Study on the correlation between comorbidity and fall injury degree in elderly inpatients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the correlation between comorbidity and fall injury degree in elderly inpatients with falls.Methods:Using the method of retrospective study, 212 elderly patients with fall comorbidity in a tertiary general hospital from January 2017 to March 2020 were selected as the research objects. The clinical data were collected according to the degree of injury. The severity of comorbidity was evaluated by age adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (ACCI), and the relationship between the comorbidity and the degree of fall injury was analyzed.Results:The overall acci index of 212 patients was (7.21 ± 2.69) points, and the average number of comorbidities was (4.74 ± 2.20). Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in CCI ( F value was 10.806, P<0.001)、aCCI ( F value was 15.231, P<0.001), comorbid circulatory system diseases ( χ2 value was 9.580, P=0.022) , urinary system diseases ( χ2 value was 10.127, P=0.018) , endocrine system diseases ( χ2 value was 7.978, P=0.046) and comorbidities( F value was 3.093, P=0.028) among elderly patients with different injury degrees. Spearman correlation analysis showed that age, CCI, aCCI and the number of comorbidities were correlated with the degree of fall injury ( P<0.05). Logistic regression model showed that aCCI ( B value was 0.234, OR value was 1.264) was an independent predictor of fall injury. The area under the ROC curve was 0.652 (95% CI 0.579-0.725, P<0.001). Conclusions:The aCCI index can predict the degree of fall injury.

Prevalence of Osteoporosis in Patients with Distal Radius Fracture from Low-Energy Trauma

@#Introduction:Osteoporosis is a devastating problem leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Patients with osteoporosis usually present with fractures from low-energy trauma and falls, commonly of the distal radius, which may precede more severe fractures like fracture of the neck of femur, but data from Thailand are limited. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with distal radius fracture from low-energy trauma. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective study, performed at Thammasat University Hospital in Thailand, from January 2011 to June 2017. Patients aged more than 50 years with distal radial fractures from low-energy trauma with available bone mineral density (BMD) result were included. Patients with known secondary causes of osteoporosis were excluded. Patients were grouped by age, sex, and BMD status (normal, osteopenic and osteoporotic). Results: One hundred out of 351 patients with distal radial fractures had bone mineral density data but only 79 (73 females) met the inclusion criteria. Most patients were aged 60-69 years old (n=31, 42.5%). 47 (59.5%) patients were osteoporotic, 23 (29.1%) osteopenic, and 9 (11.4%) were normal. Seven (6 osteoporotic) patients suffered a more severe fracture subsequently. No deaths were recorded. Conclusion: Our study found a high rate of osteoporosis mostly in females, consistent with published literature. Assessing BMD is crucial in middle age and elderly patients with fractures to better manage osteoporosis and prevent more severe fractures in the future.

Assessment of Extra Dural Hematoma – Factors affecting morbidity, mortality and outcome

Background: Extradural hematomas occur in approximately 2% of all patients of head injuries and 5- 15% of fatal head injuries. EDH is considered to be one of the most serious conditions of head injury requiring immediate diagnosis and surgical intervention. Aim and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical presentation of patients with extradural hematoma and to decide upon the mode of management and to study the results of the management and the outcome and the factors affecting morbidity and mortality. Materials and Methods: Patients with EDH admitted in Neurosurgery Department, King George Hospital Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam were studied. Study period was one year July 2018 to June 2019. The sample size of the study was 106 patients who fulfill the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the patients with head injury, diagnosed to have EDH on CT scan were included in the study. The management includes conservative measures and/or surgical intervention. The patients’ outcome was assessed during the hospital stay, at discharge and followed up to 6 months after discharge. The various factors were analyzed which are likely to affect the outcome. Results: Temporo-parietal and temporal region was the most common location of EDH. The most significant factors which influences outcome are - time of surgical intervention, older age group, low GCS and associated injuries on CT scans like contusions and other injuries. The patients were followed after 1, 3 and 6 months. P Prahaladu, M V Vijaya Sekhar, K Satyavara Prasad, Hemal Chheda. Assessment of Extra Dural Hematoma - Factors affecting morbidity, mortality and outcome. IAIM, 2019; 6(9): 102-107. Page 103 Conclusion: From this study, it was observed that neurological status of patient at the time of presentation, time of surgical intervention, associated injuries on CT scan and the volumetric details of EDH are the most important factors in management and outcome of EDH.

