to establish a study scene. The movement of tiny particles was simulated using the turbulent model. Trend analysis of infection probabilities and viral quantum doses was conducted in a closed subway carriage scene by a quantum emission-infection probability model. Results Under a typical twelve-vent air conditioning configuration, respiratory droplet aerosols within a subway carriage dispersed rapidly throughout various regions due to airflow, with limited short-term diffusion to other carriages. Concurrently, owing to the uncertainty of airflow patterns, the airflow might circulate and converge within carriages, causing delayed outward dispersion or hindered dispersion of droplet aerosols upon entry into these zones. Passengers boarding the carriage could exacerbate the formation of these zones. When the air conditioning system functioned adequately (air exchange rate=23.21 h−1), the probability of a virus carrier transmitting the virus to other passengers within the same carriage via aerosol transmission was approximately 3.8%. However, in the event of air conditioning system failure (air exchange rate=0.5 h−1), this probability escalated dramatically to 30%. Furthermore, a super-spreader (with virus spreading exceeding 90% of the average) elevated the infection probability to 14.9%. Additionally, due to the complexity of turbulence within the carriage, if local diffusion occurred in 1/2 zones of a carriage, the anticipated infection probability would increase to 8.9%, or during the morning or evening rush hours leading to elevated aerosol concentrations, the infection probability would rise to 4.7%. The subway transmission probability for common coronaviruses diminished to as low as 0.9%. Conclusion Combined computational fluid dynamics and infection probability analysis reveals that in the prevalent twelve-vent air conditioning configurations, despite being a major transportation hub with substantial spatial-temporal overlap, the internal space of subway carriages exhibits a certain level of resistance to virus aerosol transmission owing to built-in ventilation capabilities. However, turbulence and passenger positioning may lead to localized hovering of droplet aerosols, thereby increase the risk of virus transmission. Furthermore, super-spreaders, poor operational status of built-in air conditioning system, and high passenger volume at morning or evening peak hours exert profound effects on virus transmission and infection probability.

Research progress on health risks of aerosol microorganisms / 上海预防医学

Aerosol microorganisms are important constituents of aerosols. They participate in physical and chemical reactions in the air and are also closely related to disease transmission and human health. With the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic， aerosol microorganisms have become a public health topic of great concern. Studying the composition and influencing factors of the air microbiome therefore has significant public health implications. Due to the limitations of traditional technologies for sampling and determination， the aerosol microbiome has not been fully understood. However， with the development and maturity of high-throughput sequencing technology， the aerosol microbiome has shown promising research prospects. This article reviews the composition， characteristics， detection methods and influencing factors of aerosol microorganisms， providing basic knowledge for further research on the air microbiome. In-depth research on microbial aerosols has significant implications on urban air quality control， national security and public health.

Prevention and risk factors analysis of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis after high tibial osteotomy / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the prevention and risk factors of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremity after medial open wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO).Methods:A total of 128 patients who underwent medial open wedge HTO in the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2020 to October 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, including 45 males and 83 females, aged 59.3±6.8 years (range, 44-87 years). Postoperative anticoagulation with enoxaparin sodium was applied at a randomized dose of 4,000 AXaIU/d or 6,000 AXaIU/d. Gender, age, history of chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes), smoking history, body mass index, and body fat percentage were collected. On admission, the risk of DVT was assessed using the Caprini scale and calf circumference was measured. Hemoglobin, D-dimer, antithrombin III, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen (FIB), fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), glutathione, glutathione, urea, creatinine, uric acid were recorded. Patients were divided into DVT group and non-DVT group according to whether DVT occurred after operation. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors of DVT after HTO. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted, and the area under curve (AUC) was calculated to analyze the predictive value of the postoperative Caprini scale in the occurrence of DVT after HTO.Results:A total of 128 patients were enrolled, 83 patients were treated with enoxaparin sodium 4 000 AXaIU/d and 45 patients were treated with enoxaparin sodium 6 000 AXaIU/d. According to the results of color Doppler examination of bilateral lower extremity veins on the third day after operation, DVT occurred in 39% (50/128) of patients, including 39 cases of calf intermuscular thrombosis, 6 cases of peroneal vein thrombosis, 4 cases of posterior tibial vein thrombosis, and 1 case of popliteal vein thrombosis. DVT occurred in 36% (30/83) of patients receiving 4 000 AXaIU/d enoxaparin sodium and 44% (20/45) of patients receiving 6 000 AXaIU/d enoxaparin sodium, with no statistically significant difference (χ 2=0.84, P=0.358). Univariate analysis showed that smoking history, postoperative Caprini scale≥8, and female may be associated with the development of DVT after HTO ( P<0.05). They were included in the binary logistic regression, and the results showed that postoperative Caprini scale≥8 was an independent risk factor for DVT after HTO. The ROC curve of postoperative Caprini scale for predicting DVT after HTO was drawn, and the AUC was 0.847 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.96), the optimal cut-off value was 8, and the sensitivity and specificity were 84.2% and 77.6%, respectively. Conclusion:Caprini scale≥8 is an independent risk factor for DVT after medial open wedge HTO. Caprini scale has a good value in predicting the occurrence of DVT after HTO. The recommended dose of enoxaparin sodium is 4 000 AXaIU/d for the prevention of postoperative DVT, and increasing the dose is not associated with a decreased risk of DVT.

Investigation of anxiety and depression of postgraduates in military medical university under public health emergencies / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the characteristics of anxiety and depression of postgraduates in military medical university under public health emergencies.Methods:By means of self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS), 944 postgraduate students of a military medical university were investigated to analyze their characteristics of anxiety and depression. SPSS 25.0 was used to statistically analyze the collected data.Results:①The positive rates of anxiety and depression were respectively 8.03% and 8.25%. ②The positive rate of anxiety of male postgraduates was significantly higher than that of female postgraduates ( P=0.035). ③The positive rate of anxiety of serviceman students was significantly higher than that of civilian students ( P=0.022). ④There was no statistical difference in the positive rates of anxiety and depression among postgraduates in different areas ( P > 0.05). ⑤The levels of anxiety and depression of left-behind children were significantly higher than those of unleft-behind children ( P=0.000, P=0.018). ⑥The levels of anxiety and depression of postgraduate students were lower than those of undergraduate students ( P=0.000, P=0.002). Conclusion:Under the outbreak of public health emergencies, anxiety and depression occur in the postgraduates. To strengthen the mental health maintenance of postgraduates in military medical university during the outbreak, it is necessary to pay more attention on the mental health of military students, males and who were left-behind children before.

Risk factors of extrauterine growth retardation in very preterm infants with birth weight less than 1 500 g / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the risk factors of extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) during hospitalization in very preterm infants (VPIs) with birth weight (BW) <1 500 g.Methods:From Jan 2015 to Dec 2020, clinical data of VPIs admitted to neonatal department our hospital were retrospectively studied. The infants were assigned into EUGR group and non-EUGR group according to their weight at discharge. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of EUGR in VPIs.Results:A total of 969 VPIs were enrolled, including 400 cases of EUGR (41.3%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Z-score of BW ( OR=0.057, 95% CI 0.037-0.088, P<0.001) was closely correlated with the occurrence of EUGR and growth velocity (GV) after regain BW ( OR=0.537, 95% CI 0.479-0.602, P<0.001) was a protective factor for EUGR. Maternal hypertension during pregnancy ( OR=1.895, 95% CI 1.059-3.394, P=0.031), asphyxia at birth ( OR=2.508, 95% CI 1.265-3.347, P=0.004) and moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) ( OR=2.660, 95% CI 1.503-4.708, P=0.001) were risk factors for EUGR at discharge. Conclusions:EUGR is still common in VPIs. Increased GV after regain BW, prevention and treatment of moderate to severe BPD may reduce the incidence of EUGR at discharge in VPIs.

Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in children: experts′ consensus statement (Fifth Edition)updated for the Omicron variant / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

China has classified the Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) as a statutory category B infectious disease and managed it according to Category B since January 8, 2023.In view that Omicron variant is currently the main epidemic strain in China, in order to guide the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) infection in children with the times, refer to the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Infection (Trial 10 th Edition), Expert Consensus on Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Infection in Children (Fourth Edition) and the Diagnosis and Treatment Strategy for Pediatric Related Viral Infections.The Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Infection in Children (Fifth Edition) has been formulated and updated accordingly on related etiology, epidemiology, pathogenic mechanism, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination, diagnosis and treatment, and added key points for the treatment of COVID-19 related encephalopathy, fulminating myocarditis and other serious complications for clinical reference.

