Treatment advice of small molecule antiviral drugs for elderly COVID-19 / 中国药理学通报

COVID-19 has been prevalent for three years. The virulence of SARS-CoV-2 is weaken as it mutates continuously. However, elderly patients, especially those with underlying diseases, are still at high risk of developing severe infections. With the continuous study of the molecular structure and pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, antiviral drugs for COVID-19 have been successively marketed, and these anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs can effectively reduce the severe rate and mortality of elderly patients. This article reviews the mechanism, clinical medication regimens, drug interactions and adverse reactions of five small molecule antiviral drugs currently approved for marketing in China, so as to provide advice for the clinical rational use of anti-SARS-CoV-2 in the elderly.

Effect of boschniakia rossica polysaccharides on hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cardiomyocyte damage by down-regulating miR-302a-3p expression / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the effect of boschniakia rossica polysaccharides ( BRPS ) on cardiomyocyte damage induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) and its possible mechanism. Methods H/R was used to induce rat cardiomyocyte H9c2 to establish a cell inju¬ry model, and different doses of BRPS were used to treat H9c2 cells. ELISA method was used to detect the level of MDA and the activity of SOD and GSH-Px. Flow cytometry was used to detect the rate of apopto-sis. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-302a-3p. anti-miR-NC and anti-miR-302a-3p were respectively transfected into H9c2 cells and then subjected to H/R treatment. miR-NC and miR-302a-3p mimics were respectively transfected into H9c2 cells and treated with 100 mg • L

Salidroside Regulates the miRNA-1343-3p/MAP3K6/MMP24 Signaling Molecules to Inhibit Proliferation and Invasion of Gastric Cancer Cells / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to investigate the role of salidroside in regulating the miR-1343-3p/MAP3K6 （mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 6）/MMP24 （membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 24） signaling pathway to inhibit gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration. MethodsHuman gastric cancer cells （MGC-803） were divided into several groups based on different salidroside concentrations： a control group （0 μmol/mL）， a low-dose group （6 μmol/mL）， a medium-dose group （12 μmol/mL）， and a high-dose group （24 μmol/mL）. The anti proliferative effects of salidroside on human gastric cancer cells were evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Clonogenic assay was used to examine the effects of salidroside drugs on the clonogenic ability of human gastric cancer cells. Transwell assay was performed to detect the effect of salidroside on the invasive ability of human gastric cancer cells. Cell scratch assay was performed to detect the effect of salidroside on the migration ability of human gastric cancer cells. The miRNA expression profile was analyzed by using RNA-seq in cancer cells for 24 h after salidroside treatment. The differentially expressed miRNAs were clustered and their target genes were predicted. Gene Ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） were used to analyze and predict the functions of these target genes， and the interaction networks were established. Immunocytofluorescence was used to detect the expression of target proteins， and the transcription of candidate genes was detected by q-PCR. ResultsCCK-8 cytotoxicity experiments showed that salidroside inhibited the proliferation of MGC-803 cells （P < 0.01）. Cell cloning experiments showed that salidroside reduced the clonal formation capacity of MGC-803 cells （P < 0.000 1）. Cell invasion experiments showed that salidroside reduced the MGC-803 cell invasion capacity （P < 0.000 1）. Cell scratch experiments showed that salidroside reduced the cell migration capacity （P < 0.000 1）. RNA-seq findings showed that the expression of 44 miRNAs changed significantly after salidroside treatment in cancer cells （P < 0.05）. Bioinformatic analysis showed that there were 1 384 target mRNAs corresponding to the differentially expressed miRNAs， and the expression of the tumor suppressor miR-1343-3p was significantly upregulated after salidroside treatment （P < 0.01），and resulted in down-regulated transcription of MAP3K6 and MMP24 genes which are related to the proliferation and migration of cancer cells （P < 0.05）. Immunofluorescence experiments demonstrated that salidroside reduced protein expression levels in MAP3K6 and MMP24 genes （P < 0.000 1）. q-PCR experiments showed that salidroside reduced the mRNA expression level of MAP3K6 and MMP24 genes （P < 0.000 1）， while miRNA expression in miR-1343-3p gene was upregulated （P < 0.000 1）. ConclusionSalidroside regulates the miRNA-1343-3p/MAP3K6/MMP24 signaling molecules to inhibit proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Five Indoles or Indazole Amide Synthetic Cannabinoids in Suspected E-Cigarette Oil by GC-MS / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To establish the GC-MS qualitative and quantitative analysis methods for the synthetic cannabinoids, its main matrix and additives in suspicious electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) oil samples.@*METHODS@#The e-cigarette oil samples were analyzed by GC-MS after diluted with methanol. Synthetic cannabinoids, its main matrix and additives in e-cigarette oil samples were qualitatively analyzed by the characteristic fragment ions and retention time. The synthetic cannabinoids were quantitatively analyzed by using the selective ion monitoring mode.@*RESULTS@#The linear range of each compound in GC-MS quantitative method was 0.025-1 mg/mL, the matrix recovery rate was 94%-103%, the intra-day precision relative standard deviations (RSD) was less than 2.5%, and inter-day precision RSD was less than 4.0%. Five indoles or indazole amide synthetic cannabinoids were detected in 25 e-cigarette samples. The main matrixes of e-cigarette samples were propylene glycol and glycerol. Additives such as N,2,3-trimethyl-2-isopropyl butanamide (WS-23), glycerol triacetate and nicotine were detected in some samples. The content range of synthetic cannabinoids in 25 e-cigarette samples was 0.05%-2.74%.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The GC-MS method for synthesizing cannabinoid, matrix and additive in e-cigarette oil samples has good selectivity, high resolution, low detection limit, and can be used for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of multiple components; The explored fragment ion fragmentation mechanism of the electron bombardment ion source of indole or indoxamide compounds helps to identify such substances or other compounds with similar structures in cases.