The Effects of Symptom Experiences and Depression on Falls Efficacy in Elderly Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy / 임상간호연구

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of symptom experience and depression on the falls efficacy of elderly patients who were undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS: The questionnaires were administered to 105 elderly patients over 65 years hospitalizing for chemotherapy from October 25 to December 30, 2018. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlations and Multiple Linear Regression, ursing an SPSS/WIN 22.0 program. RESULTS: Falls efficacy was negatively correlated with the symptom experience (r=−.58, p<.001), and depression (r=−.57, p<.001). Symptom experience and depression were positively correlated (r=.72, p<.001). The significantly influential factors of falls efficacy were age (β=−.34, p<.001), symptom experience (β=−.24, p=.022), and the history of falls (β=−.15, p=.040), explaining 57.0% of the variance in falls efficacy. CONCLUSION: The main findings of this study can be used as the foundation for developing programs to increase the falls efficacy of elderly patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Tradução e adaptação transcultural do instrumento Evaluation of Siderail Usage: estudo metodológico / Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Evaluation of Siderail Usage instrument: methodological study

Introdução: Grades são projetadas para serem usadas como dispositivos de segurança e estão fortemente associadas à prevenção de quedas entre adultos e idosos hospitalizados. Há evidências do uso indiscriminado de grades e seu uso inadvertido como forma de contenção, o que por sua vez pode comprometer a segurança, a dignidade e a autonomia do paciente. O Evaluation Of Siderail Usage foi um instrumento desenvolvido nos Estados Unidos para avaliar o uso de grades dividido em quatro partes. A primeira está relacionada com a preferência do residente; a segunda é a avaliação do risco de danos como queda, aprisionamento, contusões, lesões de pele. A terceira trata do risco de queda da cama e a quarta parte traz alternativas de intervenção e apresenta recomendações de prevenção e redução do uso de contenção/grades. Objetivos: Realizar a tradução e adaptação transculturamente do instrumento "Evaluation of Siderail Usage" para a língua portuguesa do Brasil e para o cenário hospitalar. Método: Trata-se de pesquisa metodológica. Antes de realizar a tradução e adaptação foi solicitada a autorização da autora, a Dra. Elizabeth Capezuti através de correio eletrônico. Foram utilizadas etapas da tradução e adaptação transcultural; tradução inicial; síntese das traduções; retrotradução e avaliação das versões por um comitê de juízes e pré-teste de acordo com Guillemin, Bombardier e Beaton (1993). Resultados: Na primeira etapa duas traduções foram realizadas; na segunda foi realizada uma reunião consensual com as duas tradutoras e as autoras do estudo para discutir as discrepâncias e uma versão síntese foi gerada; na terceira etapa, a versão síntese do instrumento foi retrotraduzida para o inglês por duas tradutoras para de verificar a equivalência com a versão original e não foram observadas discrepâncias significativas em relação ao instrumento original; na quarta etapa, um comitê de 25 juízes profissionais da área de saúde com expertise em estudos de validação ou em segurança do paciente analisaram a versão síntese, os resultados demostram um Indice de Validade de Conteudo (IVC) do instrumento de 0,97 e um Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo de 0,93. Na etapa de pré-teste 30 enfermeiros aplicaram a versão dos juízes em 57 pacientes hospitalizados, 29 do sexo masculino, idade entre 41 e 69 anos, com principais diagnósticos neuropatias e ortopédicos. Primeiramente os enfermeiros realizavam uma avaliação subjetiva da indicação do uso de grades laterais, seguida da indicação utilizando o instrumento traduzido. Os resultados da concordância entre as variáveis "Quantas grades o paciente prefere?" e "Avaliação subjetiva do enfermeiro em relação às grades"foi de 49,12%. O valor de concordância de Gwet foi de 0,316, p-valor < 0,001. Com relação à associação dos itens de avaliacao objetiva "Nenhuma grade lateral é indicada" e "Quantas grades o paciente prefere" foi significativa somente o item "Nenhuma grade lateral é indicada, paciente móvel"(0,018). Ao associar à "Avaliação subjetiva pelo enfermeiro do uso de grades" com a objetiva extraída das avaliações finais do instrumento obteve-se significância somente para o item "Nenhuma grade lateral é indicada, paciente móvel"(0,001). Ao associar o sexo dos pacientes com o item "Avaliação subjetiva pelo enfermeiro do uso de grades" o p-valor foi de 0,046, o uso de quatro grades ficou maior entre as mulheres e, nos homens foi de duas grades, ou seja, o número de grades se comportou de forma distinta entre os sexos. Ao relacionar o "Perfil dos enfermeiros" e "Avaliação subjetiva do enfermeiro em relação às grades" somente o item formação ­ especialização foi significativa (0,001). Sobre a análise de constructo observaram-se valores significativos (>0,70) que quando confrontados com os valores do índice de validade de conteúdo auxiliaram na decisão de retirada de itens para a construção de um instrumento final. Quanto aos resultados de praticabilidade o IVC médio foi de 94,2%entre os quatro itens e o índice de concordância foi de 0,181, com ligeira concordância, no entanto, significativo (0,006). Conclusão: Conclui-se a partir dos índices de concordância dos juízes e do pré-teste, que o instrumento teve seu conteúdo validado e contribuiu como uma ferramenta para avaliação de pacientes quanto ao uso de grades laterais do leito. Estima-se que o uso do instrumento as grades não sejam utilizadas como contenção mecânica, em pese o risco de segurança do paciente. Portanto Obteve-se como Produto a Tradução e Adaptação da Escala de Avaliação do Uso de Grades.

Introduction: The siderails are designed to be used as safety devices and are strongly associated with fall prevention among hospitalized adults and seniors. There is evidence of the indiscrimninate use of siderail and their inadvertently use as a form of containment, wich in turn may compromise patient safety, dignity and autonomy. An assessment is necessary to determine the need or removal of siderail in the bed. The Evaluation of Siderail Usage was an instrument developed in the United States to evaluate the use of siderail and is divided in four parts. The first is related to the preference of the resident; the second is the assessment of risk of fall, entrapment, bruises, skin lesions.The third deals with the risk of bed fall and the fourth part provides alternatives for intervention and presents recommendations for prevention and reduction of the use of restraint / siderails. Objectives: Carry out a review of the literature on siderail evaluation instruments and To carry out a transcultural translation and adaptation of the instrument "Evaluation of Siderail Use" for Brazilian Portuguese and for the hospital scenario. Method: This is a methodological research. Before undertaking a translation and adaptation, an authorization was requested from the author, Dr.Capezuti Elizabeth. through electronic mail. The steps of translation and adaptation to the culture were used; initial translation; Synthesis of translations; Retrotranslation and evaluation of the versions by a committee of judges and pre-test according to Guillemin, Bombardier and Beaton (1993). Results: In the first stage two translations of the instrument were carried out; in the last meeting was consensus with the two translators and as study authors to resolve how discrepancies and synthetic version was generated; in the third stage, the original version of the article was retrotranslated for english twice to verify equivalence with the original version and did not present discrepancies in relation to the original instrument; in the fourth stage, a committee of judges analyzed a synthesis version and a back-translation regarding the equivalence between language and statistics and the English version of the English-language instrument that was used in the pretest. Conclusion: It can be considered as having access to the concordance index of judges, with which its instrument was validated and can be used as an evaluation tool for the use of degrees, since a decision making is not used without an individualized evaluation. Product: Review of literature on siderail evaluation instruments and Translation and translation and Adaptation of the "Evaluation of Siderail Usage" Scale.

Introducción: Rejillas están diseñadas para ser usadas como dispositivos de seguridad y están fuertemente asociadas a la prevención de caídas entre adultos y ancianos hospitalizados. Hay evidencias del uso indiscriminado de rejas y su uso inadvertido como forma de contención, lo que a su vez puede comprometer la seguridad, la dignidad y la autonomía del paciente. Es indispensable realizar una evaluación para determinar la necesidad o la remoción de rejas en el lecho. La evaluación de Siderail Usage fue un instrumento desarrollado en los Estados Unidos para evaluar el uso de rejillas dividido en cuatro partes. La primera está relacionada con la preferencia del residente; la segunda es la evaluación del riesgo de daños como caída, aprisionamiento, contusiones, lesiones de piel. La tercera trata del riesgo de caída de la cama y la cuarta parte trae alternativas de intervención y presenta recomendaciones de prevención y reducción de la contención / rejillas. Objetivos: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica de herramientas de evaluación de utilizar las redes y llevar a cabo la traducción y adaptación cultural del instrumento "Evaluación de Siderail de uso" para el portugués de Brasil y para el escenario hospitalario. Método: Se trata de una investigación metodológica. Antes de realizar la traducción y adaptación se solicitó la autorización de la autora, la Dra. Elizabeth Capezuti a través de correo electrónico. Se utilizaron etapas de la traducción y adaptación transcultural; traducción inicial; síntesis de las traducciones; retrotraducción y evaluación de las versiones por un comité de jueces y pre-test de acuerdo con Guillemin, Bombardier y Beaton (1993). Resultados: En la primera etapa se realizaron dos traducciones; en la segunda se realizó una reunión consensuada con las dos traductoras y las autoras del estudio para resolver las discrepancias y una versión síntesis fue generada; en la tercera etapa, la versión síntesis del instrumento fue retrotraducida para el inglés por dos traductoras para verificar la equivalencia con la versión original y no se observaron discrepancias significativas en relación al instrumento original; la cuarta etapa, un comité de jueces examinó la versión síntesis y copias de traducciones y juzgado oportuno instrumento de la versión en Inglés que se usó en la fase de instrucción. Conclusión: Se puede considerar que a partir del índice de concordancia de los jueces, que el instrumento tuvo su contenido validado y contribuirá con una herramienta para la utilización del enfermero en la evaluación de pacientes en cuanto al uso de rejas, para la toma de decisión para que las acciones las rejillas no se utilizan sin una evaluación individualizada. Productos: Revisión de literatura sobre instrumentos de evaluación del uso de rejillas y Escala de Evaluación del Uso de Gradas traducida y adaptada.

