Common growth and development problems of premature or low birth weight infants and the management / 中国实用儿科杂志

In recent years,with the rate of rescue and survival rate of premature/low birth weight infants greatly improved,the quality of life of premature/low birth weight infants becomes more and more important. Premature/low birth weight infants are prone to multiple problems of growth and development due to their immature organs and systems,which seriously affects their quality of life. This review will elaborate the research progress on common problems of growth and development and the treatment methods in premature/low birth weight infants.

17β-estradiol Attenuates Hypoxia-induced Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling via Downregulating miRNA-21 Signaling Pathway / 中国循环杂志

Objectives: To explore the effect of 17β-estradiol (E2) on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) and explore if the effects were mediated through suppressing pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) proliferation by targeting miRNA-21 (miR-21). Methods: Animal experiment: A total of 32 healthy female SD rats with castrated surgery were randomly divided into 4 groups: normoxia group, normoxia+E2 group, hypoxia group, hypoxia+E2 group (n=8 each). The rats in normoxia+E2 group and hypoxia+E2 group received subcutaneous injection of E2 20 μg/kg/d, and the rest groups received subcutaneous injection of equal volume saline. The hypoxic groups were placed in the hypoxic chamber (24 hours per day for 8 weeks) to establish HPH model and normoxic groups were kept in the room air. The pulmonary artery remodeling, mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), right ventricle hypertrophy index (RVHI) were observed. Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to detect the levels of proliferation cell nuclear antibody (PCNA) and miR-21 expression in pulmonary artery. In vitro: human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hPASMCs) were randomly divided into 3 groups: normoxia group, hypoxia group, hypoxia+E2 group. The levels of cell proliferation in each group were tested by MTT after 24 hours. Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to detect the levels of PCNA and miR-21 in cells. Results: Animal experiment: compared with normoxia group, the hypoxia group showed obviously thickened pulmonary artery wall, increased mPAP and RVHI, and significantly increased expression of miR-21 and PCNA (P<0.01);above changed were significantly attenuated in hypoxia+E2 group (P<0.01). In vitro: compared with normoxia group, the hypoxia group showed obvious proliferation and significantly increased expression of miR-21 and PCNA (P<0.01);compared with hypoxia group, the proliferation of hPASMCs and expression of miR-21 and PCNA were obviously reduced in hypoxia+E2 group (P<0.01). Conclusions: E2 could effectively reduce mPAP, attenuate the degree of right heart hypertrophy and pulmonary vascular remodeling, the protective effect may be mediated through downregulating miR-21 and PCNA expression, and subsequently inhibiting the proliferation of hPASMCs.

Neuropsychological Profile Related with Executive Function of Chinese Preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Neuropsychological Measures and Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function-Preschool Version / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>Background:</b>Previous studies have found that schoolchildren with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) showed difficulties in neuropsychological function. This study aimed to assess neuropsychological function in Chinese preschoolers with ADHD using broad neuropsychological measures and rating scales and to test whether the pattern and severity of neuropsychological weakness differed among ADHD presentations in preschool children.</p><p><b>Methods:</b>The 226 preschoolers (163 with ADHD and 63 controls) with the age of 4-5 years were included and assessed using the Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) and a series of tests to investigate neuropsychological function.</p><p><b>Results</b>Preschoolers with ADHD showed higher scores in all domains of the BRIEF-P (inhibition: 30.64 ± 5.78 vs.20.69 ± 3.86, P < 0.001; shift: 13.40 ± 3.03 vs.12.41 ± 2.79, P = 0.039; emotional control:15.10 ± 3.53 vs.12.20 ± 2.46, P < 0.001; working memory: 28.41 ± 4.99 vs.20.95 ± 4.60, P < 0.001; plan/organize: 17.04 ± 3.30 vs.13.29 ± 2.40, P < 0.001) and lower scores of Statue (23.18 ± 7.84 vs.28.27 ± 3.18, P = 0.001), Word Generation (15.22 ± 6.52 vs.19.53 ± 7.69, P = 0.025), Comprehension of Instructions (14.00 ± 4.44 vs.17.02 ± 3.39, P = 0.016), Visuomotor Precision (P < 0.050), Toy delay (P = 0.048), and Matrices tasks (P = 0.011), compared with normal control. In terms of the differences among ADHD subtypes, all ADHD presentations had higher scores in several domains of the BRIEF-P (P < 0.001), and the ADHD-combined symptoms (ADHD-C) group had the poorest ratings on inhibition and the ability to Plan/Organize. For neuropsychological measures, the results suggested that the ADHD-C group had poorer performances than the ADHD-predominantly inattentive symptoms (ADHD-I) group on Statue tasks (F = 7.34, η = 0.12, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the ADHD-hyperactive/impulsive symptoms group had significantly poorer performances compared to the ADHD-C group in the Block Construction task (F = 4.89, η = 0.067, P = 0.003). However, no significant group differences were found between the ADHD-I group and normal control.</p><p><b>Conclusion:</b>Based on the combined evaluation of performance-based neuropsychological tests and the BRIEF-P, preschoolers with ADHD show difficulties of neuropsychological function in many aspects.</p>

