Colon metastasis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid change / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

We present a rare case of colonic metastasis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and review the literature. A 54-year-old male was referred to our hospital with a history of bloody stools and fever. A right kidney tumor measuring about 10 cm in diameter was found by abdominal computed tomography. Right radical nephrectomy and a right hemicolectomy with ileotransversostomy were performed. Pathological diagnosis was chromophobe RCC with sarcomotoid change involving the colon. Chromophobe RCC with sarcomotoid change is very rare.

Pure transperitoneal laparoscopic correction of retrocaval ureter / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Retrocaval ureter is a rare congenital abnormality. Operative repair is always suggested in cases of significant functional obstruction. Laparoscopic procedures have been employed as the minimally invasive therapeutic option for retrocaval ureter. However, the laparoscopic techniques for retrocaval ureter might be technically challenging to some surgeons. The aim of this article was to present our experience and surgical techniques of pure transperitoneal laparoscopic pyelopyelostomy and ureteroureterostomy in nine patients with retrocaval ureter.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of nine patients of retrocaval ureter underwent pure laparoscopic pyelopyelostomy or ureteroureterostomy. The operation was performed with the patients placed in the 70-degree lateral decubitus position via a three port transperitoneal approach with two 10-mm and one 5-mm ports. The distal part of the dilated renal pelvis was transected at the ureteropelvic junction and the ureter was relocated anterior to the inferior vena cava. The tension-free pyeloureteral or ureteroureteral anastomosis was completed with the intracorporal freehand suturing and in situ knot-tying techniques combined with interrupted and continuous fashion. A double J ureteral stent was inserted in an antegrade manner during laparoscopy. Intravenous urography or computerized tomography and renal ultrasonography were performed after 3 months postoperatively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All operations were completed laparoscopically, and no open conversion was required. The mean operative time was 135 minutes (range, 70 - 250 minutes), with minimal blood loss (less than 60 ml). No intra-operative complications or significant bleeding occurred. All patients presented mild postoperative pain and quick convalescence. The symptoms disappeared and hydronephrosis decreased substantially after surgery.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Pure transperitoneal laparoscopic correction for retrocaval ureter was associated with an excellent outcome, minimal invasiveness and short hospital stay. It is technically feasible and reliable for retrocaval ureter treatment. Laparoscopic surgery could be the standard treatment for retrocaval ureter.</p>

Transvesical removal of seminal vesicle mass: a report of 5 cases / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the transvesical approach to the surgical treatment of seminal vesicle mass.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Transvesical removal of seminal vesicle mass was performed for 5 patients aged 45-69 (mean 51) years. The clinical symptoms included those involving the lower urinary tract such as frequent micturition and urgency in 3 cases (1 accompanied with dyschezia), hematospermia in 1, and lower abdominal and perineal malaise in the other. Two masses were in the left side and the other 3 in the right, ranging from 3 to 10 cm (mean 5 cm) in size, detected by transrectal ultrasonography, CT, MRI or digital rectal examination. The mean course of disease was 9 (2-18) months.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the 5 patients were treated successfully and uneventfully, with a mean operation time of 75 minutes, a mean blood loss of 140 ml and a mean hospital stay of 10 days. Pathological examinations revealed 2 cases of seminal vesicle cyst with infection, 1 cystadenoma, 1 phyllode tumor and 1 prostatic hyperplasia. A 3-72 months follow-up showed that all the patients were free of symptoms and had normal sexual function.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Transvesical removal of seminal vesicle mass, with small incisal opening, good visual field and easy operation, is an effective surgical procedure for seminal vesicle disease.</p>

