Analysis of Depression and Influencing Factors in HIV/AIDS Patients Receiving Antiviral Therapy / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo investigate the depression status and its influencing factors in HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiviral therapy. MethodsFrom July 2022 to September 2022， successive sampling method was used to recruit HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiviral therapy from antiviral treatment institutions in Nanjing， and they were instructed to fill out anonymous questionnaires. The questionnaire collected the basic information of patients， and depression， HIV stigma score and social support level were investigated by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 （PHQ-9）， Berger HIV stigma scale （BHSS） and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support （MSPSS）. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of depression. ResultsA total of 1879 valid questionnaires were collected in this study， and the detection rate of depression was 50.1%. The results of multivariate logistic analysis showed that compared with patients with middle school or below， the risk of depression was lower for those with postgraduate or above ［OR=0.534， 95%CI （0.341， 0.835）， P=0.006］. Compared with antiviral therapy duration<1 year， antiviral therapy duration for 1 to 5 years ［OR=0.729， 95%CI （0.536， 0.991）］， >5 to 10 years ［OR=0.516， 95%CI （0.379， 0.702）］， >10 years ［OR=0.603， 95%CI （0.375， 0.969）］ was associated with a lower risk of depression. High level of social support was a protective factor for depression in HIV/AIDS patients compared with middle and low level of social support ［OR=0.430， 95% CI（0.349， 0.530）， P < 0.001］. There was a higher risk of depression with side effects than without side effects ［OR=2.260， 95%CI （1.833， 2.786）， P < 0.001］. The higher the score on the HIV stigma scale， the higher the possibility of depression was. ConclusionThe detection rate of depression of patients receiving antiviral therapy in Nanjing is high. After starting antiviral therapy， we should strengthen the monitoring of side effects and psychological status of patients， carry out psychological intervention， alleviate psychological problems， and improve the quality of life of patients receiving antiviral therapy.

Changes of laboratory biochemical indicators in HIV / AIDS patients treated with different antiviral regimens / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the changes of liver and kidney function, blood glucose and lipid metabolism at different follow-up time points of different treatment regimens, and to provide reference for clinical optimization and adjustment of medication in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods The changes of liver and kidney function, blood glucose and lipid metabolism at seven follow-up time points were analyzed retrospectively. The baseline blood collection time of HIV /AIDS patients was set as the starting point, and the final follow-up time was set as the end point. The seven follow-up points were 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months respectively. Results There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of sex, age, education, marital status, WHO staging, infection route, and baseline CD4+T lymphocyte count among 605 enrolled patients based on different treatment regimens. Liver function: The level of T-Bil in group E was higher than that of baseline at 9M, 12M, 18M and 24M after treatment (P<0.01); In group F, the level of T-Bil was higher than that of baseline at 9M after treatment (P=0.001); The levels of ALT in group C at the six follow-up points after treatment were higher than the baseline (P<0.001); The level of AST in group C was higher than that of baseline after 3M and 6M treatment (P<0.05). Renal function: The level of UREA in group C was higher than that in baseline after 6M treatment (P=0.007); The level of UREA in group F was higher than that in the baseline after 12M treatment (P<0.001); The level of UA in group F was higher than that of baseline after 3M, 6M and 12M treatment (P<0.05). Blood lipid and blood glucose: The levels of Glu at some follow-up points after ART treatment in group A and group C were higher than that at baseline (P<0.05); The levels of TG at some follow-up points in group A, group E and group F after ART treatment were higher than those at baseline (P<0.05); The levels of TC at some follow-up points in group A, group B, group C, group E and group F after ART treatment were all higher than the baseline (P<0.05). Conclusion Regular monitoring of changes in laboratory indicators of different treatment regimens during ART is of great importance to the prognosis of patients. Different laboratory indicators should be monitored according to different treatment regimens to effectively prevent adverse reactions caused by different treatment regimens.

Distribution characteristics of pathogenic bacteria in hospitalized HIV/AIDS patients with wound infection in Yunnan / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To analyze the distribution characteristics of the main pathogens of HIV/AIDS patients with wound infections and provide basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods　The clinical data of 294 patients with positive secretions or pus specimens from 2016 to 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. Results　A total of 357 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 294 cases, of which 123 strains of Gram-negative bacilli (G-b), accounting for 34.5%, were mainly Escherichia coli (15.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3.9%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.6%); Gram-positive bacilli (G+b) 14 strains, accounting for 3.9%; 108 Gram-positive cocci (G+c), accounting for 30.3%, of which 44 strains were coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus (12.3%), Coagulase-negative staphylococci were mainly Staphylococcus epidermidis (4.2%) and Staphylococcus hemolyticus (2.8%); 37 strains of fungi, accounting for 10.4%, were mainly Candida albicans (5.9%); 75 strains of Mycobacterium, accounting for 21.0%, including 41 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (11.5%) and 34 strains of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (9.5%). 52 of the 294 HIV/AIDS patients had mixed infections, accounting for 17.7%. There was significant difference in the distribution of G+c, G-b, mycobacteria and mixed infection among different specimen sources (P<0.05), and there was significant difference in the distribution of mycobacteria among different CD4+T lymphocyte counts (P<0.05). There was significant difference in the level of CD4+T lymphocytes between patients of different ages (P<0.05), and there was significant difference in the level of CD4+T lymphocytes from postoperative incision and other parts (P<0.05). Conclusions　Patients with HIV/AIDS are prone to combined wound infections with various pathogenic bacteria. We should strengthen the research on wound infection in HIV/AIDS patients, and timely send patients with a low number of CD4+T lymphocytes for secretion or pus culture, so as to carry out targeted treatment and improve the prognosis of patients.

Immunological CD4+ T-cell recovery and prognostic influencing factors in elderly HIV/AIDS patients of different genders after antiviral therapy / 中国热带医学

@#Objective　To investigate the prognostic influencing factors and recovery of CD4+ T lymphocytes in elderly HIV/AIDS patients after antiviral therapy by analyzing basic data and clinical follow-up data of elderly HIV/AIDS patients. Methods　The clinical data of 3 618 elderly AIDS patients aged ≥50 yeas who received antiretroviral therapy (ART) at HIV ART sites in Liuzhou City from 2005-2015 were collected. The data, including basic information, CD4+ T cell count, WHO clinical stage, infection route and follow-up, were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare the differences in patient survival, multivariate Cox regression to analyze the independent influencing factors influencing the risk of death, and to compare the recovery of CD4+ T cell counts during follow-up of patients of different genders. Results　During the follow-up period, the 5-year cumulative survival rate up to the observation endpoint was 0.82 (female) and 0.66 (male). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors affecting the effect of antiviral treatment were age (OR=1.909, 95%CI:1.474-2.464, P<0.001), body mass index (BMI) (OR=0.744, 95%CI: 0.574-0.965, P=0.026), opportunistic infections (OI) (OR=1.223, 95%CI:1.028-1.454, P=0.023), gender (OR=0.692, 95%CI:0.503-0.952, P=0.023) and baseline CD4+ T lymphocytes count (OR=0.563, 95%CI:0.429-0.739, P<0.001). Recovery of CD4+ T lymphocyte counts showed when baseline CD4+ T lymphocyte counts were less than 200 cells/mm3, older women with HIV/AIDS had higher CD4+ T lymphocytes than men at all times of ART treatment (P<0.05). Conclusions　Older women have a higher survival rate than older men after five years of antiviral therapy. Age, BMI, gender, OI and baseline CD4+T lymphocyte count may be important indicators that affect the survival of elderly HIV/AIDS patients. Older women showed better recovery of CD4+ T lymphocytes than older men during the 4-year follow-up period after ART.