Progress in the relationship between head and neck squamous cell carcinom and the microbial community / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Microorganisms are one of the important factors which maintain the homeostasis of human health. Despite recent advances, the relationship between microorganisms and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma （HNSCC） is still unclear, and the impact of microorganisms on the incidence and prognosis of HNSCC cannot be neglected. Therefore, this article provides a systematic and comprehensive review summarizing the epidemiological evidence of microbial dysbiosis related to HNSCC and discusses the associations between them.

Analysis of 53 cases of transjugular liver biopsy / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective: To investigate the practicability and safety of transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB). Methods: Data of 53 cases with transjugular liver biopsy from June 2015 to June 2020 were collected. LABS-100 was used in all patients who underwent transjugular liver biopsy. Among them, 45 cases and eight were biopsied via hepatic vein and intrahepatic segment of the inferior vena cava. The surgical indications, related complications, and postoperative pathological diagnosis were analyzed and summarized. Results: TJLB was successful in all patients, with an average of 2.8 punctures per case. Satisfactory liver tissue and histopathological diagnosis was obtained in all patients. Two cases developed a cervical hematoma that was improved spontaneously, and one patient developed an intrahepatic hematoma that was improved after conservative treatment. Conclusion: TJLB is a practical and safe method for patients with contraindications to percutaneous liver biopsy.

Structure Analysis of the Interfering Substance N-methyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine of Methamphetamine in Wastewater / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To analyze the chemical structure of the interfering substance that affects the result of methamphetamine analysis in wastewater.@*METHODS@#A combination of GC-MS and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) was used to analyze the mass spectrum characteristics of the interfering substance that affects the result of methamphetamine analysis and to infer its possible structure. Liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (LC-TQ-MS) was used to confirm the control material.@*RESULTS@#Using LC-QTOF-MS in positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) mode, the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of quasi-molecular ion in the MS1 mass spectrometry of interfering substance was identical to that of methamphetamine, indicating that the interfering substance was probably an isomer of methamphetamine. The MS2 mass spectra obtained at three collision energies of 15 V, 30 V and 45 V were highly similar to methamphetamine, suggesting that the interfering substance contained methylamino and benzyl groups. Further analysis using GC-MS in electron impact (EI) ionization mode showed that the base peak in the mass spectrum of the interfering substance was at m/z 44. The interfering substance was confirmed to be N-methyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine by compared with the standard reference.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The chemical structure of N-methyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine is highly similar to methamphetamine, which is easy to cause interference for the detection of trace amounts of methamphetamine in wastewater using LC-TQ-MS. Therefore, in the actual analysis, the chromatographic retention time can be used to distinguish between N-methyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine and methamphetamine.