Expression of Nkx3.1 enhances 17beta-estradiol anti-tumor action in PC3 human prostate cancer cells / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To explore whether the anti-tumor action of 17beta-estradiol is enhanced by re-expression of the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx3.1 in PC3 human prostate cancer cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PC3 cells were stably transfected with pcDNA3.1-Nkx3.1-His vector, which carries a full-length cDNA of human Nkx3.1. The PC3 cells stably transfected with vector pcDNA3.1 were set as a control. The expression of Nkx3.1 protein in the cells was confirmed by Western blot analysis. The effect of Nkx3.1 on cell proliferation of PC3 cells was examined with MTT assay. The antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of 17beta-estradiol alone or in combination with Nkx3.1 were estimated on PC3 cells by using MTT growth tests and flow cytometric analyses. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was analyzed using Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The plasmid carrying Nkx3.1 gene induced high expression of Nkx3.1 protein in PC3 cells. The re-expression of exogenous Nkx3.1 did not cause a significant reduction in cellular proliferation, whereas the expression of Nkx3.1 enhanced the 17beta-estradiol anti-proliferative effect in PC3 cells. Nkx3.1 expression promoted 17beta-estradiol-induced apoptosis of PC3 cells, as shown by analysis of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase expression.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The present study demonstrates that re-expression of Nkx3.1 enhances 17beta-estradiol anti-tumor action in PC3 human prostate cancer cells. The in vitro study suggests that re-expression of Nkx3.1 is worthy of further consideration as an adjuvant treatment of androgen independent prostate cancer with estrogen anti-tumor therapies.</p>

Predictive factors for conversion of transurethral resection of the prostate to open prostatectomy / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the factors for the conversion of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) to open prostatectomy and to provide clinical evidence for surgical options.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 1997 to March 2005, we performed 1 086 TURP and made retrospective analyses of 11 risk factors concerning the demographics, clinical history, laboratory data, ultrasound results, and intraoperative complications of the patients. In addition, multivariate logistic regression was used to determine those variables predicting the conversion of TURP.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Thirty-nine (3.59%) of the TURP cases required conversion, mostly because of uncontrollable hemorrhage (71.79%). Multivariate analyses showed that a prostate volume > 85.2 ml (OR = 2.568, P < 0.01), intraoperative slit of capsula prostatic (OR = 1.916, P < 0.01) and a second midstream bladder specimen (VB2) white blood cell count of the urine > 13.5/HP (OR = 1.486, P < 0.01) predicted the conversion to open prostatectomy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients with a huge prostate and those with intraoperative slit of capsula prostatic undergoing TURP are more likely to be converted. And uncontrollable hemorrhage, huge prostate and poor endoscopic vision are the major reasons for the conversion.</p>

Sexual-nerve-Sparing radical cystectomy: experience with 32 cases / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of sexual-nerve-sparing radical cystectomy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-two male patients were treated with sexual-nerve-sparing radical cystectomy in our hospital in the past 5 years. The age of the patients ranged from 38 to 72 years, with the course of the disease ranging from 2 days to 20 years. All of them were potent preoperatively. Radical cystectomy was performed antegradely and retrogradely with the neurovascular bundle spared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The patients were followed up for 6 to 54 months, 3 achieved sexual activity of Grade I, 6 Grade II and 23 Grade III after the operation. The recovery time of erectile function ranged from 2 to 14 months, averaging at 4. 5 months.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Whenever condition suits, sexual-nerve-sparing radical cystectomy is to be strongly recommended.</p>

Penile squamous carcinoma in circumcised patients: a report 17 cases / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the diagnosis and treatment of penile carcinoma in circumcised men.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We reviewed 17 cases of penile carcinoma detected 1 month to 16 years after circumcision performed in our hospital from January, 1997 to December, 2004.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the total number, 11 cases were diagnosed as penile carcinoma 1 - 12 months and the others 3 - 16 years after the circumcision. Sixteen of them were treated by partial penectomy, anti 1 first by extensive circumcision and later by partial and total penectomy successively after recurrence. Cloquet nodes biopsy showed 16 cases to be pathologically well-differentiated and I case moderately differentiated penile squamous carcinoma. One died of extensive metastasis, but the other 16 remained disease-free survivals.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Circumcised adult men, especially those over 40 years of age, are likely to develop penile carcinoma. Patients with inflammation, plaque or ulcer in the prepuce should be checked by pathological biopsy and followed up closely. For Stage-I penile squamous carcinoma, partial penectomy is shown to be an effective therapeutic option, and Cloquet's nodes biopsy is necessary for all patients.</p>