Medication-related inpatient falls: a critical review

Abstract Falls are the second leading cause of accidental and unintentional injury deaths worldwide. Inpatient falls in hospital settings are likely to prolong the length of stay of patients in nearly 6.3 days, leading to increased hospitalization costs. The causes of fall incidents in healthcare facilities are multifactorial in nature and certain medications use could be associated with these incidents. This review seeks to critically evaluate the available literature regarding the relationship between inpatient falls and medication use. A comprehensive search was performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE and Lilacs with no time restriction. The search was filtered using English, Spanish or Portuguese languages. Our study evaluated medication use and inpatients falls that effectively happen, considering all ages and populations. An assessment of bias and quality of the studies was carried out using an adapted tool from the literature. The drugs were classified according to the Anatomic Therapeutics Chemical Code. The search strategy retrieved 563 records, among which 23 met the eligibility criteria; ninety three different pharmacological subgroups were associated with fall incidents. Our critical review suggests that the use of central nervous system drugs (including anxiolytics; hypnotics and sedatives; antipsychotics; opioids; antiepileptics and antidepressants) has a greater likelihood of causing inpatient falls. A weak relationship was found between other pharmacological subgroups, such as diuretics, cardiovascular system-related medications, and inpatient fall. Remarkably, several problems of quality were encountered with regard to the eligible studies. Among such quality problems included retrospective design, the grouping of more than one medication in the same statistical analysis, limited external validity, problems related to medication classifications and description of potential confounders.

Rick analysis for fall of spinal degenerative disease patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To formulate targeted nursing measures and prevent or reduce falls of inpatients through the analysis of related risk factors of falls of spinal degenerative disease patients. Methods Review and analysis falls of inpatients happened between January 2015 and April 2016 in our department and find out that all kinds of dangerous reasons lead to falls. All inpatients risk assessments are evaluated with Morse Fall Scale on admission and during hospitalization. The grading standard of patient safety events was used in the classification of fall outcomes. Results A total of 13 inpatients were all high risk patients by Morse Fall Scale. Risk factors of falls:periods between 0:00 and 2:00, 6:00 and 8:00am, 18:00 and 20:00, in 3 days and 2 weeks after admission; combined diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis of the knee; accompanied by muscle strength, muscle tension abnormalities. use related drugs;need of accompany or assisted walking;lack of safety awareness;slippery ground, compressed activity space and lack of light. Conclusions Falls of inpatients with spinal degenerative diseases are caused by the joint action of physiological difference, disease, medicine and weak safety consciousness of inpatients and caregivers, with specialty and occurrence in a certain time. Nursing measures can help to avoid and reduce the falls of inpatients.

The application of piezoelectric gait analysis system in plantar pressure monitoring / 医用生物力学

Objective To provide references for human gait analysis and its application in clinical medicine and rehabilitation through research on practical application of piezoelectric gait analysis system in plantar pressure monitoring. Methods Piezoelectric gait analysis system was designed to collect pressure signals of six acquisition points in insole. The signals were transferred by bluetooth, and then analyzed and handled by APP and MATLAB. Results The plantar pressure cloud chart, center of pressure (COP) butterfly diagram were obtained by interpolation and color mapping in MATLAB, the walk cycle was calculated by measuring swing phase of both feet, and real time pressure monitoring was realized by mobile APP to give an accidental fall alarm. Conclusions The system can achieve monitoring of standing posture, state of equilibrium, walk cycle and accidental fall, and the experimental results are coincident with clinical research conclusions. Meanwhile, the wearable structure is more suitable in real walking scene.

The application of piezoelectric gait analysis system in plantar pressure monitoring / 医用生物力学

Objective To provide references for human gait analysis and its application in clinical medicine and rehabilitation through research on practical application of piezoelectric gait analysis system in plantar pressure monitoring.Methods Piezoelectric gait analysis system was designed to collect pressure signals of six acquisition points in insole.The signals were transferred by bluetooth,and then analyzed and handled by APP and MATLAB.Results The plantar pressure cloud chart,center of pressure (COP) butterfly diagram were obtained by interpolation and color mapping in MATLAB,the walk cycle was calculated by measuring swing phase of both feet,and real time pressure monitoring was realized by mobile APP to give an accidental fall alarm.Conclusions The system can achieve monitoring of standing posture,state of equilibrium,walk cycle and accidental fall,and the experimental results are coincident with clinical research conclusions.Meanwhile,the wearable structure is more suitable in real walking scene.

The application of piezoelectric gait analysis system in plantar pressure monitoring / 医用生物力学

Objective To provide references for human gait analysis and its application in clinical medicine and rehabilitation through research on practical application of piezoelectric gait analysis system in plantar pressure monitoring.Methods Piezoelectric gait analysis system was designed to collect pressure signals of six acquisition points in insole.The signals were transferred by bluetooth,and then analyzed and handled by APP and MATLAB.Results The plantar pressure cloud chart,center of pressure (COP) butterfly diagram were obtained by interpolation and color mapping in MATLAB,the walk cycle was calculated by measuring swing phase of both feet,and real time pressure monitoring was realized by mobile APP to give an accidental fall alarm.Conclusions The system can achieve monitoring of standing posture,state of equilibrium,walk cycle and accidental fall,and the experimental results are coincident with clinical research conclusions.Meanwhile,the wearable structure is more suitable in real walking scene.