Quality analysis of Citri Trifoliatae Fructus in different harvest time by HPLC combined with electronic eye technology / 中国中药杂志

As a local variety of medicinal material, Citri Trifoliatae Fructus is widely used in many places, whereas its harvest time remains unclear. Therefore, studying its harvest time can make more reasonable use of this medicinal material. In this study, we determined the flavonoids content and compared the color of Citri Trifoliatae Fructus harvested in different time, aiming to guide the harvest of this medicinal material. The fresh fruits of Citrus trifoliata were collected from Xinxiang city, Henan province, graded according to the diameter range, and then dried. The contents of isonaringin, naringen, and poncirin in Citri Trifoliatae Fructus were determined by HPLC, and the color values of the samples were detected by electronic eye. The correlation analysis of the obtained data was carried out to explore the relationships of color and diameter with quality. The results showed that the contents of isonaringin, naringen, and poncirin varied significantly in different harvest time, within the ranges of 0.21-1.20, 2.21-11.59, and 3.73-23.16 mg·g~(-1), respectively. With the delay of harvest time, Citri Trifoliatae Fructus showed the color changing from green to yellow, gradually increased diameter, and gradually decreased contents of isonaringin, naringen, and poncirin. The contents of isonaringin, naringen, and poncirin were negatively correlated with the degree of red and green(a~*) and positively correlated with the degree of yellow and blue(b~*). The contents of naringen and poncirin had significantly negative correlations with the diameter. This study indicates that the quality of Citri Trifoliatae Fructus can be judged by its diameter and skin color, which provides a theoretical basis for the rational harvest of this medicinal material.

Baihutang Syndrome and Treatment： A New Interpretation Based on Six Dimensional Syndrome Differentiation Theory / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Six dimensional syndrome differentiation theory， put forward by professor GU Xiao-hong at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine based on her theoretical teaching and clinical experience， emphasizes that the syndrome differentiation should be carried out from six dimensions including etiology， disease location， disease stage， disease condition， pathology， and disease nature， which is conducive to clinical thinking training and formation of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. The differentiation and treatment of Baihutang syndrome frequently seen in cold damage and warm disease still need to be explored. Guided by the six dimensional syndrome differentiation theory coupled with diverse viewpoints of cold damage and warm disease schools， this paper summarized and reinterpreted the understandings and thoughts of GU Xiao-hong and YU He， warm disease specialists of two generations. Considering the lung-stomach dysfunction caused by the internal invasion of exogenous pathogens， Baihutang syndrome was staged into Qi aspect. In this stage， exuberant pathogens and sufficient healthy Qi allowed the prevailing of internal heat and the consumption of body fluid， manifested as high fever， profuse sweating， thirst， and the pulse corresponding to interior excess and heat syndrome. This paper also pointed out that the Baihutang syndrome involved both lung and stomach， and the adoption of Baihutang contributed to preventing tu from restricting shui in the case of extreme excess of Yang brightness and protecting the kidney Yin. As revealed by the dynamic analysis of prognosis of Baihutang syndrome based on the six dimensional syndrome differentiation theory， even though the Baihutang syndrome could be present in both cold damage and warm disease， the specific disease stage， transmission and change， condition， prognosis， pathology， and medication differed. On this basis， a series of prescriptions have been modified from Baihutang， which has expanded the application scope of Baihutang and enriched its research value， thus better promoting its clinical application.

