Open Reduction and Stable Internal Fixation Using a 3.5-mm Locking Hook Plate for Isolated Fractures of the Greater Tuberosity of the Humerus: A 2-Year Follow-up Study Using an Innovative Fixation Method

Background@#The best treatment for isolated greater tuberosity (GT) fractures is still controversial. Although previous studies have suggested surgical options, they are either unable to provide firm fixation or present with a variety of complications. @*Methods@#We retrospectively studied the records of patients with isolated GT fractures who underwent open reduction and internal fixation using a 3.5-mm locking hook plate between January 2016 and January 2018. The surgical indication was an at least 5-mm displacement of the GT as observed in either simple radiography or three-dimensional computed tomography. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the following five parameters shortly before implant removal and at the final follow-up: visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Shoulder Rating Scale of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Constant-Murley score, and range of motion. @*Results@#Twenty-one patients with a mean age of 64 years were included. Bone union was achieved within 12–20 weeks of the first surgery in all patients. Implant removal was performed between 13 and 22 weeks after surgery. At the final follow-up, the mean VAS pain score, forward flexion, abduction, external rotation, internal rotation, ASES score, UCLA score, and ConstantMurley score were significantly better when compared to outcomes shortly before implant removal (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.008, p = 0.003, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). @*Conclusions@#The 3.5-mm locking hook plate provided sufficient stability and led to satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes for isolated GT fractures. However, the hook plate may irritate the rotator cuff, and postoperative stiffness may be inevitable.Therefore, second surgery for implant removal is necessary after bone union is achieved.

Does Demineralized Bone Matrix Enhance Tendon-to-Bone Healing after Rotator Cuff Repair in a Rabbit Model?

Background@#The purpose of this study was to compare the histologic outcomes of rotator cuff (RC) repair with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) augmentation and those without DBM augmentation and to evaluate the role of DBM for tendon-to-bone (TB) healing in a rabbit model. @*Methods@#Twenty-six adult male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly allocated to the control group (n = 13) or the DBM group (n = 13). Repair was performed 8 weeks after complete transection of the right supraspinatus tendon of all rabbits. In the control group, RC repair was achieved by a standard transosseous technique. In the DBM group, RC repair was achieved using the same technique, and DBM was interposed between the cuff and bone. After 8 weeks, the RC tendon entheses from all rabbits were processed for gross and histologic examination. @*Results@#On gross TB healing, 2 of 11 specimens in the control group were unhealed and no specimen was grossly unhealed in the DBM group (p = 0.421). In the control group, the tendon midsubstance was disorganized with randomly and loosely arranged collagen fibers and rounded fibroblastic nuclei. The TB interface was predominantly fibrous with small regions of fibrocartilage, especially mineralized fibrocartilage. In the DBM group, the tendon midsubstance appeared normal and comprised densely arranged collagen fibers, with orientated crimped collagen fibers running in the longitudinal direction of the tendon. These fibers were interspersed with elongated fibroblast nuclei. The TB interface consisted of organized collagen fibers with large quantities of fibrocartilage and mineralized fibrocartilage. @*Conclusions@#The use of DBM for TB interface healing in rabbit experiments showed good results in gross and histologic analysis. However, it is difficult to draw a solid conclusion because the sample size is small. Further evaluation in the in vivo setting is necessary to determine clinical recommendations.

Open Reduction and Stable Internal Fixation Using a 3.5-mm Locking Hook Plate for Isolated Fractures of the Greater Tuberosity of the Humerus: A 2-Year Follow-up Study Using an Innovative Fixation Method