Effect of superfine powder and aqueous extract of Polygonati Rhizoma on rats with natural perimenopausal syndrome / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to examine the effect of superfine powder and aqueous extract of Polygonati Rhizomaon on natural perimenopausal syndrome in rats and explore the underlying mechanism. To be specific, a total of 60 female SD rats(14-15 months old) with estrous cycle disorder were screened by the vaginal smear and randomized into model control group, β-estradiol 3-benzoate group(0.1 mg·kg~(-1)), superfine powder of Polygonati Rhizoma group(0.25, 0.5 g·kg~(-1)) and aqueous extract of Polygonati Rhizoma group(0.25, 0.5 g·kg~(-1)), and another 10 female SD rats(14-15 months old) were selected as the youth control group. The administration lasted 6 weeks. Then the perimenopausal syndrome-related indexes such as body temperature, microcirculatory blood flow of face and ear, vertigo period, salivary secretion, grip force, and bone strength were determined and open field test was conducted. The immune system-related indexes such as the wet weight and index of thymus and spleen, percentage of T lymphocytes and subgroups in peripheral blood, and hematological indexes were measured. In addition, the ovary-related indexes such as estrous cycle, the wet weight and index of uterus and ovary, ovarian tissue morphology, and cell apoptosis were determined. Moreover, hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis(HPO)-related indexes such as serum sex hormone levels, cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1(CYP11A1), cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1(CYP19A1), and cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1(P450 17A1) in ovarian tissue were measured. The results showed that the superfine powder and aqueous extract of Polygonati Rhizoma significantly decreased body temperature(anal, facial and dorsal temperature), microcirculatory blood flow in the ear, and vertigo period, increased salivary secretion, grip force, bone strength, total distance and total speed in the open field test, wet weight and index of thymus and spleen, lymphocyte ratio, CD3~+ level, and CD4~+/CD8~+ ratio, reduced neutrophil number and ratio, estrous cycle disorder ratio, and number of ovarian apoptotic cells, raised wet weight and index of uterus, wet weight of ovary, levels of inhibin B(INHB), estradiol(E_2), anti-müllerian hormone(AMH), and ovarian CYP11A1 and CYP19A1, decreased follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH) content, and improved ovarian tissue morphology. It is suggested that the superfine powder and aqueous extract of Polygonati Rhizoma can improve the symptoms associated with natural perimenopausal syndrome in rats and enhance ovarian function and immune function. The mechanism is that they regulate HPO axis function by increasing estrogen synthesis.

Investigation on status of dyslipidemia in Chinese females aged 35 years or above / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control status of dyslipidemia among females aged ≥35 years old across China. Methods: Participants were selected by stratified multistage random sampling method in the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" National Science and Technology Support Project "Survey on the Prevalence of Important Cardiovascular Diseases and Key Technology Research in China" project. This study is a retrospective, cross-sectional study. A total of 17 418 females aged 35 years and over were included in the current study. The basic information such as age, medical history and menopause was collected by questionnaire. The blood lipid parameters were derived from clinical laboratory examinations. The prevalence of dyslipidemia and the rate of awareness, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia were analyzed in females aged 35 years and over. Results: The age of participants was (56.2±13.0) years old, and the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 33.1% (5 765/17 418). The prevalence rates of high total cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C and high LDL-C were 9.7% (1 695/17 418), 11.1% (1 925/17 418), 10.9% (1 889/17 418) and 7.3% (1 262/17 418), respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia increased with age and the prevalence of dyslipidemia in women who were not married, Han, menarche age>16 years, obesity, central obesity, alcohol consumption, diabetes, hypertension and family history of cardiovascular disease were higher than those without such characteristics (P<0.05). There were 10 432 (59.9%) menopausal females in this cohort and prevalence of dyslipidemia of these participants was 38.8% (4 048/10 432), which was higher than that of non-postmenopausal females (24.6%, 1 717/6 986) (P<0.05). The awareness rates, treatment rates and control rates of dyslipidemia were 33.9% (1 953/5 765), 15.1% (870/5 765) and 2.5% (143/5 765) respectively among females aged 35 years and over in China. Conclusion: The prevalence of dyslipidemia in Chinese females aged 35 years and over is high, and its awareness, treatment, and control rates need to be optimized.