Effect of Modified Rehabilitation Program for Postoperative Management after Arthroscopic Latarjet Procedure / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To assess the clinical outcomes of our modified postoperative rehabilitation program after total arthroscopic Latarjet procedure. Methods:From July, 2017 to March, 2019, 32 patients suffered from habitual anterior shoulder dislocation were treated with arthroscopic Latarjet procedure in our medical center. They were randomly assigned to control group (n = 15) and experimental group (n = 17). The control group received conventional rehabilitation program after shoulder arthroscopic Bankart repair, while the experimental group received modified rehabilitation program after arthroscopic Latarjet procedure. After surgery, they followed our postoperative management and rehabilitation program, and finished every phase of follow-up. Before and three weeks and six weeks after surgery, they were accessed with Visual Analogue Score (VAS) for pain, active range of motion (AROM) and functional assessment. Twelve months after surgery, their satisfaction were compared. Results:None of them was lost at one-year follow-up postoperatively. No recurrent dislocation occurred. Three months after surgery, the VAS, AROM and the scores of shoulder functional assessments were better in the experimental group than in the control group (|t| > 2.149, P < 0.05). Six months after surgery, no significant difference was found in VAS and AROM between two groups (|t| < 1.481, P > 0.05), and the scores of shoulder functional assessments were better in the experimental group than in the control group (|t| > 2.300, P < 0.05). Twelve months after surgery, the percentage of restored throwing ability and patients' satisfaction (t = -4.564, P < 0.001) were higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Conclusion:Compared with the conventional rehabilitation program after shoulder arthroscopic Bankart repair, modified postoperative rehabilitation program for arthroscopic Latarjet procedure is safer and more effective, which could bring better functional outcomes and higher patients' satisfaction.

Pharmacokinetics of FGF21-164 fusion protein in mice using UHPLC-MS/MS method / 药学学报

FGF21-164 is a fusion protein obtained by structural modification and coupling of endogenous FGF21. It is a candidate drug used in the treatment of glucose and lipid metabolic disorders caused by obesity. In this study, the candidate peptide mass spectrometry information of the protein hydrolyzed by trypsin was predicted by Skyline software and verified by high resolution mass spectrometry. The specific surrogate peptide (YLYTDDAQQTEAHLEIR) with the best mass response was selected after optimizing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Under ESI positive ion mode, the parent ion m/z 689.3 with 3 charge and the product ion m/z 738.4 with single charge can be monitored. After dilution by PBS, the serum samples were denatured under 60 ℃ and alkylated to reduce the matrix effect, then incubated with trypsin at 37 ℃ for 2 h, to obtain the surrogate peptide. The chromatographic separation was carried out on an EclipsePlus C18 column (2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.8 μm) using aqueous solution containing 0.1% formic acid (phase A) and acetonitrile solution containing 0.1% formic acid (phase B). Finally, the concentration of FGF21-164 fusion protein in mouse serum was quantitatively analyzed by external standard method by monitoring the above ion pairs using triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. This method showed a good linearity in the range of 2.50-500 μg·mL-1 (r = 0.998 8), and was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of FGF21-164 fusion protein in mice. This experiment was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (batch number: 20180004040450). Compared with the endogenous FGF21, the t1/2 of FGF21-164 fusion protein was prolonged from 0.5 h to 2.6 h, which is expected to prolong the therapeutic efficacy of this protein.

Determination of Salt Forms of New Psychoactive Substances by Ion Chromatography / 法医学杂志

Objective To establish an ion chromatography method for the salt form determination of new psychoactive substances （NPS）. Methods The method of conducting qualitative and quantitative analysis of six types of organic acid ions （acetate ion, tartrate ion, maleate ion, oxalate ion, fumarate ion, citrate ion） and five types of inorganic anions （fluoride ion, chloride ion, nitrate ion, sulfate ion, phosphate ion） in NPS sample by ion chromatography was developed. The salt forms of 222 seized NPS samples （103 samples with synthetic cannabinoids, 81 samples with cathinones, 44 samples with phenylethylamines, 12 samples with tryptamines, 7 samples with phencyclidines, 6 samples with piperazines, 2 samples with aminoindenes, 26 samples with fentanyls and 43 samples with other types of NPS） were analyzed by this method. Results Each anion had good linearity in the corresponding linear range, the correlation coefficients （r） were greater than 0.999, the limits of detection were 0.01-0.05 mg/L, and the limits of quantitative were 0.1-0.5 mg/L. Except that 5F-BEPIRAPIM was hydrochloride, the salt forms of the other 102 synthetic cannabinoids were all base. The salt form of 81 cathinone samples, 44 phenylethylamine samples, 7 phencyclidine samples and 2 aminoindene samples were all hydrochloride. The salt forms of tryptamine samples included base, hydrochloride, fumarate and oxalate. The salt forms of piperazine samples included base and hydrochloride. The salt forms of fentanyl samples and samples of other types included base, hydrochloride and citrate. Conclusion Ion chromatography is a simple, accurate and efficient method for determining the salt form of NPS samples, which makes the qualitative and quantitative conclusions of NPS more scientific and rigorous.

Identification of Synthetic Cannabinoid 5F-EDMB-PICA in Suspicious Herbal Products / 法医学杂志

Objective To study the qualitative analysis strategy for unknown synthetic cannabinoid in the suspicious herbal product when no reference substance is available. Methods The synthetic cannabinoid in herbal blend was extracted with methanol. The extract was concentrated by rotary evaporator and separated and purified by preparative liquid chromatography, to obtain high purity synthetic cannabinoid sample. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-QTOF-MS） and nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） were used to determine the structure of the prepared compound. Results High purity unknown sample （10 mg） was obtained by preparative liquid chromatography. The sample was analyzed by GC-MS, UPLC-TOF-MS and NMR, and through spectrum analysis, the unknown synthetic cannabinoid was determined as 5F-EDMB-PICA. Conclusion The method to extract unknown synthetic cannabinoid from low content herbal products by preparative liquid chromatography was established, and the structure of the unknown sample was identified by comprehensive use of GC-MS, UPLC-QTOF-MS and NMR. The information will assist forensic laboratories in identifying this substance or other compounds with similar structures in their casework.

Rapid Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Caffeine and Sodium Benzoate in Annaca by Infrared Spectroscopy / 法医学杂志

Objective To establish an infrared spectroscopic method for the rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of caffeine and sodium benzoate in Annaka samples. Methods Qualitative and quantitative modeling samples were prepared by mixing high-purity caffeine and sodium benzoate. The characteristic absorption peaks of caffeine and sodium benzoate in Annaka samples were determined by analyzing the infrared spectra of the mixed samples. The quantitative model of infrared spectra was established by partial least squares （PLS）. Results By analyzing the infrared spectra of 17 mixed samples of caffeine and sodium benzoate （the purity of caffeine ranges from 10% to 80%）, the characteristic absorption peaks for caffeine were determined to be 1 698, 1 650, 1 237, 972, 743, and 609 cm-1. The characteristic absorption peaks for sodium benzoate were 1 596, 1 548, 1 406, 845, 708 and 679 cm-1. When the detection of all characteristic absorption peaks was the positive identification criteria, the positive detection rate of caffeine and sodium benzoate in 48 seized Annaka samples was 100%. The linear range of PLS quantitative model for caffeine was 10%-80%, the coefficient of determination （ R2） was 99.9%, the root mean square error of cross validation （RMSECV） was 0.68%, and the root mean square error of prediction （RMSEP） was 0.91%; the linear range of PLS quantitative model for sodium benzoate was 20%-90%, the R2 was 99.9%, the RMSECV was 0.91% and the RMSEP was 1.11%. The results of paired sample t test showed that the differences between the results of high performance liquid chromatography method and infrared spectroscopy method had no statistical significance. The established infrared quantitative method was used to analyze 48 seized Annaka samples, the purity of caffeine was 27.6%-63.1%, and that of sodium benzoate was 36.9%-72.3%. Conclusion The rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of caffeine and sodium benzoate in Annaka samples by infrared spectroscopy method could improve identification efficiency and reduce determination cost.