Background@#The best treatment for isolated greater tuberosity (GT) fractures is still controversial. Although previous studies have suggested surgical options, they are either unable to provide firm fixation or present with a variety of complications. @*Methods@#We retrospectively studied the records of patients with isolated GT fractures who underwent open reduction and internal fixation using a 3.5-mm locking hook plate between January 2016 and January 2018. The surgical indication was an at least 5-mm displacement of the GT as observed in either simple radiography or three-dimensional computed tomography. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the following five parameters shortly before implant removal and at the final follow-up: visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Shoulder Rating Scale of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Constant-Murley score, and range of motion. @*Results@#Twenty-one patients with a mean age of 64 years were included. Bone union was achieved within 12–20 weeks of the first surgery in all patients. Implant removal was performed between 13 and 22 weeks after surgery. At the final follow-up, the mean VAS pain score, forward flexion, abduction, external rotation, internal rotation, ASES score, UCLA score, and ConstantMurley score were significantly better when compared to outcomes shortly before implant removal (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.008, p = 0.003, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). @*Conclusions@#The 3.5-mm locking hook plate provided sufficient stability and led to satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes for isolated GT fractures. However, the hook plate may irritate the rotator cuff, and postoperative stiffness may be inevitable.Therefore, second surgery for implant removal is necessary after bone union is achieved.

Does Demineralized Bone Matrix Enhance Tendon-to-Bone Healing after Rotator Cuff Repair in a Rabbit Model?

Background@#The purpose of this study was to compare the histologic outcomes of rotator cuff (RC) repair with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) augmentation and those without DBM augmentation and to evaluate the role of DBM for tendon-to-bone (TB) healing in a rabbit model. @*Methods@#Twenty-six adult male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly allocated to the control group (n = 13) or the DBM group (n = 13). Repair was performed 8 weeks after complete transection of the right supraspinatus tendon of all rabbits. In the control group, RC repair was achieved by a standard transosseous technique. In the DBM group, RC repair was achieved using the same technique, and DBM was interposed between the cuff and bone. After 8 weeks, the RC tendon entheses from all rabbits were processed for gross and histologic examination. @*Results@#On gross TB healing, 2 of 11 specimens in the control group were unhealed and no specimen was grossly unhealed in the DBM group (p = 0.421). In the control group, the tendon midsubstance was disorganized with randomly and loosely arranged collagen fibers and rounded fibroblastic nuclei. The TB interface was predominantly fibrous with small regions of fibrocartilage, especially mineralized fibrocartilage. In the DBM group, the tendon midsubstance appeared normal and comprised densely arranged collagen fibers, with orientated crimped collagen fibers running in the longitudinal direction of the tendon. These fibers were interspersed with elongated fibroblast nuclei. The TB interface consisted of organized collagen fibers with large quantities of fibrocartilage and mineralized fibrocartilage. @*Conclusions@#The use of DBM for TB interface healing in rabbit experiments showed good results in gross and histologic analysis. However, it is difficult to draw a solid conclusion because the sample size is small. Further evaluation in the in vivo setting is necessary to determine clinical recommendations.

Pathological Fracture of the Femoral Neck due to Tophaceous Gout: An Unusual Case of Gout / 대한고관절학회지

A 48-year-old man visited the emergency room with right hip pain that started abruptly while walking out of the bathroom. Computed tomography showed an intraosseous mass in the femoral neck. The patient had a 15-year history of gout and had numerous bilateral tophi in his hands, feet, knees, and elbows. After operation, we diagnosed a pathological fracture due to intraosseous tophi. Patients with hip pain who have many subcutaneous tophi and long-standing gout should be diagnosed carefully. Peri-hip joint pain caused by gout is uncommon, however, if a patient complains of pain, a simple X-ray may be required. If intraosseous tophi are present, appropriate treatment (e.g., strict hyperuricemia control with or without prophylactic internal fixation), may be required before fracture occurs.

Arthroscopic Resection of Osteochondroma of Hip Joint Associated with Internal Snapping: A Case Report / 대한고관절학회지

A 16-year old male patient visited the hospital complaining of inguinal pain and internal snapping of right hip joint. In physical examination, the patient was presumed to be diagnosed femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and acetabular labral tear. In radiologic evaluation, FAI and acetabular labral tear were identified and bony tumor associated with internal snapping was found on the posteromedial portion of the femoral neck. Despite of conservative treatment, there was no symptomatic improvement. So arthroscopic labral repair, osteoplasty and resection of bony tumor were performed. The tumor was pathologically diagnosed as osteochondroma through biopsy and all symptoms improved after surgery. There was no recurrence, complication or abnormal finding during 1 year follow up. Osteochondroma located at posteromedial portion of femoral neck can be a cause of internal snapping hip and although technical demands are challenging, arthroscopic resection can be a good treatment option.