RSUME promotes apoptosis of pituitary adenoma cell AtT-20 in mice / 基础医学与临床

Objective To explore the expression and influence of RWD structure small ubiquitin modified enhan-cer (RSUME) and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B-alpha (IκB-α) and nuclear factor kappa B-1 (NF-κB1) in pituitary adenomas of mice.Methods Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR ( q-PCR) was used to detect the level RSUME, IκB-α, NF-κB1 mRNA and Western blot was used to detect RSUME and the nucleoprotein of IκB-α, NF-κB1 changes in the level of protein , flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis .Results In protein level, RSUME and IκB-αexpression reduced ( P<0.05 ) , but NF-κB1 raised after transfection ( P<0.05); The level of RSUME mRNA was obviously lower after transfection than before (P<0.05).The level of IκB-αand NF-κB1 mRNA was not significantly changed; Flow cytometry confirmed cell apoptosis rate increased significantly after transfection.Conclusions RSUME can promote apoptosis of pituitary adenoma cells in mice by NF-κB.

Clinical and genetic study of a case with Smith-Magenis syndrome / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the clinical feature and genetic diagnosis for Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The clinical data, including craniofacial anomalies, physical and mental status were analyzed. Routine and high resolution G-banding was performed to analyze the karyotype of the patient and her parents, and array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) was used to detect small chromosome anomaly.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>A-two-year old girl was sent to our clinic for mental retardation and cardiac malformation. Some sleep problems were reported by parents, including difficulties falling asleep, shortened sleep cycles. She also had some neurobehavioral symptoms including hyperactivity and self-injurious behaviors head-banging. She had distinctive craniofacial features including low hairline, frontal bossing, a broad face, broad nasal bridge, a tented upper lip, prognathism, low-set ears and high-vaulted arch. She had moderate mental retardation. Cardiac findings included ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, overriding aorta and pulmonary hypertension. Primary ventriculomegaly was seen in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Routine karyotype analysis showed a karyotype of 46, XX. However, high resolution karyotype analysis showed a suspected partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 17. Array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) finely mapped the deletion to a 3.8 Mb region on 17p11.2. The molecular karyotype was then ascertained as 46, XX.arr17p11.2(16543655-20374751)×1dn. The parents had normal karyotypes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Smith-Magenis syndrome is a multisystem disorder characterized by developmental delay and mental retardation, distinctive craniofacial features, sleep disturbance and behavioral problems. Array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) finely mapped the deletion on 17p11.2.</p>

Primary study on executive function in children with Ping-Pong training and swimming training / 上海第二医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the executive function of children with different sports training. Methods Forty children with Ping-Pong training (Ping-Pong group) and 41 children with swimming training (swimming group), aged 6-9 years, completed GO/NOGO task. Behavioral data (reaction time and accuracy) and event related potential component N2 were collected and analyzed. Results The reaction time was significantly faster and accuracy significantly lower of GO task and NOGO task in swimming group than in Ping-Pong group (P<0.05 and P<0.01). There were significant differences in the amplitude of NOGO-N2 on site CPz between swimming group and Ping-Pong group[(-11.36±9.4) μV vs (-7.55±7.99) μV, P<0.05]. Conclusion The inhibitory function of children with Ping-Pong training is stronger than those with swimming training.