Distribution features of Gleason score and its relationship with clinical stages in 346 prostate cancer patients / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the distribution features of Gleason score and evaluate the relationship between Gleason score and clinical stages in patients with prostate cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Surveys were made of the inpatients with prostate cancer diagnosed by pathology from January 1992 to June 2005 in our hospital. Gleason score and clinical stages were determined on the basis of pathological examination and clinical data of the prostate cancer patients. The patients were divided into three groups (1992-1999, 2000-2002 and 2003-2005). The Chi-square test was used to evaluate the distribution and differences of Gleason score among the three groups. Spearman rank correlation was applied to the evaluation of the relationship between Gleason score and clinical stages.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We found a statistically significant shift in the distribution of Gleason score (chi2 = 17.703, P < 0.01), and a slight increase in the mean Gleason score. The proportion of moderately differentiated tumor increased (chi2 = 10.736, P < 0.01). There was little change in the proportion of Gleason score 7, 8, 9 and 10 (chi2 = 4.038, P > 0.05). Gleason score had a significant positive correlation with clinical stages in the 346 cases of prostate cancer (r = 0.452, P < 0.01). Significant difference was observed between Gleason score 2-6 and 7 or 8-10 (chi2 = 8.786, P < 0.01, chi2 = 22.956, P < 0.01), but not between the latter 2 groups (chi2 = 0.787, P > 0.05) in prediction of organ-confined disease.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Gleason score 7 shows the similar value to Gleason score 8-10 in predicting the progression of the disease. Gleason score was significantly correlated with clinical stages, which suggests that Gleason score is also an important indicator for the prognosis of prostate cancer.</p>

Age and pathological features of 481 prostate cancer patients / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the age and pathological features of prostate cancer patients in recent years.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>An analysis was made of the age and pathological features of 481 cases of prostate cancer pathologically diagnosed from January 1998 to April 2004, 39 cases in 1998, 69 in 1999, 73 in 2000, 68 in 2001, 72 in 2002, 121 in 2003, and 39 in the first four months of 2004.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The patients ranged in age from 40 to 91 years, averaging 72, 95% between 55 and 84, and 84.2% over 65 years. Pathologically, 14 cases were well, 29 moderately, and 83 poorly differentiated according to the three-grade system (WHO, the Mostofi system), with 355 cases ungraded. Forty cases (8.3%) were microcarcinoma (< 1 cm), and 20 cases (4.2%) incidental carcinoma. Of the total number, 473 cases (98.1%) were pathologically diagnosed as adenocarcinoma, 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 signet ring cell carcinoma, 1 adenosquamous cell carcinoma, 1 small cell carcinoma, 1 mucinous adenocarcinoma, 1 adenoid cystic carcinoma, and 1 transitional cell carcinoma.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Prostate cancer commonly develops in men over 65 years, and adenocarcinoma is the most common histological type. The disease has become a major malignant tumor to endanger elderly males.</p>

