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Objective To discuss about the establishment of mental depression model by traumatic brain injury in rats,and to evaluate the validity of this model.Methods The study was carried out in the experiment center of Wuhan University.A total of 48 male adult Wistar rats were randomized ( random number) into four groups ( n =12,each):( 1 ) in sham operation group,six rats were fed normally in one cage; (2) in model group,the model of the left frontal lobe contusion was made up by hitting with free-fall method on the left cortex of the rat,and subsequently the each of model rats were separately fed in a cage and put them in a lonely environment with chronic stress one week after traumatic brain injury in order to induce them into models of mental depression; ( 3 ) in brain trauma group,the trauma model of the left frontal lobe contusion was set up by the same procedure as in model group,and six rats were fed together in one cage; (4) in CUMS group,each rat was fed normally in one cage in a lonely environment after brain trauma made and chronic mild chaotic stress unpredictable to rats was given to induce mental depression.The consumption of sucrose water and the change of animal behavior were observed and the high performance liquid phase electrochemical with fluorescence detector was used to detect the biogenic monoamine neurotransmitter content (dopamine,serotonin and norepinephrine) in the hippocampus,prefrontal cortex,hypothalamus and striatum area in each group.Experimental data were processed with single factor analysis or t test of variance by Statistical Program for Social Sciences Version 13.0 (SPSS13.0) software.P ＜0.05 was considered as statistically significant difference.Results After modeling,the rats of four groups were examined by behavioral tests.It was found that the amount of sugar-water consumption by the rats in the model group and CUMP group decreased,implying the absence of interest in eating and anhedonia of the rats in these groups.In open-field test,the rats in the model group,CUMP group and brain trauma group showed reduction in square crossing and rearing,implying the under-activity and absence of interest in activity.In the water maze test,it was found that the rats in the model group,CUMP group and brain trauma group needed much time to reach the end-point and made many errors,implying the lowering ability to learn and memorize.Levels of dopamine,serotonin and norepinephrine in the hippocampus,prefrontal cortex,hypothalamus and striatum area decreased in these rats with traumatized brain in three groups especially in model group and CUMP group.Conclusions It is a valid method for establishing the mental depression model in rats by traumatic brain injury with separately feeding in the lonely environment and given chronic mild chaotic stress unpredictable to rats on the setting of the left frontal lobe contusion.
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Objective To observe the spatiotemporal characteristics of the micro-structural injury in a rat model of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and quantitatively assess the axonal injury severity in the vulnerable areas. Methods The 7.0 T MRI was performed in rats in DAI group (n =20) and control group ( n = 15 ) to synthesize the diffusion tensor imaging ( DTI) parameter map and calculate the parameter value of the vulnerable areas. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect β-APP expression in the vulnerable areas and the IPP software to quantitatively assess the axonal injury severity. Results Compared with the control group, FA and AD maps showed local signal defection or reduction in the corpus callosum and their values decreased significantly in the brain stem and corpus callosum in the DAI group (P ＜0.01 ). The integrated optical density (IOD) value of the vulnerable areas in the DAI group was significantly higher than that of the control group ( P ＜ 0. 01 ) , with the highest level in the brain stem (P＜0.05). The normalized FA, AD and ADC in the vulnerable areas were correlated negatively with the IOD (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion DTI can detect invisible micro-structural injury in the vulnerable areas and quantitatively assess the axonal injury severity in vivo in the early stage.
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Objective To investigate the treatment function and dominance of Ommaya reservoir,which was used to treat postoperative intracranial infection combined with hydrocephalus in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Methods Thirty-four patients suffered intracranial infection combined with hydrocephalus after operations. They were randondy divided into 2 groups.Thirleen patients were treated with Ommaya reservoir, the others were treated with external ventricular drainage. The 24-hour mean drain quantum, the mean days from implantation pumps or htbes to ventriculo-peritoneal (V-P) shunt operation,the rate of secondary operation and the rate of getting V-P shunt operation were analyzed, then the Glasgow outcome scale ( GOS ) of patients were observed at 3 months. Results Compared with patients treated with external ventriular drainage, patients with Ommaya reservoir had the less24-hour mean drain quantum and shorten time to get the V-P shunt operation,the mean days from implantation pumps to get V-P shunl was(57.00 ± 8.06) days. In 13 patients with Ommaya reservoir, 10 patients finished V-P shunt operation finally,3 patients gave up the shunt operation, shunt rate was 76.9%.In the treatment period , 4 patients had to change the Ommaya reservoir, secondary operation rate was 30.8%. Thirteen patients had the chance to get V-P shunt operation among 21 patients which got external ventricular drainage, 3 patients gave up the shunt operation, 5 patients died, shunt rate was 61.9%, 16 patients changed the ventricular drainage tube, sec-ondary operation rate was 76.2%. There was no significant difference in 3-month GOS between them (P ＞0.05 ). Conclusions Compared with external ventricular drainage, Ommaya reservoir has similar shunt rate.Ommaya reservoir has the less secondary operation rale, shorten the treatment days postoperative intracranial infection combined with hydrocephalus in patients with severe traumatic brain injury, so it should be popularized in clinic.
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Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects of recombinant human erythropoietin(rhEPO)on brain mitochondrial energy metabolism and mitachondrial respiratory functionin after brain injury in rats.Method A total of 63 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into three groups:the rhEPO treated group(n =28),the control group(n=28),the shanl group(n=7).The models of contusion of brain caused by freefalling were set up in rhEPO treated group(n=28).The recombinant human erythropoietin was intraperitoneally injected in dose of 10 U/g immediately after brain injury and it was repeated every 10 hours in rhEPO group treated.The same models of contused brain were made without rhEPO treatment as control group(n=28).In control group,the same volume of normal saline was used in replacemem of rhEPO.Aburr hole was made on the skull of the sham group(n=7),but the brain tissue was not wounded.The mitochondria were isolated at 6 h,12 h,24h,48 h after trealment,respectively.The activity of ATPase and SOD,the content MDA and brain mitochondrial respiratory function were measured by biochemical technique.The data were analyzed with the F-test and t-test.Results The activity of ATPase(P＜0.05),SOD(P＜0.01)and brain mitochondrial respiratory function(P ＜0.05)were increased.and the levd of MDA in brain mitochondria was reduced markedly in rats treated with rhEPO.Conclusions Treatment with rhEPO can alleviates the secondary brain injury by affecting mitochondrial function.
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Objective To investigate the effects of Huangqi on the activity of enzyme,in brain mitochondria after brain trauma in rats.Methods The models of laceration of brain incluced by free falling were set up.The Huangqi was intraperitoneally injected immediately after brain trauma. The mitochondria were isolated at 4 h,24 h and 48 h after treatment respectively while the activity of ATPase and SOD and the content of MDA were measured by biochemical technique.Results Activity of ATPase( P