A retrospective cohort study on blood lipid changes and their influencing factors in HIV/AIDS patients after receiving antiretroviral therapy in Wuhan / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of HIV/AIDS patients with hyperlipidemia before and after receiving antiviral therapy in Wuhan. Methods A retrospective cohort study was used to analyze the data of HIV/AIDS patients in Wuhan from 2004 to 2021. Elevated levels of either TG or TC were determined as hyperlipidemia. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of baseline hyperlipidemia, and Cox proportional risk model was used to analyze the influencing factors of new-onset hyperlipidemia after receiving antiviral therapy. Results A total of 7 562 HIV/AIDS patients were enrolled, 30.61% (2 315/7 562) with hyperlipidemia at baseline and 69.39% (5 247/7 562) without hyperlipidemia. The mean person-years of follow-up for those patients without hyperlipidemia at baseline were 3.48, of whom 33.14% (1 739/5 247) developed hyperlipidemia during follow-up, with an overall density of 9.53/100 person-years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥30 years and BMI ≥24 kg/m2 were positively correlated with baseline hyperlipidemia, while CD4 cell count ≥ 200 μL was negatively correlated with baseline hyperlipidemia. Multivariate Cox model analysis showed that new-onset hyperlipidemia after receiving antiviral therapy was significantly positively correlated with BMI between 18.5-23.9 and ≥24 kg/m2, the initial antiviral treatment regimen containing LPV/r, efavirenz and other factors A baseline CD4 cell count of 200 to 349 cells /μL was negatively correlated with new-onset hyperlipidemia. Conclusion HIV/AIDS patients with high BMI and an initial antiviral regimen including Kaletra or efavirenz have a significantly higher risk of hyperlipidemia. Follow-up monitoring of blood lipid in these patients should be strengthened.

Changes in stigma characteristics of HIV infectionAIDS patients treated with antiviral therapy in Guangxi / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective To explore the dynamic characteristics of stigmatization in HIV/AIDS patients and provide scientific evidence for psychological care. Methods HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment in Nanning Fourth People's Hospital were randomly selected for baseline and 1 year follow-up questionnaire survey including internalized HIV stigma, anticipated HIV stigma, exposure to HIV stigma. The differences between the two groups at different time points were dynamically compared to analyze the changing characteristics of stigma in HIV/AIDS patients. Results After one year of ART treatment, among the eight items of internalizing stigma, five items including the proportion of feeling ashamed of being infected with HIV/AIDS, feeling unclean because of being infected with HIV/AIDS, feeling inferior to others because of having HIV/AIDS, feeling guilty because of having HIV/AIDS, and having a poorer self-perception due to how others view HIV/AIDS decreased significantly from 34.0% to 43.5% at the baseline to 19.5% to 29.5%, showing significant improvement with statistical significance (χ2=18.586, 14.277, 10.473, 12.219, 9.934, P<0.05); among the nine items of anticipated stigma, four items including the proportion of community/community workers not taking my needs seriously, discriminating against me, refusing to provide services for me, and healthcare workers avoiding contact with me decreased significantly from 16.0% to 27.5% at the baseline to 7.0% to 15.5%, respectively, showing significant improvement with statistical significance (χ2=13.690, 15.787, 12.034, 12.593, P<0.05); among the 16 items of exposure to HIV stigma, six items including the proportion of experiencing physical attacks, psychological pressure from spouses/partners, being refused sexual relationships, losing jobs or other economic sources, being rejected or losing a job opportunity due to HIV/AIDS, changing job nature due to HIV/AIDS, or being refused medical services decreased significantly from 2.5% to 15.0% at the baseline to 1.0% to 8.0%, respectively, showing significant improvement with statistical significance (χ2=8.619, 15.558, 6.061, 9.049, 5.432, 8.156, P<0.05). Physical assaults on people with HIV/AIDS increased by 5.5 percent(χ2=5.368, P<0.05). Conclusions Through 1-year dynamic monitoring, 48.48% of the three dimensions of stigma of HIV/AIDS patients were alleviated. Treatment intervention, self-acceptance and the creation of a good non-discriminatory social environment have an important impact on the stigma of HIV/AIDS patients and deserve the attention of society as a whole.

Effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy for the first time on HIV/AIDS patients in Jiangyin / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the effect of HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the first time in Jiangyin, and to provide a reference for further improvement of Jiangyin's AIDS antiretroviral treatment. Methods The historical cards and related information in the treatment management database of Jiangyin City's cases who received ART for the first time from 2005 to 2019 were collected and statistically analyzed. The changes in viral load and CD4+ T lymphocytes (CD4 cells) before and after treatment were compared. Results Among 652 patients receiving ART, 507 cases (77.76%) were successful in virological treatment. The median natural change rate of annual average CD4 cell count was 90.8 cells/μL/year (χ2=37.915, P2=10.713, P<0.05; H =10.394, P<0.05) and different baseline CD4 count layers. The results showed that age and baseline CD4 value were the influencing factors of treatment effect. Conclusion Age and baseline CD4 value can affect the effect of ART treatment. The older the age and the lower the baseline CD4 value, the worse the virological efficacy and the recovery effect of CD4 cells. It is suggested that the infected patients should be involved in ART in time, which is conducive to shorten the time of initial treatment and further improve the effect of antiviral treatment.

A Systematic Review of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) of People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHA)

@#Aims: The combination of knowledge, attitudes and practices is an important psycho-behavioural mechanism in the disease-management strategies of HIV patients. This study reviews the global evidence of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of HIV patients. Design: Systematic review. Data sources: Four databases- Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science (WOS) were searched from January 10 to April 25, 2021. Methods: Databases were searched for the predefined keywords of “knowledge”, “attitudes”, “practices”, “people living with HIV/AIDS” and “HIV/AIDS”. The inclusion criteria were limited to time range, language and study types and nature. PRISMA was followed and JBI quality assessment tools for cross-sectional and qualitative studies were used. Results: A total of 18 papers have been selected for the extraction of 1964 articles. The KAP were assessed related to nutrition, infant feeding, disclosure of HIV/AIDS, WASH (or hygiene), oral health, cancer-related domains with HIV/AIDS and HA(ART). Relevant dimensional KAP were incorporated with the basic items about HIV/AIDS. Overall, a mixed level of knowledge, discriminatory attitudes and malpractices were observed throughout the study. Socio-economic, counselling, support and dimensions related factors were identified as associated risk factors. Conclusion: Variation in assessing KAP is a critical problem and unique, outcome-based KAP assessment tools integrated with qualitative assessments were suggested to examine the interrelationship of the KAP components and outcomes.

Metabolic syndrome and its components among HIV/AIDS patients on Antiretroviral Therapy and ART-Naïve Patients at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria

Background: Although an increasing access to ART in sub-Saharan Africa has made it possible for HIV/AIDS patients to live longer, clinicians managing such patients are faced with the challenge of drug-related metabolic complications. Methods: A cross -sectional study was carried out at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, on three groups of participants; namely HIV patients on ART, ART-naïve patients and HIV negative subjects (n =75). Demographic and anthropometric data were collected using a well-structured questionnaire while biochemical parameters were measured using colorimetric methods. Results: The highest prevalence of MS was associated with the HIV/AIDS patients on ART (i.e. 32.0 %, and 50.3% for NCEP-ATP III and IDF criteria respectively). Patients on ART had significant increases (p< 0.05) in waist to hip ratio, FPG, serum TG and LDL-c; and a significantly higher (p< 0.05) prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, low HDL-c and hypertriglyceridemia compared to the ART-naïve patients. Low serum HDL-c was the most prevalent form of dyslipidemia in all three groups and the most prevalent component of MS in HIV patients. Conclusion: ART increases the risk of MS and CVD. HIV/AIDS patients on ART should be advised on lifestyle modifications and undertake regular assessment of their cardiovascular risk factors

Sistema Informático para la gestión de pacientes con VIH/SIDA en el Centro Provincial de Higiene Epidemiología y Microbiología de Guantánamo / Computer system for the management of patients with VIH/SIDA in Guantanamo province

En nuestro país, varias entidades desarrollan de manera progresiva la informatización de sus procesos en aras de elevar los niveles de eficiencia y efectividad a través del uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Telecomunicaciones. En este accionar se encuentra el Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología Guantánamo que requirió informatizar el proceso de gestión de los pacientes de VIH/SIDA en la provincia. Para el desarrollo del sistema se utilizaron herramientas informáticas de software libre: ExtJS como librería de JavaScript, XAMPP como servidor de plataforma libre que integra el servidor de base de datos MySQL y el servidor web Apache. La aplicación siguió el patrón arquitectónico Modelo-Vista-Controlador que implementa el framework de desarrollo CodeIgniter orientado al lenguaje de programación PHP. La ingeniería del software fue descrita a través de la metodología de desarrollo Programación Extrema. El sistema informático para la gestión de pacientes de VIH/SIDA en el Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología Guantánamo facilita el acceso y manejo de la información de forma precisa y completa, permitiendo así elevar la productividad del trabajo en el Departamento de VIH/SIDA(AU)