Inverted urothelial papilloma: report of 151 cases / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical features, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of inverted urothelial papilloma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 151 cases of urothelial inverted papilloma were analysed retrospectively. Of the cases, 134 were male and 17 were female, with a mean age of 54 years old. Most patients complained of painless gross hematuria. The diagnosis could be established mainly by ultrasonic, intravenous urography, retrograde pyelography, cystoscope and pathology. Among them, 7 cases who had the papilloma at upper urinary tract underwent nephroureterectomy except one. One hundred and forty-four cases had the papilloma at low urinary tract, with 124 treated by transurethral bladder tumor resection (TURBT), among which 11 cases accompanying benign prostatic hyperplasia were treated by transurethral prostatic resection, 3 by transurethral resection of prostatic urethral tumor, 15 by partial cystectomy, 2 by total cystectomy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>One hundred and eighteen cases were followed up 1 year to 12.5 years (mean 6.3 years). Intravesical recurrence was found in 5 cases. Of them 2 cases developed malignance in 8 and 30 months postoperatively, and 1 case underwent total cystectomy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Inverted urothelial papilloma is a benign tumor, which appears male predominant. Most of the lesions are found in the bladder. TURBT is the preferred treatment choice for inverted papilloma of the bladder. Although this disease has a good prognosis, regular follow-up observations are necessary.</p>

Expression of telomere repeat binding factor 1 (TRF1) protein in kidney cancer / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression levels of telomere repeat binding factor 1(TRF1) protein in normal kidney tissue and kidney cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Specimens of kidney cancer and pericancerous tissues were collected from 32 cases of renal carcinoma. A quantitative Western blotting technique was developed using TRF1 monoclonal antibody to determine the expression level of TRF1 protein in total protein extracts from tissue specimens.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression level of TRF1 protein was higher in normal kidney tissues (3.611 +/-1.922 microg/microl) than that of cancer tissues (2.428 +/-1.352 microg/microl) (t=5.776, P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The expression level of TRF1 protein is significantly reduced in kidney cancer and the level is negatively correlated with malignant degree of the cancer.</p>

Transurethral resection of prostate perioperative hypotension / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors to transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) perioperative hypotension. METHODS: The study group included 130 patients undergoing TURP. The control group included 50 patients who had suprapubic prostatectomy. Absorption of irrigation fluid was measured by determining the serum gentamycin level. Blood loss of PURP patients was calculated as the product of the irrigation fluid volume and hemoglobin concentration (determined with a photometer) divided by the preopreative blood hemoglobin concentration. Body temperature was recorded using a rectal probe. Serum electrolytes were determined pre-and postop. RESULTS: The blood loss in study group (380.2+/-98.3)ml was significantly less than in the control group (460.1+/-52.5)ml, P<0.05. However, the incidence of hypotension was significantly higher than the control group 28%, 8%), P<0.01. Factors associated with TURP hypotension included volume of irrigation fluid absorption, blood loss, reduction in core temperature, decrease of serum sodium, operating time, prostate weight and volume and history of cardiovascular disease. After Logistic regression analysis, the most significant factors were excessive absorption of irrigation fluid and rapid central cooling. CONCLUSION: In our study TURP hypotension most closely correlated with volume of irrigation fluid absorbed and reduction in core temperature.

Retroperitoneal iaparoscopic partial nephrectomy(report of 23 cases) / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To report initial experience and the indications of retroperitoneal laparoscop- ic partial nephrectomy.Methods From December 2001 to October 2005,23 patients (including 14 cases of renal cell carcinoma,5 of hamartoma and 4 of duplex kidney) underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic par- tial nephrectomy.One of the patients had solitary kidney.Results All the operations were successful ex- cept for only 1 requiring conversion to laparoscopic nephrectomy because of bleeding resulting from blocking anterior branch of renal artery.The mean operative time was 121 min (60-240 min),and mean ischemic time was 32 min (20-55 min).The estimated bleeding volume ranged from 100 ml to 300 ml,and no pa- tient needed blood transfusion.Pathology showed negative surgical margins in 14 cases of renal cell carcinoma and confirmed the diagnosis of hamartoma in 5 cases.One patient with duplex kidney required open partial nephrectomy because of renal cystic mass resulting from incomplete resection.Conclusions Retroperito- neal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy offers a new effective and minimally invasive treatment for selected pa- tients with renal mass.The long-term effects of the procedure need further investigation.