Ultrasonographic Usefulness for Diagnosis of Acetabular Labral Tear / 대한고관절학회지

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the usefulness of ultrasonography for a diagnosis of acetabular labral tear in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 2010 to October 2011, an ultrasonographic examination was performed in 58 patients(58 hips: 26 men and 32 women) with acetabular labral tear. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of ultrasonography were evaluated for 58 cases with acetabular labral tear confirmed by hip arthroscopy. RESULTS: The sensitivity and positive predictive value for an acetabular labral tear using ultrasonography was 89.6% and 100%, respectively. The concordance rate of an acetabular labral tear between arthroscopy and ultrasonography was 84.6%. CONCLUSION: Hip ultrasonography can make a significant contribution to a pathologic diagnosis and isa useful diagnostic tool for acetabular labral tears.

Liner Dissociation by Extrusion of the Acetabular Cup Fixation Screw after Total Hip Replacement: Two Cases Report / 대한고관절학회지

This is a report of 2 cases that showed dissociation of the acetabular cup liner by acetabular fixation screw among patients who underwent total hip replacement. Screws for fixation of the acetabular cup were used during the primary surgery in both cases. Each patient visited the out patient department complaining of pain and noise from the joint; radiologic finding revealed a collapse of the column shape bone graft area with dissociation of the acetabular cup liner. In both cases, during revision surgery, screw was extruded to the inner side of the acetabular cup, since it migrated superiorly. There has been no report of liner dissociation by extrusion of acetabular cup fixation screw after total hip replacement. Therefore, we report two cases of dissociation of the acetabular cup liner of hip arthroplasty, which occurred due to screw issues after total hip replacement with structural autogenous bone graft.

Arthroscopic Labral Repair Associated with Femoroacetabular Impingement: Short Term 2-5 Years Follow-up Results / 대한고관절학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to report on the short term follow-up of patients who underwent arthroscopic acetabular labral repair for femoroacetabular impingement and acetabular labral tear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 45 consecutive patients who underwent arthroscopic acetabular labral repair after diagnosis of femoroacetabular impingement and acetabular labral tear from January 2008 to December 2010 were included in this study. Modified Harris hip score (MHHS), VAS, Hip outcomes score (HOS), and patient satisfaction were used for evaluation of the clinical results. RESULTS: Patients included 22 males and 23 females, and the mean age of the patients was 33.0(range, 16-54) years old, and the mean follow up period was 26.7(range, 24-56) months. Of the clinical results, mean VAS score was 6.4 and 2.5 points before and after surgery, respectively, and mean MHHS score improved from 59.5 points before surgery to 85.4 points after surgery. Activities of daily living and sports-related activities of HOS were 58.3% and 51.2%, respectively, before surgery, and 83.0% and 79.8% after surgery. Revision arthroscopic surgery was performed on five cases(12.1%); labro-synovial adhesion, three cases, pull-out of suture anchor, one case, heterotropic ossification, one case. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic acetabular labral repair is considered an effective treatment for femoroacetabular impingement and accompanying acetabular labral tear.

