The first case of acute HIV and monkeypox coinfection in Latin America

ABSTRACT Monkeypox (MPX) transmission outside non-endemic countries has been reported since May 2022, rapidly evolving into a multi-country outbreak. A potential role of sexual contact in transmission dynamics, as well as a predominance of anogenitallesions, are remarkable features of current cases. Screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) plays an important role in the evaluation of patients with suspected MPX infection. Herein we report the first case of a patient diagnosed with both MPX and acute HIV infection in Latin America. He had no major complications during his clinical course, and antiretroviral therapy was promptly initiated. Diagnosis of acute HIV requires a high level of suspicion and appropriate laboratory investigation. Health practitioners need to consider this diagnosis while evaluating patients with suspected MPX with a recent unprotected sexual contact.

Phenotype analysis of γδ T cell and their subsets in acute HIV-infected patients / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To analyze the phenotypes of γδ T cell in acute HIV-infected patients,and to clarify the role of γδ T cell in acute HIV infection(AHI). Methods:The expressions of CD38,programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1),CD160,CD95 and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand-death receptor 5 ( TRAIL-DR5 ) were detected by using flow cytometry. Results:Compared with healthy controls,the frequencies of Vδ1 T cells were significantly increased and the frequencies of Vδ2 T cells were de-creased,however,the frequencies of total γδ T cells were not significantly changed in acute HIV-infected patients. The frequencies of CD38+γδ T cells,CD38+Vδ1 T cells and CD38+Vδ2 T cells were significantly increased compared with healthy controls. Moreover, compared with healthy controls,the frequencies of PD-1+γδ T cells and DR5+γδ T cells were increased,but the expression of PD-1 and DR5 on Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells were not significantly changed. However,the frequencies of CD38+Vδ1 T cells,CD160+Vδ1 T cells,PD-1+Vδ1 T cells,CD95+Vδ1 T cells and DR5+Vδ1 T cells were significantly increased compared with Vδ2 T cells in acute HIV-infected patients. Conclusion:Activation,inhibitor and apoptosis markers are highly expressed on γδ T cells,especially on Vδ1 T cells in acute HIV-infected patients,suggest that Vδ1 T cells play more important roles in acute HIV infection and disease progression.

Encephalitis due to Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection / 감염과화학요법

Clinical presentations associated with acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are various and nonspecific. