The primary explore of the damage of the executive control network in major depressive disorder:a dynamic causal model on magnetoencephalography / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the interconnection of the executive control network in major depressive disorder when they recognized the sad facial stimuli,and to discuss the aberrant mechanism of emotion processing.Methods Twenty major depressive patients and 20 well-matched healthy volunteers participated in the experiment.The brain actions of all subjects were recorded by the magnetoencephalography (MEG) when they were required to distinguish the emotion face.Based on prior knowledge,the interested brain area consisted of the primary visual cortex (V1),the orbitofrontal cortex(OFC),the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC),the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC).Then constructing three competing models to select an optimal model by the method of dynamic causal model(DCM),finally the differences of the effective connections of the optimal model between the depressed patients and healthy controls were analyzed.Results According to the results of Bayesian model selection (BMS),model 1 had the most exceedance probability of 0.80 with the features that there were bidirectional modulatory connections between the OFC,ACC and DLPFC.Given the best model,the parameters of effective connectivity of the optimal model were extracted,and then two-sample t-test over the model 1 was adopted.The modulatory effective connectivity from the OFC to the DLPFC in both hemisphere(t=-2.73,P=0.0096;t=-3.01,P=0.0046) and the OFC to the ACC (t=-2.93,P=0.0057) in the left hemisphere were significantly reduced in MDD.Conclusion There exists abnormal function of executive control network in depressed patients,the decreased effective connections between the OFC and the DLPFC,as well as the OFC and the ACC,may have correlation with the negative

The fronto-cingulate executive function in recurrent depression revealed by the magnetic source imaging / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the variation of executive function of fronto-cingulate cortex in spatio-temporal sequence in recurrent depressed patients.MethodsEighteen recurrent depressed patients and twenty-one age-,gender- and education- matched healthy controls were involved in the Stroop word-color interference test to detect the executive function of anterior cingulate and prefrontal regions by magnetoencephaloraphy scanning.Results 1.Compared to healthy controls,the increased activation of brain regions in depressed patients during different time periods were separately shown as follows( t represents activation strength):( 1 ) 100 ～ 200 ms:the right anterior cingulate gyrus ( t =1.81,T value means activation strength),the bilateral medial frontal gyrus ( t =1.91,t =1.86),the left superior frontal gyms( t =1.79 ),the right middle frontal gyrus( t =1.82 ),the right inferior frontal gyrus ( t =1.82 ).( 2 ) 200 ～ 300 ms:the left anterior cingulate gyrus ( t =1.82 ).( 3 ) 250 ～ 350 ms:the left anterior cingulate gyrus ( t =2.67 ),the left medial frontal gyrus ( t =2.43 ),the left inferior frontal gyrus ( t=1.91 ).(4)300 ～400ms:the left anterior frontal gyrus(t=2.26),the bilateral inferior gyrus( t=1.97,t=2.66),the left medial frontal gyrus(t=2.35).(5)350 ～450ms:the left anterior cingulate gyrus(t=2.02),the left medial frontal gyrus ( t =2.00),the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus ( t =1.74,t =1.78 ).( 6 ) 400 ～ 500 ms:the left anterior cingulate gyrus( t=2.01 ),the left medial frontal gyrus( t =1.97).2.Compared to healthy controls,patients showed decreased activation in the left middle frontal gyms ( t =1.79) and the left superior gyrus(t =1.76) in 200 ～ 300 ms.ConclusionExecutive dysfunction is reflected in depressed patients with the activation inefficiency in anterior cingulate and prefrontal regions in spatio-temporal sequence.

The brain inhibitory function in unipolar depression revealed by the magnetic source imaging / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the variation of brain inhibitory function of depressed patients during the processes of the Stroop color-word interference task with the Magnetic source imaging ( MSI) technology. Methods Twenty-three depressed patients and twenty age-,gender- and education- matched healthy controls were involved in the Stroop word-color interference test to detect the variation of brain inhibitory function by magnetoen-cephaloraphy scanning. Results Compared with the healthy controls,the abnormal activities in depressed patients during different time periods were separately as follows: increased activation in the bilateral thalamus( t = 2.46, t = 2.92 ) ,the right temple fusiform gyrus ( t = 1. 81) , the right middle temporal gyrus ( t = 1. 76) , the right inferior frontal gyrus( t = 2.28) , the left anterior cingulate( t = 2.00) , the left caudate head( t=1.81) ,the precentral gy-rus( t = 2.17) ,the right parahippocampal gyrus( t = 2.04) ,the left superior temporal gyrus(t = 2.47) ; decreased activation in the right superior temporal gyrus( t=1.76) ,the bilateral middle frontal gyrus(t=1.95, t = 2.09), the right cuneus( t=1.97) ,the cingulate gyrus( t=1.70, t = 2.08) ,the postcentral gyrus( t = 2.57, t = 2.65) , the left supramarginal gyrus( t = 2. 16) ,the left lentiform nucleus putamen( t = 2.39) ,the bilateral middle temporal gyrus (t = 2.22, t= 1.90) ,the left insula( t= 1. 81) ,the left superior temporal gyrus( t= 1.90) ,the right parietal lobe( t= 3.26). Conclusion The abnormal activation inefficiency in the brain regions related with inhibition function is reflected in depressed patients,and the ability against interference information declines.

The gender differences of the magnetic source imaging during recognizing dynamically sad facial expression in depressed patients / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the gender differences of brain activation between patients with depression in recognition of dynamically sad expression with magnetoencephalography (MEG) technology and the paradigm of expressional experiment,and further to examine its neurological basis. Methods Brain activities were detected using MEG during the recognition of dynamic facial video with 12 female depressed patients, 11 male depressed patients, and their corresponding normal controls matched by age and education. Results Compared with male depression,female depression showed increased activation during different time periods were in turn as follows: bilateral inferior frontal gyrus ( x, y, z = 58/- 60,12/22,20/20, T = 2.17,1.88 ), left anterior cingulate gyrus ( x, y, z = 64,12,4, T = 2.37 ), bilateral superior frontal gyrus ( x, y, z= 30/-24,64/- 4,0/50, T = 2.86,2.36 ),the left brainstem( x, y,z = - 12, - 16, - 18 ,T = 1.96) ,right middle frontal gyrus( x,y,z =40,60,4,T = 2.22 ),bilateral precentral gyrus(x,y,z = -62/56, 16/10, 10/8. T = 1.99,2.65 ) ,left hippocampus ( x,y,z = - 26,- 14, -20,T = 1.77) ,left parahippocampal gyrus(x,y,z = - 16, - 12, -20,T = 1.72) ,right middle occipital gyrus( x ,y ,z = 50, -76, -14 ,T = 1. 75 ),while the decreased brain activation were in turn in right superior temporal gyrus ( x, y, z = 68, - 18,2, T = 1.85 ), right parahippocampal gyrus ( x, y, z = 20, - 36, - 14, T = 1.92 ), left cuneus( x,y,z = -6, -98,14,T =2.46) ,bilateral temporal middle gyrus( x,y,z =52/-34, - 80/-62,20/28,T = 1.95,2.57 ), left pre-cuneus ( x, y, z = - 40, - 74,38, T = 2.58 ), right hippocampus( x, y, z = 24, - 32, - 18,T = 2.05 ) in recognition of dynamically sad expression. ( p ＜ 0. 05, corrected). Conclusion The data suggest that there may be significant gender differences of functional network in depressed patients during recognizing dynamical sad facial expression.

Brain activation differences in first-episode and recurrent depressed patients during the recognition of sad facial expression / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the difference in the intensity of brain activation during the recognition of sad facial expression and changes in neuropsychology cognition in patients with a first depressive episode and with recurrent depression.Methods 11 patients with a first major depressive episode,11 patients with recurrent major depression and 11 healthy controls matched in all aspects were scanned to compare the intensity of brain activation in the process of sad and neural facial expression recognition Results Compared with the healthy,first-episode depressed patients showed increased activation in right cuneus(BA18),right fusiform gyrus(BA20),left medial frontal gyrus(BA6),left middle temporal gyrus(BA39),left parahippocampal gyrus(BA30)and decreased activation in right temporal gyrus(BA22),right parahippocampal gyrus(BA27);recurrent depressed patients showed increased activation in right medial frontal gyrus(BA6),right superior temporal gyrus(BA38)but no activation increased.In comparation with the first-episode depressed,the recurrent,showed decreased activation in right middle frontal gyrus(BA6),fight thalamus,right superior temporal gyrus(BA22),right precentral gyras(BA44),right claustrum and increased activation in right parahippocampal gyrus(BA28),right claustrum,right insula(BA13). Conclusion The neural correlates of patients with depression,especially the first-episode depressed for recognition of sad facial expression is different from the healthy with more brain regions involved in the process.There are also differences in the neural basis for recognition of sad facial expression between patients with a first depressive episode and patients with recurrent depression.Performances of brain regions related with emotional recognition de-clined more in the recurrent depressed.

The dynamic characteristics of the magnetic source imaging of recognizing expression in major depressive disorder / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the features of functional networks about recognizing dynamically positive expression with using magnetoencephalography (MEG) technology and the paradigm of expressional experiment, and further to examine its neurological basis. Methods Twelve depressed patients and twelve age,education-matched healthy controls participated to recognize the dynamically positive expression in the MEG scans. Results In comparison with the healthy,the abnormally activities regions in depressed patients during different time periods were separately as follow;decreased activation in the right inferior parietal lobule(t = 3.94),the right su-pramarginal gyms(t = 3.59),the bilateral posterior cingulated(t = 5. 04, t = 4. 85) ,the bilateral precuneus(t = 3.84) ,the left cuneus(t = 3.58) and increased activation in the bilateral hippocampus(t = 2. 13, t = 2.56) ,the left amygdale(t = 2.41), the bilateral uncus gyrus(t = 2.33, t = 2.44) , the right anterior cingulated (t = 2. 15) , the left fusiform gyms (t = 3. 33) (P < 0. 05, unconnected). Conclusion The results indicate, compared with healthy controls,abnormal brain activities as the weakened function of the medial temporal cortex,parietal lobe and the enhanced function of limbic system were distributed extensively in depressed patients during recognizing dynamically positive expression. These abnormalities may prompt the dynamic characteristics of the magnetic source imaging about recognizing dynamically positive expression,and further reveals the mechanisms of emotional symptoms in depression.