Recovery of Limitation of Motion in Secondary Osteoarthritis of the Hip Using Arthroscopy / 대한고관절학회지

PURPOSE: To analyze the arthroscopic findings and treatment results of patients with a limitation of hip motion caused by early degenerative osteoarthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed on 13 patients who underwent arthroscopic treatment from May 2009 to March 2010, among patients with a limitation of hip motion and femoroacetabular impingement symptoms by early degenerative osteoarthritis. Head-neck offset, anteversion, and a change in the alpha angle was compared. At the final follow up, the VAS (Visual analogue scale), modified Harris hip score, and range of motion were compared. RESULTS: The arthroscopic findings showed diffused synovitis in all 13 cases. Among them, 9 cases were accompanied with a labral tear, and 2 cases showed a labral deformity. The VAS decreased from 7.5 preoperatively to 1.8 postoperatively and the modified Harris hip score improved from 49.3(35-60) before surgery to 90.1(85-95) after surgery. Each flexion and internal rotation improved significantly (P<0.05) from 95.2degrees (60-120degrees) to 127.7degrees (110-140degrees) and 4.6degrees (-5-25degrees) to 25.4degrees (15-30degrees), respectively. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement with a limitation of the range of motion by early degenerative arthritis can be expected with an improvement in flexion and internal rotation of the hip.

Periprosthetic Mass after Total Hip Replacement / 대한고관절학회지

PURPOSE: To analyze the characteristics and causes of periprosthetic huge mass which occur after treatment by total hip arthroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the patients who had undergone total hip arthroplasty from January 2000 to October 2007, we retrospectively evaluated the 10 patients who suffered huge soft tissue mass. Five of these patients had received metal-on-metal bearing (group 1) prostheses, and the other 5 had received metal-on-polyethylene bearings (group 2). We evaluated the size and location of the mass, the extent of osteolysis, and the hematologic and pathologic examination results. RESULTS: Roentgenographically, the location of the masses varied from the acetabular area to the distal femoral stem. The mean mass diameter of all 10 patients was 14.6 cm(7-21 cm)x6.2 cm(3-9 cm)x7.2 cm(4-12 cm). Osteolytic lesions were found in 3 group 1 patients and 3 patients in group 2. High counts of lymphocytes and eosinophils were present in group 1. High counts of macrophages were present in group 2. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of osteolysis and huge soft mass after total hip arthroplasty is thought to be related to foreign body reaction by polyethylene wear particles and metal hypersensitivity. Outside-in patterned cortical thinning was considered to be indicative of a long standing periprosthetic soft tissue mass effect.

Paralabral Cysts and Their Correlation with Acetabular Disorder / 대한고관절학회지

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between MRI findings and hip joint lesions evaluated by arthroscopy in patients affected by paralabral cyst. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of patients treated by hip arthroscopy from Jan 1996 to Mar 2010, 17 cases symptomatic of paralabral cyst as observed by preoperative MRI were analyzed. The presence of an acetabular labrum tear, and the location and size of the cyst were evaluated using both preoperative MRI and intraoperative arthroscopy. Visual analogue scale (VAS), modified Harris hip scale, and Hip outcome score results were compared as determined by the two assessment methods. RESULTS: According to the MRI findings, the locations of the cysts included 5 cases in the anterosuperior, 2 anterior, 4 anteroinferior, 2 posterosuperior and 4 posteroinferior. The mean size of all cysts was 25.1x12.5x13.8 mm3. Postoperatively, the mean VAS score for all patients improved from 7.7 to 1.5, their modified Harris hip score improved from 58.8 to 90.7, and their Hip outcome score improved from 54 to 93.5. CONCLUSION: Painful paralabral cyst was mainly associated with an acetabular labral tear and we concluded that observation of paralabral cyst upon preoperative MRI provided indirect evidence of proximal acetabular labral pathology.

Arthroscopic Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement of the Hip: 5-7 Years Result / 대한고관절학회지