The application of piezoelectric gait analysis system in plantar pressure monitoring / 医用生物力学

Objective To provide references for human gait analysis and its application in clinical medicine and rehabilitation through research on practical application of piezoelectric gait analysis system in plantar pressure monitoring.Methods Piezoelectric gait analysis system was designed to collect pressure signals of six acquisition points in insole.The signals were transferred by bluetooth,and then analyzed and handled by APP and MATLAB.Results The plantar pressure cloud chart,center of pressure (COP) butterfly diagram were obtained by interpolation and color mapping in MATLAB,the walk cycle was calculated by measuring swing phase of both feet,and real time pressure monitoring was realized by mobile APP to give an accidental fall alarm.Conclusions The system can achieve monitoring of standing posture,state of equilibrium,walk cycle and accidental fall,and the experimental results are coincident with clinical research conclusions.Meanwhile,the wearable structure is more suitable in real walking scene.

Fall Detection System for the Elderly Based on the Classification of Shimmer Sensor Prototype Data / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: Falling in the elderly is considered a major cause of death. In recent years, ambient and wireless sensor platforms have been extensively used in developed countries for the detection of falls in the elderly. However, we believe extra efforts are required to address this issue in developing countries, such as Pakistan, where most deaths due to falls are not even reported. Considering this, in this paper, we propose a fall detection system prototype that s based on the classification on real time shimmer sensor data. METHODS: We first developed a data set, ‘SMotion’ of certain postures that could lead to falls in the elderly by using a body area network of Shimmer sensors and categorized the items in this data set into age and weight groups. We developed a feature selection and classification system using three classifiers, namely, support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and neural network (NN). Finally, a prototype was fabricated to generate alerts to caregivers, health experts, or emergency services in case of fall. RESULTS: To evaluate the proposed system, SVM, KNN, and NN were used. The results of this study identified KNN as the most accurate classifier with maximum accuracy of 96% for age groups and 93% for weight groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this paper, a classification-based fall detection system is proposed. For this purpose, the SMotion data set was developed and categorized into two groups (age and weight groups). The proposed fall detection system for the elderly is implemented through a body area sensor network using third-generation sensors. The evaluation results demonstrate the reasonable performance of the proposed fall detection prototype system in the tested scenarios.

Comparison of Walking, Muscle Strength, Balance, and Fear of Falling Between Repeated Fall Group, One-time Fall Group, and Nonfall Group of the Elderly Receiving Home Care Service

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide information to develop a program to prevent repeated falls by analyzing the difference in gait, muscle strength, balance, and fear of falling according to their fall experience. METHODS: The study subjects were 110 elderly individuals aged over 60 years who agreed to their participation in this research. The study participants were categorized into a repeated fall group (n = 40), a one-time fall group (n = 15), and a nonfall group (n = 46) of the elderly. Measurements of gait, muscle strength, balance, and fear of falling were taken in each group. RESULTS: With regard to gait, there were significant differences among three groups in gait cycle (F = 3.50, p = .034), speed (F = 13.06, p < .001), and cadence (F = 5.59, p = .005). Regarding muscle strength in the upper and lower limbs, statistically significant differences were shown among three groups in muscle strength of upper (F = 16.98, p < .001) and lower (F = 10.55, p < .001) limbs. With regard to balance, the nonfall group had significantly greater results than the one-time fall group and repeated fall group in dynamic balance (F = 10.80, p < .001) and static balance (F = 8.20, p = .001). In the case of the fear of falling, the repeated fall group had significantly higher score than other two groups (F = 20.62, p < .001). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that intervention program should be tailored to fall risk factors to enhance gait and balance and lower body muscle strength and reduce the fear of falling to prevent repeated incidences of falls in this population.

Vitamin D Deficiency in Nursing Home Elderly in Korea

BACKGROUND: Recent studies report that nursing home elderly (NHE) have significantly lower serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OHD) than community dwelling elderly (CDE); however, in Korea such studies are lacking. We aimed to compare the vitamin D status between NHE and CDE in Korea. METHODS: This study included 203 patients over 65 years, admitted to the geriatric department of Seoul Medical Center between 01/2015 and 12/2015. Their medical records were reviewed for demographic data, type of residence, medical and drug history, serum 25-OHD, albumin, creatinine, and calcium levels, and geriatric assessment results. After excluding 36 subjects who had taken vitamin D supplements, anticonvulsants, or steroids, 33 NHE and 134 CDE were included for final analysis. RESULTS: Almost 80% of subjects showed a vitamin D deficiency (25-OHD <20 ng/mL); 54% were severely deficient (25-OHD <10 ng/mL). NHE had a significantly lower serum 25-OHD level than CDE (5.47±2.95 ng/mL vs. 14.72±11.35 ng/mL, p<0.001). Serum 25-OHD level was related to serum albumin level, the Geriatric Depression Scale score, and the Korean version of the Mini Mental State Examination score (p=0.004, p=0.041, p=0.032, respectively). After adjustment for confounding factors using multiple logistic regression analysis, diagnosis of severe vitamin D deficiency was more likely in NHE than CDE (odds ratio, 8.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.53-49.81). CONCLUSION: This study suggests a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Korean NHE. To prevent falls and osteoporotic fractures in this population, vitamin D supplementation should be considered.

Queda e sua relação com fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde em idosos de uma comunidade brasileira: estudo de seguimento / Accidental falls related with sociodemographic and health factors in elderly people in a Brazilian community: a follow-up research

No decorrer do processo de envelhecimento há uma diminuição das habilidades físicas, psicológicas e sociais na pessoa o que aumenta o risco de sofrer de múltiplas síndromes, uma delas é a queda. O presente estudo é analítico, observacional de coorte retrospectivo com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência de queda em um seguimento de cinco anos em duas avaliações (2007/2008 - 2013) de idosos que vivem no domicílio e a sua relação com as variáveis sociodemográficas, doenças autorreferidas, número de medicamentos, estado cognitivo, síndrome da fragilidade e capacidade funcional. A pesquisa foi realizada na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, com população de idosos com 65 anos ou mais de idade. A amostra foi por conglomerado em duplo estágio sendo a amostra final de 515 idosos, sendo que a primeira etapa ocorreu de agosto de 2007 a março de 2008 e a segunda realizada de julho a dezembro de 2013. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados foi composto por questões sociodemográficas; doenças autorreferidas e número de medicamentos; Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM); avaliação da queda; Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS); Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF) e Escala de Lawton e Brody (AIVD). Foram pareadas as informações dos 262 idosos, sendo que houve predomínio do sexo feminino (66,4%), média da idade de 73,3 (dp=6,3) anos sendo que 56,9% foram categorizados como idoso mais jovem (70 - 79 anos), média de escolaridade de 5,0 (dp=4,9) anos e 49,2% eram casados. Verificou-se que em ambas as avaliações, o estado cognitivo diminuiu de 24,87 para 22,90 pontos com aumento do déficit cognitivo de 44,7 para 58,4%. Nas AIVD a média também diminuiu de 19,41 para 17,39 pontos, aumentando a dependência funcional de 44,7% para 66,1%. Quanto a MIF, a média diminui de 120,33 para 112,49 pontos com aumento da dependência de 4,2% para 15%. Verificou-se que a média da fragilidade aumentou de 4,16 para 6,53 pontos sendo que a categoria fragilidade aumentou de 17,5% para 50,4%. Por outro lado, a média das doenças autorreferidas diminuiu de 5,63 para 5,16 dos quais tanto na primeira como na segunda avaliação 5,7% não sofrem de doenças mas na primeira avaliação 46,2% sofrem mais de cinco doenças e na segunda 41,2%. Porém quanto ao consumo de medicamentos a média aumentou de 3,59 para 4,03, sendo que 22,5% na primeira avaliação consomem mais de cinco medicamentos e na segunda 28,6%. Em relação com o idoso que sofreu queda, na primeira avaliação 57 caíram e na segunda 99, a prevalência aumentou de 21,8% para 37,8%, sendo que em ambas as avaliações 82,5% e 73,7%, respectivamente, caíram da própria altura, trazendo consequências como fraturas, feridas e escoriações, além do medo de novas reincidências. Os idosos que sofreram queda apresentaram diminuição do estado cognitivo, maior fragilidade e incapacidade funcional com um aumento das doenças autorreferidas e número de medicamentos. Na associação da queda com as diferentes variáveis, verificou-se que no período do estudo, o número de doenças autorreferidas, o maior consumo de medicamentos e o aumento da fragilidade o idoso apresenta maior risco de queda. Conclui-se que a queda é uma síndrome que está relacionada com múltiplas causas (variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde) o que leva a maior necessidade de implementar programas com planejamento para a prevenção de queda e suas consequências por meio da educação à população idosa e seus cuidadores

During the aging process there is a decrease in physical, psychological and social skills in the person which increases the risk of suffering from multiple syndromes, one of these are accidental fall. This study is analytical, observational retrospective cohort with the aim to determine the prevalence of accidental falls in a follow-up of five years in both assessments (2007/2008 - 2013) of elderly people living at home and their relationship to sociodemographic variables, self-reported diseases, number of medications, cognitive status, frailty syndrome and functional capacity. The research was conducted in the Ribeirão Preto city, São Paulo, in elderly people aged 65 or older. The sample by conglomerate in double stage with the final sample of 515 elderly people, on the first stage was from August 2007 to March 2008 and the second stage was from July to December 2013. The instrument used for data collection consists of sociodemographic questions; self-reported diseases and medications numbers; Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); evaluation of the accidental fall; Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS); Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Lawton and Brody Scale (IADL). They were matched information from 262 elderly, and there was a predominance of females (66.4%), mean of age 73.3 (sd = 6.3) years of which 56.9% were categorized as younger elderly (70-79 years), average schooling of 5.0 (sd = 4.9) years and 49.2% were married. It was found that in both assessments, the cognitive status declined from 24.87 to 22.90 points with increased cognitive deficit from 44.7 to 58.4%. IADL average also decreased from 19.41 to 17.39 points, increasing the functional dependence from 44.7% to 66.1%. The MIF average decreases from 120.33 to 112.49 points with increasing dependence from 4.2% to 15%. It was found that the frailty average increased from 4.16 to 6.53 points of which the category frailty increased from 17.5% to 50.4%. On the other hand, the average self-reported disease decreased from 5.63 to 5.16 which both the first and the second evaluation 5.7% did not suffer from diseases but in first evaluation suffered 46.2% over five diseases and second 41.2%. But with the consumption of drugs the average increased from 3.59 to 4.03, and 22.5% in the first evaluation consumed more than five drugs and the second 28.6%. In relation to the elderly who suffered fall, the first assessment fell 57 and the second 99, the prevalence increased from 21.8% to 37.8%, and in both evaluations 82.5% and 73.7%, respectively, fell from height, bringing consequences such as fractures, wounds and abrasions, and the fear of new falls. Elderly people who suffered falls had decreased cognitive status, increased frailty and functional impairment with an increase in self-reported diseases and number of medications. In the fall of association with different variables, it was found that during the study period, the number of self-reported diseases, the highest consumption of drugs and the increased frailty the elderly had a higher risk of falls. We conclude that the fall is a syndrome that is associated with multiple causes (socio-demographic and health variables) which leads to greater need to implement planning with programs for the prevention of fall and its consequences through education to the elderly and their caregivers