Mitochondrial proteomics in myocardial hypertrophic preconditioning mice / 解剖学报

Objective To investigate the molecular protective mechanisms of myocardial hypertrophic preconditioning by mitochondrial quantitative proteomics. Methods Fourteen C57BL6/ J male mice were randomly divided into sham group(n = 6) and cardiac hypertrophy preconditioning group(n = 8). The murine model of cardiac hypertrophy preconditioning was established by imposing transverse aortic constriction for 3 days and debanding the aorta for 4 days. Three mice from sham group and four mice from cardiac hypertrophy preconditioning group were randomly selected for proteomic analysis, and the remaining mice were used for functional and morphological experiments. The cardiac function was detected by echocardiography, and mechanical properties of cardiomyocytes were assessed using a SoftEdge Myocam. Cardiac morphology and mitochondrial ultrastructure were detected by pathological sections and transmission electron microscopy. The most significant mitochondrial proteins were screened by label-free quantitative proteomics and analyzed by bioinformatics analysis. Western blotting was used to verify the expression changes. Results Compared with the sham group, there were no significant changes in cardiac function and myocardial tissue morphology in the cardiac hypertrophy preconditioning group. However, electron microscopy analyses showed that the density of mitochondrial cristae increased in cardiac hypertrophy preconditioning group. Proteomic analysis screened 20 differentially expressed mitochondrial proteins. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that differentially expressed proteins were mainly related to mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. Western blotting results of key proteins were consistent with proteomic analysis. Conclusion Myocardial hypertrophic preconditioning can promote the energy metabolism of myocardial mitochondria, which may be related to the transcription, processing and transportation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complex mediated by mitochondrial ribosomal proteins.

Overview of the status quo of traditional Indian medicine intellectual property rights protection / 国际中医中药杂志

India is rich of traditional medicine knowledge. Due to inadequate protection on its traditional medicine knowledge, some of them have been illegally possessed or used by other countries, resulting in huge economic and cultural losses. In order to prevent such issues from happening, the Indian government has formulated a series of policies to protect and rationally develop traditional medicine knowledge, taken up many effective measures, such as collecting and archiving traditional medical knowledge, formulating laws and policies, establishing an administrative supervision system for traditional medicine knowledge, establish a Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), as well as build a traditional medical knowledge registration and invention patent system. It also establishes an investment foundation, and conducts intellectual property culture building. At present, India has formed a relatively complete protection system for traditional medicine knowledge, which has achieved good results and gained recognition. To summarize the experience of traditional medicine knowledge protection in India can provide reference for China.

Structure Analysis and Characterization of Aminorex Analogue 4'-F-4-MAR / 法医学杂志

Objective To study the identification method for 4'-F-4-methylaminorex （4'-F-4-MAR） in samples without reference substance. Methods Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry （UPLC-QTOF-MS）, nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） and Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） were comprehensively used for the structure identification of 4'-F-4-MAR in samples. Results Under the positive electrospray ionization （ESI+） mode, quasi-molecular ion in the first order mass spectrometry of the unknown compound was 195.092 6 and its molecular formula was inferred to be C10H11FN2O. The fragment ions in the mass spectrometry of the unknown compound were compared with the related fragment ions of 4,4'-dimethylaminorex （4,4'-DMAR） in literature. It was found that the main fragment ions of the unknown compound were all 4 bigger than the corresponding fragment ions of 4,4'-DMAR. Therefore, the unknown compound was inferred to be a 4,4'-DMAR analogue with a methyl substituted by a fluorine in the benzene ring. The equivalent protons at δ=7.30 and δ=7.06 in 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance （1H-NMR） spectra and the characteristic spin-spin coupling constants （1JC-F=245.2 Hz, 2JC-F=21.3 Hz, 3JC-F=8.1 Hz） for 13C-19F interactions in carbon spectra, further proved that the fluorine substituted methyl at the para-position of the benzene ring. Finally, the unknown compound was determined as 4'-F-4-MAR. Conclusion A method that comprehensively used the identification materials 4'-F-4-MAR in GC-MS, UPLC-QTOF-MS, NMR and FTIR is established and the fragmentation mechanism of fragmentation ions of 4'-F-4-MAR created under the two modes -- electron impact （EI） and electrospray ionization under collision induced dissociation （ESI-CID） is deduced. The information will assist forensic science laboratories in identifying this compound or other substances with similar structure in their case work.