Construction and practice of undergraduate training mode for clinical pharmacy specialty based on outcome-based education / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To introduce the construction of undergraduate specialty of clinical pharmacy based on the concept of outcome-based education （OBE），and to provide new idea and enlightenment for the construction of undergraduate specialty of clinical pharmacy in Chinese universities. METHODS Through the establishment and construction of training objectives and graduation requirements ，teaching reform was designed and implemented ，and the construction of teaching support system and teaching quality assurance system were completed. RESULTS The clinical pharmacy department of our university established the training direction of clinical pharmacy talents under the guidance of post competence ，including clarifying the training needs of undergraduate talents based on the overall requirements of national undergraduate education ；defining the social and industrial needs of clinical pharmacy talents based on the normative documents or concepts of clinical pharmacy ；clarifying the post and ability needs of clinical pharmacy talents based on the investigation of graduates and clinical pharmacists ；clarifying the development needs of clinical pharmacy based on the current situation and trends at home and abroad ；forming characteristic training objectives combined with the regional characteristics and school positioning ， so as to construct training objectives and graduation requirements. The OBE concept was introduced into the undergraduate teaching reform of clinical pharmacy ；the pharmacy talent training direction were established under the guidance of post competence ；the training system was designed by reverse design method；a training mode of both innovation and practical ability was built so as to promote teaching reform ，strengthen the construction of grass-roots teaching organizations and teaching staff ， and improve the construction of teaching quality assurance system. CONCLUSIONS The undergraduate training mode of clinical pharmacy specialty based on the concept of OBE is helpful to improve students ’personal comprehensive quality and professional knowledge and skills. The established undergraduate training model of clinical pharmacy specialty is in line with the modern educational concept and social needs ，and provides theoretical basis and practical experience for the training mode of clinical pharmacy professionals.

Construction and mechanism of dry eye model in mice with ocular surface iron overload / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To establish a dry eye mouse model of iron overload by intraperitoneal injection of iron dextran and preliminarily explore its possible mechanism.METHODS: A total of 40 male C57BL/6 mice(taking the right eye as the experimental eye)were divided into 4 groups by random number table method: There were 10 mice in the control group, each time by intraperitoneal injection of 0.2mL of normal saline; Low-dose group, middle-dose group and high-dose iron group with 10 mice in each group were the model group. Each time, 0.2mL of iron dextran solution with concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/mL was injected intraperitoneally. One injection 3d for a total of 28d. We observed the ocular surface inflammation index, corneal fluorescein staining, tear break-up time(BUT)and Schimer I test(SIt)on the 7, 14 and 28d after injection and evaluated the degree of dry eye and ocular surface inflammation. After 28d, the mice were sacrificed for cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal glands tissue for HE staining, Prussian blue staining and tissue iron detection, to evaluate the inflammatory reaction and iron overload. The expression of inflammatory factors interleukin-1β(IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and matrix metallo proteinase-9(MMP-9)were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the mice in the model group showed a series of dry eye symptoms, the inflammation index of ocular surface in mice were increased, the score of corneal fluorescein staining increased, the BUT shortened and the amount of tear secretion decreased(all P&#x003C;0.05). The cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal gland tissues of the mice were damaged to varying degrees, the iron deposition on the eye surface of the model group was more serious than that of the control group, and the iron content of the tissue was significantly increased than the control group(all P&#x003C;0.01). The contents of inflammatory factors(IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-9)in the cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal gland tissue of the mice in the model group were significantly higher than those of the control group(all P&#x003C;0.01). With the increase of injection time and concentration of iron dextran, the degree of dry eye and ocular surface inflammation in mice gradually increased. CONCLUSION: The mouse iron overload dry eye model was successfully established by intraperitoneal injection of iron dextran, the mechanism may be related to the ocular surface inflammation aggravated by iron overload.