Investigations on status and requirement of knowledge of reproduction in pregnant adolescents with abortion / 上海第二医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the status and requirement of knowledge of reproduction and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)/sexually transmited disease (STD) in pregnant adolescents with abortion in order to conduct proper interventions. Methods Two hundred and ninety-one unmarried pregnant adolescents below 22 years old with abortion completed questionnaires which involved the information on individual social-demographics characteristics, knowledge of reproduction, AIDS/STD and sex-related beliefs, attitudes and partners. Results Among these 291 adolescents, 37.7% experienced first sexual intercourse before 19 years old, 69.1% performed well in the knowledge of reproduction, and 62.6% and 43.5% did well in the knowledge of AIDS and the knowledge of the other STD, respectively. The rate of implementation of contraception was far less than that of awarenesss of contraception(P<0.05). These pregnant adolescents were not enthusiastic for seeking reproductive knowledge, and 45.0% would like to acquire the knowledge from professionals. Conclusion The knowledge of reproduction and AIDS/STD in the pregnant adolescents is not adequate, and they fail to carry out the proper behaviors of contraception. More education should be conducted on AIDS/STD prevention and contraception among pregnant adolescents.

Internet addiction among Shanghai adolescents: prevalence and epidemiological features / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the prevalence of internet use and internet addiction in adolescents of Shanghai.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>From September to October 2007, a total of 5135 adolescents from 16 middle schools of 6 districts of Shanghai took part in the epidemiological study by a cross-sectional survey and 5123 adolescents finally enrolled in the study. A questionnaire of "DRM Adolescent Internet Use 52 Scale" was administrated to investigate the prevalence of internet use and internet addiction in adolescents of Shanghai. On this scale of 5-point rating, the scale includes seven parts of contents as tolerance, abstinence reaction, planning ability, self-control ability, whenness, sociability and hazard.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rate of internet use among the surveyed adolescents was 94.32% (4673/5123), among which the incidence rate of internet addiction was 8.78% (450/5123). Boys, senior middle-school students were more susceptible to internet addiction than girls and junior middle-school students (male scores 122.42+/-43.46, female scores 116.92+/-38.10, F=23.22, P=0.00; senior middle-school students 125.24+/-39.02, junior middle-school students 110.30+/-42.35, F=164.68, P=0.00). Students from vocational senior middle-school were most susceptible (junior middle-school students 110.30+/-42.35, ordinary senior middle-school students 122.83+/-40.99, key senior middle-school students 120.05+/-37.87, vocational senior middle-school students 133.37+/-36.84, F=34.44, P=0.00). The 2nd grade students of senior middle-school have the highest risk for internet-addiction.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of internet use and internet addiction in adolescents of Shanghai should be comparatively high in China, which indicates that great attention should be paid to the prevention and control.</p>

Application of bilingual education in child health care curriculum / 上海第二医科大学学报

Objective To prove the application of bilingual teaching in the child health care curriculum. MethodsEnglish dubbing and Chinese subtitling DVD coursewares of child growth and development were played to medical interns.The interns were asked to do questionnaires to examine feasibility and effectiveness. Results In 8-year program medical students,77.8% of them and 64.8% of the 5-year nutrition professional students could understand the contents of more than 90%.If there was no Chinese subtitles,the ratio were only 5.6% and 6.4%.Most students preferred English subtitles and dubbing,and endorsed the model of bilingual teaching. Conclusion DVD coursewares with Chinese subtitles and English dubbing can be widely used in the teaching of child health care.

Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and vitamin D deficiency rickets / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the genetic susceptibility of children to vitamin D deficiency rickets through studying the association between Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism and vitamin D deficiency rickets.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and fifty-nine children (100 boys and 59 girls, aged 0 to 2 years), with new-onset vitamin D deficiency rickets were enrolled. The patients sampled from a community of Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province. Seventy-eight healthy age-matched children (46 boys and 32 girls) were used as the controls. VDR gene polymorphism (cleaved by restriction endonuclease Fok I) was analyzed by polymerase chase reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The frequencies of the VDR genotype and allele were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The frequencies of FF, Ff and ff genotypes were 37%, 51% and 12% in the Rickets group, and 18%, 55% and 27% in the Control group. A significant difference was found in the frequency distribution of the VDR genotype between the two groups (chi(2)(0.01(2))=9.210, chi(2)=13.3880, P < 0.01). In the Rickets group, f allele frequency was lower (37% vs 54%), while the F allele was more common than the Control group (63% vs 46%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There is an association between the VDR gene Fok I polymorphism and vitamin D deficiency rickets. The individuals with the F allele are more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency rickets.</p>

Anxiety state and its related factors in Shanghai high school students / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the anxiety state in high school students and related factors in order to get reasonable suggestions for prevention.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The mental health test (MHT) for high school students, and the living environmental and parental style were used in this study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>MHT served as an assessment scale of anxiety. The efficiency sample was 3,050, aged 11 to 18 years old. The level of total anxiety and its each contents was low to moderate (0.24 to 0.54). The percentage of moderate to high of total anxiety was 16.7%, the percentage of moderate to high of each anxiety aspects were 8.8%-21.8%. The mostly high aspects were self-blame, schooling anxiety, social anxiety and over sensitiveness. In general, the girls' anxiety level was higher than boys', but the boys' lonely feeling was higher than the girls'. The total score of anxiety was decreased with age. Except of the over sensitiveness, the decrease tendency of each anxiety contents was significant in boys. For girls, the lonely feeling was deceased and the over sensitiveness increased with age. The age of fifteen seems as a significant changing age. The related disadvantage factors of students' anxiety were: the low education level, the parents' anxiety and depression characters, the authoritarian or neglecting parental style, the often contradiction parental styles between mother and father, parents often quarrel, the experience of often being scalded and physical punishment, lacking in care of others when in difficulties.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The schooling pressure should be decreased to an appropriate level. The students' self-confidence and social ability should be emphasized. Good family environments and the support outside the family should be quite important for adolescents' mental health, these factors might decrease the adolescents' anxiety.</p>

Evaluation of Peer Education on Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Aeguired Immune Def iciency Syndrome Among Technical Secondary School Students / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of peer educatio n program by the application of the peer education on human immunodeficiency vir us/aeguired immune deficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS) prevention and the analysis of the change on knowledge, attitude and behavior about HIV/AIDS among technical sc hool students in Shanghai. Methods Three technical schools in Shanghai were selected randomly. Two classes of each school were selected randomly as education group and the students added up to 284.Two hundred and sixty-one students of another 2 classes in each school were selected as the interior control group. Some freshmen came from medical un iversity were carefully trained as peer educators to conduct the education inclu ding 6 models. The same questionnaires were carried before and after the educati on in both groups. Results After peer education the score of average knowledge abo ut reproductive health, HIV/AIDS, STD was significantly higher than before (P 0.05). Conclusions The conduction of the peer education on HIV/AIDS pr evention among technical school students is effective in promoting the knowledge level,but the change of attitude and behavior is a long term. So we highly adv ocate that not only the health education for HIV/AIDS especially safe sex shall be given and strengthened among technical school students in order to promote t he notion of self-protection but also the conception of care others especially t he HIV/AIDS. J Appl Clin Pediatr,2005,20(2):167-169