Epidemiological analysis of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Huangpu District of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 epidemic in Huangpu District of Shanghai, and to provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of COVID-19. Methods Descriptive statistics were used to study the suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 reported from January 21 through March 10, 2020 in Huangpu District, Shanghai. Results A total of 120 suspected cases of COVID-19 were reported, of which 12 were diagnosed and 108 were excluded.The first confirmed case was reported on January 21, and the last case was on February 10; the majority (11/12) of the confirmed cases were reported from January 21 through February 1.The average duration of time from the symptom onset to the first medical visit was 2.6 days, whereas the average duration from the first medical visit to the hospital diagnosis was 2.2 days.There were 15 suspected cases with a confirmed history of residence or tourism in Wuhan, in which 6 were confirmed cases.Moreover, 5 suspected cases had a confirmed history of contact with other confirmed cases, in which 3 were confirmed cases.Thus, exposure in Wuhan and exposure to confirmed cases were the most significant risk factors at this stage of the epidemic. Conclusion The 12 cases identified in Huangpu District of Shanghai are all adults, half of whom had confirmed history of exposure in Wuhan.The first cluster of COVID-19 cases in Shanghai is documented in Huangpu District.Epidemiological investigation reveals that the confirmed cases might be infectious the day before the symptom onset.

Overview of the status quo of traditional Indian medicine intellectual property rights protection / 国际中医中药杂志

India is rich of traditional medicine knowledge. Due to inadequate protection on its traditional medicine knowledge, some of them have been illegally possessed or used by other countries, resulting in huge economic and cultural losses. In order to prevent such issues from happening, the Indian government has formulated a series of policies to protect and rationally develop traditional medicine knowledge, taken up many effective measures, such as collecting and archiving traditional medical knowledge, formulating laws and policies, establishing an administrative supervision system for traditional medicine knowledge, establish a Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), as well as build a traditional medical knowledge registration and invention patent system. It also establishes an investment foundation, and conducts intellectual property culture building. At present, India has formed a relatively complete protection system for traditional medicine knowledge, which has achieved good results and gained recognition. To summarize the experience of traditional medicine knowledge protection in India can provide reference for China.

Comparison of head-down lithotomy position and Trendelenburg position on cardiac output in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery / 复旦学报（医学版）

Objective To compare the changes in cardiac output (CO) and other hemodynamic parameters in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery in head-down lithotomy position and Trendelenburg position. Methods Sixty patients were divided into head-down lithotomy group and Trendelenburg group. CO was recorded as baseline by a noninvasive cardiac output monitor NICOM? system after the placement of patients. These measurements were also acquired when the patients were placed in the 30° head-down tilt(T0)following pneumoperitoneum establishment.Stroke volume(SV), heart rate(HR)and CO were monitored at 1-minute intervals thereafter for a total of 10 minutes(T1-T10),and mean arterial pressure(MAP)and total peripheral resistance(TPR)were monitored every 5 minutes. Results The reduction of CO in head-down lithotomy group was greater than that in Trendelenburg group(T0:-31％±19％ vs.-9％±34％;T1:-32％±18％ vs.-16％±38％;T2:-33％± 19％vs.-16％±26％;T3:-32％±22％vs.-16％±28％;T4:-31％±18％vs.-12％±38％;T5:-30％± 17％vs.-14％±37％;T6:-31％±17％ vs.-14％±33％,all P<0.05)during the first 6 minutes. MAP at baseline in head-down lithotomy group was significantly higher than that in Trendelenburg group[(97±11) mmHg vs.(85±6)mmHg,P<0.05].MAP decreased in head-down lithotomy group at T0(-8％±16％) and increased in Trendelenburg group at T5 and T10(T5:9％±15％,T10:12％±18％). Conclusion CO reduction was greater in patients in head-down lithotomy position than that in Trendelenburg position group during the first 10 minutes after adjusting the position following pneumoperitoneum establishment.