In our country, several entities progressively develop the computerization of its processes in order to raise levels of efficiency and effectiveness through the use of Information Technology and Telecommunications. The Provincial Center of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology Guantánamo demanded computerize the process of managing patients with HIV / AIDS in the province. For system development was used tools free software: ExtJS library as JavaScript, XAMPP as free server platform that integrates server MySQL database and Apache web server. The application followed the architectural pattern Model-View-Controller that implements development framework CodeIgniter oriented programming language PHP. Software engineering was described by the Extreme Programming methodology development. The computer system for the management of patients with HIV / AIDS in the Provincial Center of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology Guantánamo facilitates access and manage information accurately and completely, thus allowing to raise labor productivity in the Department of HIV / AIDS(AU)

Study on liver function and viral lood of pediatric AIDS patients with HBV/HCV co-infection receiving HAART / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To investigate the change of liver function,viral load and CD4+T count in pediatric AIDS patients with HBV/HCV co-infection after HARRT therapy,and explore the effect of HBV/HCV co-infection on HAART.Methods:95 pediatric AIDS patients without HBV/HCV co-infection ( group A) ,9 pediatric AIDS patients with HBV co-infection ( group B) and 23 pediatric AIDS patients with HCV co-infection ( group C) who received HAART for 2 year were enrolled.Liver function,viral load and CD4+T count were detected before and after HAART.Results:After HAART for 2 years,26 patients (20.5%) were found with liver injury of grade 2 (1000.05 ) .Conclusion: Co-infection of HBV/HCV can aggravate the liver damage of HIV-1 infected children,but has no significant effect on HAART.

Clinical features of ocular manifestations of 93 AIDS patients in Urumqi / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To investigate the clinical features of acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS) patients associated ocular diseases in Urumqi and the relationship between ocular fundus manifestations and CD4+T cell count. METHODS: The fundus of 93 AIDS patients were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy. The clinical symptoms and CD4+T cell count of those patients with fundus changes were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirteen patients were found having fundus changes which occurred in one eye of 4 patients and two eyes of 9 patients, respectively, and the total detection rate was 14. 0%. Seven patients had vision changes, and the main clinical features of retinal lesion were cotton wool spot and hemorrhage of retina. Four patients were diagnosed as retinitis with cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) infection and 9 patients were diagnosed as HIV related retinopathy diseases. Seven patients among 37 patients with CD4+T cell count ≤100cell/μL had fundus changes related AIDS, and the detection rate was 18. 9%; while 6 patients among 56 patients with CD4+T cell count >100cell/μL had fundus changes related AIDS, and the detection rate was 10. 7%. There was statistical difference between the two detection rates (PCONCLUSION: No specificity was found of those patients with the clinical manifestation of HIV- related retinopathy, and those patients are easy to be missed diagnosis. A number of AIDS patients have fundus changes without any vision changes. Therefore, it is very useful for AIDS patients to be carried out the routine fundus examination for the early diagnosis and treatment.

Caracterización fenotípica de enterobacterias aisladas en pacientes con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana/sida / Phenotypic characterization of enterobacteria isolated from patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection/AIDS

Introducción: en pacientes con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana/sida se incrementa el riesgo de padecer infecciones por enterobacterias. Objetivo: caracterizar fenotípicamente las enterobacterias causantes de infecciones en estos pacientes. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo, en el Instituto Pedro Kourí, de marzo de 2010 a marzo de 2011. Se procesaron muestras de esputo, lavado bronquial, secreciones faríngeas, óticas y vaginales, orina, fecales, lesiones de piel, sangre y catéteres, en 65 pacientes (ambulatorios y hospitalizados). La identificación bacteriológica y la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de los 73 aislamientos, se determinaron mediante sistema VITEK 2 Compact (bioMérieux, Francia). Resultados: se identificaron Escherichia coli (30), Klebsiella spp. (19), Enterobacter spp. (15), Proteus spp. (7) y Serratia spp. (2). Prevalecieron las sepsis en pacientes hospitalizados (87,7 porciento). Menos de 50 porciento de las enterobacterias resultaron resistentes a las cefalosporinas, excepto Klebsiella spp. y Enterobacter spp. (68,4 porciento y 93,3 porciento de resistencia a cefepima y cefoxitina, respectivamente), y más del 80 porciento se mostró sensible a la amikacina. Se observó resistencia a piperazilina/tazobactam y ciprofloxacina en 27,3 porciento y 15 porciento, respectivamente. Se detectó 34,2 porciento de cepas productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido. Conclusiones: Escherichia coli y Klebsiella spp. causan frecuentemente infecciones en pacientes VIH/sida. El estudio de la sensibilidad antimicrobiana por VITEK 2 Compact, sugiere que las cefalosporinas, aminoglucósidos, quinolonas y piperacilina/tazobactam, pudieran constituir una alternativa terapéutica en estos casos

Introduction: the risk of infections caused by enterobacteria increases in HIV patients. Objective: to phenotypically characterize the enterobacteria responsible for infections in these patients. Methods: a prospective and descriptive study was conducted in Pedro Kourí Institute from March 2010 to March 2011. Samples of sputum, bronchial lavage, pharyngeal, ear and vaginal secretions, urine, stool, skin lesions, blood and catheters taken from 65 patients (ambulatory and hospital) were processed. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of 73 isolates were determined by automated system VITEK 2 Compact (bioMérieux, France). Results: Escherichia coli (30), Klebsiella spp. (19), Enterobacter spp. (15), Proteus spp. (7) and Serratia spp. (2) were identified. Sepsis in hospitalized patients (87.7 percent) was prevalent. Less than 50 percent of Enterobacteriaceae were resistant to cephalosporins, except Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. (68.4 percent and 93.3 percent resistance to cefepime and cefoxitin, respectively) and over 80 percent were sensitive to amykacin. Resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam and ciprofloxacin was observed in 27.3 percent and 15 percent of cases, respectively. In the study, 34.2 percent of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases- producing strains was detected. Conclusions: Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. often cause infections in HIV patients. The study of antimicrobial susceptibility by using VITEK 2 Compact system, suggests that cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, quinolones and piperacillin/tazobactam, could be effective therapeutic alternatives in these cases

Clinical Observation on Effect of Pingai Mixture in the Treatment of 41 HIV/AIDS Patients / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to observe the clinical effect of Pingai Mixture intervention on HIV/AIDS patients in order to clarify the characteristics of Pingai Mixture for AIDS treatment. A total of 41 HIV/AIDS patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected. Pingai Mixture was applied in the treatment. Three months was one treatment course. The treatment was given for two courses. Clinical symptoms, physical signs and changes in CD4+ lymphocytes of HIV/AIDS patients before and after treatment were observed. The SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that the posttreatment total score (primary, secondary symptoms and the main physical sign cred-its) was significantly reduced compared with pretreatment (P < 0.01). The posttreatment spontaneous perspiration, night sweats, hair loss and other symptoms of a separate score was significantly reduced compared with pretreatment (P< 0.05). There were no significant changes on other symptoms or physical sign indicators. There was no significant difference in the Karnovsky score after 6-month treatment compared with pretreatment. It was concluded that Pingai Mixture is effective in AIDS treatment. It can improve the clinical symptoms and the administration is safe.

Identificación y sensibilidad antimicrobiana de bacterias gramnegativas causantes de neumonía en pacientes VIH/sida / Identification and antimicrobial sensitivity of gramnegative bacteria causing pneumonia in HIV/AIDS patients