PURPOSE: To report the mid- and long-term follow up results of patients who underwent arthroscopic treatment after being diagnosed with femoroacetabular impingement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 72 consecutive patients diagnosed with femoroacetabular impingement underwent arthroscopic partial labrectomy and femoroplasty(79 cases). In order to evaluate the clinical results, a modified Harris hip score, and VAS and Hip outcome scores were utilized. In addition, the alpha angle and femoral offset were measured radiologically. RESULTS: Based on the clinical results from all consecutive patients, the preoperative mean pain score was 6.0 and 1.7, and 2.1 points on the mid-(2-5 years) and long-term(5-7 years) follow ups, respectively. The mean modified Harris hip score improved from 58.9 points to 81.9 and 79.3 points for the mid-term and long-term follow up groups, respectively. Prior to surgery, the daily activity scale and motor scale results associated with Hip outcome scores were 59.2 and 57.5 points for the mid- and long-term groups, respectively. These scores improved to 84.7 and 84.5, and 81.2 and 79.5 for each group upon the mid- and long-term postoperative follow ups, respectively. Based on the radiological results, the mean alpha angle decreased from 61.2degrees preoperatively to 40.9degrees after surgery, and the mean femoral offset increased from 4.8 mm to 10.0 mm. CONCLUSION: The mid- and long-term clinical and radiological follow ups to evaluate the results of arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement revealed satisfactory improvement. This finding further demonstrates that arthroscopy is an effective and safe treatment for cases of femoroacetabular impingement.

A Retrospective Comparative Study of Internal Fixation with Contoured Plate Using Bicortical Screw Versus a Double Plate in Comminuted Olecranon Fractures / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: To analyze the clinical result of a contoured plate fixation using a bicortical screw and a double plate fixation in the surgical treatment of an adult's comminuted olecranon fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 22 patients were classified by Mayo classification as Type IIB (17) and Type IIIB (5). All patients enrolled in the study were treated between July 2002 and September 2009. Twelve patients were operated on using the contoured plate internal fixation using a bicortical screw procedure classified as group 'A'. The 10 patients operated on by a double plate fixation were classified as group 'B'. The Mayo elbow performance score was used to compare postoperative clinical results based on total points in 4 categories: pain, range of motion, articular stability, and articular function. RESULTS: The clinical results of using the Mayo elbow performance score of group 'A' were that 10 scored in the 'excellent' range and 2 scored in the 'good' range the following: in group 'B' were in the excellent range and 3 were in the good range. Both groups showed satisfactory results. Postoperative elbow exercises in group 'A' commenced 7.8 (5-14) days on average, postoperatively. For 'B' group, post-operative elbow exercises began 4.5 (3-7) days following the operation. With regard to the exercise and the range of elbow motion, group 'A' averaged 113.5 degrees and group 'B' averaged 112 degrees. After surgery, the average durations until the bone union were 3.8 (2.4-5.6) months for group 'A' and 4 (2.5-5) months for group 'B', respectively. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in the clinical results between patients treated with the contoured plate internal fixation using a bicortical screw or the internal fixation using a double plate in the surgical treatment of adults with comminuted olecranon fracture or dislocation. Therefore, both types of operative approach are acceptable.

Repair of the Complete Radial Tear of the Anterior Horn of the Medial Meniscus in Rabbits: A Comparison between Simple Pullout Repair and Pullout Repair with Human Bone Marrow Stem Cell Implantation

PURPOSE: To evaluate the degree of biological healing response that occurs between the anterior horn of the medial meniscus (MM) and the tibial plateau and investigate the biological healing response after injection of human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) in a rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five rabbits with a mean body weight of 2.5 kg were chosen for this study. On the left knee, a complete radial tear was made at the anterior tibial attachment site of MM and after removal of tibial cartilage, pullout repair of the torn MM was performed on the tibial plateau. On the right knee, the same procedure was performed, and a scaff old (matrix gel) that contained human bone marrow stem cell was implanted between MM and the tibial plateau. A biopsy was performed at 2 (group 1), 4 (group 2), and 8 (group 3) weeks postoperatively. The authors compared the differences in the degree of biological healing of each group and investigated the degree of biologic healing after hBMSC implantation by comparing the left knee with the right knee. RESULTS: On the biopsy of 40 knees of 20 rabbits that survived after operation, all groups did not show the healing response between the undersurface of MM and the tibial plateau. There was no significant difference in terms of the pathological criteria such as fibroblasts and fibrochondrocytes etc., with and without hBMSC implantation. CONCLUSIONS: There was no attachment between the repaired MM and the tibial plateau after complete radial tear on MM and the authors could not identify the effect of hBMSC.