Cohort study of institutionalized elderly people: fall risk factors from the nursing diagnosis / Coorte de idosos institucionalizados: fatores de risco para queda a partir do diagnóstico de enfermagem / Cohorte de ancianos institucionalizados: factores de riesgo para caída a partir del diagnóstico de enfermería

Objective: to determine the incidence of falls in elderly residents of long-stay institutions of the Federal District, to identify the aspects involved in the falls, in terms of risk factors, from the application of scales and the Taxonomy II of NANDA-I, and to define the level of accuracy with its sensitivity and specificity for application in the clinical nursing practice. Method: this was a cohort study with the evaluation of 271 elderly people. Cognition, functionality, mobility and other intrinsic factors were evaluated. After six months, the elderly people who fell were identified, with significance analysis then performed to define the risk factors. Results: the results showed an incidence of 41%. Of the 271 patients included, 69 suffered 111 episodes of falls during the monitoring period. Risk factors were the presence of stroke with its sequelae (OR: 1.82, 95% CI 1.01 - 3.28, p=.045), presenting more than five chronic diseases (OR: 2.82, 95% CI 1.43 - 5.56, p=.0028), foot problem (OR: 2.45, 95% CI 1.35 - 4.44, p=.0033) and motion (OR: 2.04, 95% CI 1.15 - 3.61, p=.0145). Conclusion: the taxonomy has high validity regarding the detection of elderly people at risk of falling and should be applied consistently in the clinical nursing practice.

Objetivo: conhecer a incidência de quedas em idosos residentes de instituições de longa permanência do Distrito Federal, identificar os aspectos que envolvem as quedas, quanto aos fatores de risco, a partir da aplicação de escalas e da Taxonomia II da NANDA-I e definir o nível de acurácia com sua sensibilidade e especificidade para aplicação na prática clínica do enfermeiro. Método: trata-se de uma coorte com avaliação de 271 idosos. Cognição, funcionalidade, mobilidade e outros fatores intrínsecos foram avaliados. Após seis meses, identificaram-se os idosos que apresentaram queda, realizando então análise de significância para definir os fatores de risco. Resultados: os resultados mostraram incidência de 41%, nos quais, dos 271 idosos avaliados, houve 69 idosos com 111 episódios de quedas no período de acompanhamento. Os fatores de risco foram a presença do acidente vascular encefálico com suas sequelas (OR: 1,82, IC 95% 1,01-3,28 e p=0,045), apresentar mais de cinco doenças crônico-degenerativas (OR: 2,82, IC 95% 1,43-5,56 e p=0,0028), problema nos pés (OR: 2,45, IC 95% 1,35-4,44 e p=0,0033) e marcha (OR: 2,04, IC 95% 1,15-3,61 e p=0,0145). Conclusão: a taxonomia tem ampla validade quanto à detecção do idoso com risco de queda, devendo ser aplicada constantemente na prática clínica do enfermeiro.

Objetivo: conocer la incidencia de caídas de ancianos residentes en instituciones de larga permanencia en el Distrito Federal; identificar los aspectos que participan en las caídas, en cuanto a los factores de riesgo, a partir de la aplicación de escalas y de la Taxonomía II de la NANDA-I; y definir el nivel de precisión de su sensibilidad y especificidad para aplicación en la práctica clínica del enfermero. Método: se trata de una cohortecon evaluación de 271 ancianos. Cognición, funcionalidad, movilidad y otros factores intrínsecos fueron evaluados. Después de seis meses, se identificaron los ancianos que presentaron caídas, realizando entonces el análisis de significación para definir los factores de riesgo. Resultados: los resultados mostraron incidencia de 41%, en los cuales, de los 271 ancianos evaluados, hubo 69 ancianos con 111 episodios de caídas en el período de acompañamiento. Los factores de riesgo fueron: presencia del accidente vascular encefálico con sus secuelas (OR: 1,82, IC 95% 1,01-3,28 y p=0,045); presentar más de cinco enfermedades crónicas degenerativas (OR: 2,82, IC 95% 1,43-5,56 y p=0,0028); problema en los pies (OR: 2,45, IC 95% 1,35-4,44 y p=0,0033); y marcha (OR: 2,04, IC 95% 1,15-3,61 y p=0,0145). Conclusión: la taxonomía tiene amplia validez para detectar al anciano con riesgo de sufrir una caída, debiendo ser aplicada constantemente en la práctica clínica del enfermero.

CCD video camera system in the assessment of balance function Ye Shuangying / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To probe into possibilities and sensitivity of CCD video camera system in the assessment of balance function.Methods The system is composed of a CCD video camera,a video image capture board and analysis software.Three indexes:Trunks,ayAngle (TSS Trunk Sway Speed(TSS) and fall index (FI).the normal group:FI≥I; mild group:0.7≤FI＜I; moderate group:0.4≤FI＜0.7; severe group:FI ＜0.4.Disorder of balance function group:42 patients with cerebrovascular accident,mean age of (67.4±8.0) years.Control group:42 healthy subjects,mean age of (65.3±6.5) years.All cases were measured by Berg balance scale and determinated three times by CCD video camera system with eye opening (eo) and eye closing(ec),and averaged.Results There were very significant differences in TSAeo,TSAec,TSSeo,TSSec,FIeo,FIec between disorder of balance function group and control group (P＜0.01).as well as Berg balance scale (P＜0.05).In disorder of balance function group,the differences among three groups were significant in TSAeo,TSAec,TSSeo,TSSec (P＜0.05).There were significant differences in TSAeo,TSAec,TSSeo,TSSec between severe group and mild group (P＜0.01) as well as in Berg balance scale (P＜0.05).Conclusions CCD video camera system has a higher sensitivity in assessment of body,balance than Berg balance sca land great value in clinical application.

Effects of a Health Diary Program on Fall-Related Outcomes in Low-Income Elderly Women with Osteoarthritis / 農村醫學 地域保健

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the effects of a health diary program on fall related outcomes the low-income elderly women. METHODS: The study was carried out with a nonequivalent control group with pretest-posttest design. The study was composed of two groups, each made up of 24 subjects: experimental group and control group. The subjects were low-income women aged over 65 years with osteoarthritis and both the experimental and control groups were made up of subjects with the same age profiles. The independent variable was the health diary program, and the dependent variables were fall related outcomes (fear of falling, fall-efficacy, knowledge of fall) difficulty of performing activity, and mood state. The health diary program was performed for 50 minutes each session and twice a week for 8 weeks. Data were collected before the health diary program 10 weeks after the beginning of the program. RESULTS: The experimental group showed significant differences in knowledge of fall, fear of falling, and mood state compared to the control group. However there was no significant differences in difficulty of performing activity and fall efficacy. CONCLUSION: The results of this study may be used as part of an education to prevent falls for low-income elderly women with osteoarthritis.

Valoración multidimensional del envejecimiento en la ciudad de Antofagasta / Cross sectional geriatric assessment of free living older subjects from Antofagasta, Chile

Background: The effects of aging on people must be evaluated to adequate sanitary actions. Aim: To assess the characteristics of older subjects living in Antofagasta, Chile. Material and Methods: Cross sectional assessment of 602 subjects without dementia, aged more than 60 years (55 percent females). A socioeconomic and medical history was obtained and Barthel, Lawton, Yesavage depression, Tromp fall risk and Folstein Mini mental scales were applied. Results: Sixty eight percent of subjects had more than six years of studies. Forty six percent had hypertension, 28 percent had osteoarticular problems, 20 percent had hypercholesterolemia and 17 percent diabetes mellitus. Four percent had depression and falls were reported by 35 percent. Seventy four percent were independent in basic and instrumental activities. Ninety four percent had normal cognitive functions. Age was an important determinant of functional capacity. Conclusions: The main problems detected in this sample were the risk of falls and the presence of chronic diseases.

Falls Risk Factors of Inpatients

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors for falls and to suggest data for developing a program for preventing falls. METHODS: This was a case-control study in five university hospitals and a general hospital. In total, 216 patients over the age of 18 yr admitted from January 1 to December 31, 2007 participated. One hundred eight patients with experience of falling were matched by gender, age level, diagnosis, and length of stay with 108 patents with no experience of falling admitted on the same unit. A quality assurance coordinator nurse in each hospital examined 35 fall risk factors developed by researchers. RESULTS: In acute hospitals, history of falls, orientation ability, dizziness or vertigo, general weakness, urination problems, transfer/mobility difficulty, walking dependency, impatience, benzodiazepines, diuretics, and vasodilators showed significance on adjusted-odds ratios for fall. Logistic regression analysis was performed to elucidate the factors that influence falls. The probability of falls was increased by dizziness/vertigo, general weakness, and impatience/agitation. CONCLUSION: This finding can be used as a useful resource in developing nursing intervention programs to predict and prevent the falls of inpatients.