Las bacterias gramnegativas se consideran como causa frecuente de neumonía en pacientes VIH/sida. La emergente y elevada proporción de microorganismos resistentes obliga a utilizar el antibiograma como un método que definirá la terapéutica de estos pacientes. Objetivos: identificar las bacterias gramnegativas que causan neumonía en pacientes VIH/sida y determinar la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de los microorganismos aislados. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo en el Instituto Pedro Kourí de 85 pacientes con VIH/sida y diagnóstico presuntivo de neumonía bacteriana por criterios clínicos y radiológicos. Se recogieron muestras de esputo y sangre para cultivo. Las bacterias aisladas y la sensibilidad antimicrobiana se determinaron por el sistema semiautomatizado miniApi (bioMérieux). Resultados: se aislaron 74 bacterias potencialmente patógenas de las que 32 (43,2 porciento) se clasificaron como gramnegativas. Predominaron Klebsiella pneumoniae (11 cepas: 34,3 porciento), Pseudomonas spp. (8 cepas: 25 porciento) y Escherichia coli (4 cepas: 12,5 porciento). Escherichia coli mostró el mayor porcentaje de resistencia y el 75 porciento de las cepas fue sensible frente a la amikacina. No se encontró resistencia al meropenem y más del 50 porciento de las enterobacterias identificadas con excepción de E.coli fueron sensibles a las cefalosporinas de tercera generación, ciprofloxacina, amikacina y cotrimoxazol. Pseudomonas spp. presentó resistencia al cotrimoxazol (87 porciento) y ticarcilina (75 porciento). Conclusiones: las bacterias gramnegativas causan en un porcentaje no despreciable neumonía en pacientes con VIH/sida. Aunque persisten cepas resistentes frente a diversos antimicrobianos, las cefalosporinas, quinolonas y los carbapenémicos muestran una adecuada actividad frente a estas bacterias

Gramnegative bacteria are considered to be a common cause of pneumonia in HIV/AIDS patients. The emergence of a large number of resistant microorganisms has made it necessary to use antibiograms to decide what treatment will be applied to these patients. Objectives: identify gramnegative bacteria causing pneumonia in HIV/AIDS patients and determine the antimicrobial sensitivity of the microorganisms isolated. Methods: a prospective descriptive study of 85 patients with HIV/AIDS and presumed diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia was carried out at Pedro Kourí Institute applying clinical and radiological criteria. Sputum and blood samples were collected to be cultured. The bacteria isolated and their antimicrobial sensitivity were determined using the mini-Api (bioMÚrieux) semiautomated system. Results: seventy-four potentially pathogenic bacteria were isolated, of which 32 (43.2 percent) were classified as gramnegative. The prevailing ones were Klebsiella pneumoniae (11 strains: 34.3 percent), Pseudomonas spp. (8 strains: 25 percent) and Escherichia coli (4 strains: 12,5 percent). Escherichia coli exhibited the highest resistance percentage. 75 percent of the strains were sensitive to amikacin. No resistance was found to meropenem, and more than 50 percent of the enterobacteria identified, with the exception of E. coli, were sensitive to third-generation cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, amikacin and cotrimoxazol. Pseudomonas spp. showed resistance to cotrimoxazol (87 percent) and ticarcillin (75 percent). Conclusions: gramnegative bacteria cause pneumonia in HIV/AIDS patients to a considerable extent. There continue to be strains which are resistant to various antimicrobial drugs. However, cephalosporins, quinolones and carbapenemics exhibit adequate activity against these bacteria

Research in influence of social support under nursing intervention on quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients / 中国实用护理杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the methods to improve the social support of HIV/AIDS patients in order to improve their quality of life. Methods115 cases of HIV/AIDS patients beginning to receive the anti-viral therapy were given nursing intervention.Social support rating scale (SSRS),quality of lifeKarnofsky scale were adopted to evaluate the social support and quality of life before and 3 months after nursing intervention. ResultsThe social support and quality of life of patients improved after intervention compared with those before intervention,and with improvement of social support,the quality of life was accordingly increased. ConclusionsSocial support under nursing intervention help to improve quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients,and can support evidence for education and strategies implementation of treatment compliance for HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy.

Influence of individualized psychological intervention on quality of life of HIV infection/AIDS patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of individual psychological intervention on quality of life of HIV infection / AIDS patients.Methods 50 cases diagnosed as HIV infection / AIDS were selected,randomly divided into the control group and the observation group with 25 cases in each group.The control group received routine treatment and care,while for the observation group,the psychological health and quality of life were measured with SCL-90,SF-36 scales,then personalized psychological intervention was implemented after analyzing the influencing factors.Three months after discharge,the assessment test was carried out using SCL-90 and SF-36 scales,then compared the quality of mental health and life situation of the two groups.Results Mental health and quality of life between the observation group and the control group before intervention was not statistically significant.After intervention,the comparison is statistically significant Conclusions Individualized psychological intervention can improve patients quality of life.

Neumonía bacteriana en pacientes VIH/sida / Bacterial pneumonia in HIV/AIDS patients

Introducción: En los pacientes VIH/sida son múltiples los factores de riesgo que se involucran en la aparición de la neumonía bacteriana de diversa etiología, sin que en ocasiones se conozca el germen causal del cuadro respiratorio. Métodos: Se estudiaron 85 pacientes VIH/sida con diagnóstico de neumonía bacteriana según criterios clínicos, radiológicos y de laboratorio en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, entre noviembre de 2007 y abril de 2008. Resultados: Se identificaron con mayor frecuencia S. pneumoniae (40,5 por ciento), las enterobacterias (28,3 por ciento) y los bacilos no fermentadores (13,5 por ciento). Prevalecieron los individuos menores de 50 años de edad (91,7 por ciento), fumadores (65,9 por ciento), con un conteo de linfocitos TCD4 menor de 200 cél/mm³ (64,7 por ciento)y que emplearon terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia (54,7 por ciento). Constituyeron factores de riesgo para presentar una neumonía bacteriana por enterobacterias, la edad ³ 50 años (OR 2,50; IC= 95 por ciento 1,40-15,1) y la desnutrición (OR 2,53; IC= 95 por ciento 1,83-7,91). Conclusiones: Se demostró que los agentes etiológicos identificados en esputos de pacientes VIH/sida cubanos con NB, son similares a los descritos por otros autores a nivel internacional, siendo más probable que los enfermos mayores de 50 años y desnutridos presenten una NB causada por enterobacterias que por el resto de los microorganismos

Introduction: In HIV/AIDS patients are many the risk factors involved in appearance of the bacterial pneumonia (BP) of different origin without to know the causal germ of respiratory picture. Methods: Authors studied 85 HIV/AIDS patients diagnosed with BP according the clinical, radiological and laboratory criteria in the "Pedro KourÝ" Tropical Medicine Institute between November, 2007 and April, 2008. Results: S. pneumoniae (40,5 percent), enterobacteria (28,3 percent) and no-fermented bacilli (13,5 percent) were the more frequent identified. There was prevalence of subjects aged under 50 (91,7 percent), smokers (65,9 percent), with a TDC4 lymphocytes count under 200 cÚl/mm3 (64,7 percent) with a high-performance anti-retroviral therapy (54,7 percent). Risk factors of BP due to enterobacteria included age ³ 50 years (OR 2,50; 95 percent CI 1,40-15,1) and malnutrition (OR 2,53; 95 percent CI 1,83-7,91). Conclusions: It was demonstrated that the etiological agents identified in sputum from HIV/AIDS Cuban patients presenting with BP are similar to those described by other authors at international level, being more probable that the ill persons aged over 50 and also malnourished have a BP due to enterobacteria than remainder microorganisms

Value of liver biopsy findings in AIDS patients.

From the year 1997 to 2000, 146 liver biopsies were performed in 140 AIDS patients, admited to Bamrasnaradura hospital with prolonged fever (73.6%), hepatomegaly (71.4%) and abnormal liver function test (69.3%) being the principle indications. The findings of liver biopsies included TB (18), MAC (14), Cryptococcosis (10), Histoplasmosis (6), Penicillosis (4), CMV (2) and 7 granulomas in which no organism was identified. Opportunistic infections were found in 61 of 146 biopsies (41.8%). Neoplasm was seen in 22 biopsies (15.1%); the most common neoplasm was hepatocellular carcinoma, found in 16 biopsies (11%). Other findings included chronic active hepatitis (3), cirrhosis (3) and alcoholic hepatitis (1). The liver biopsy is a helpful diagnostic tool in AIDS patients with prolonged fever, hepatomegaly or abnormal liver function tests.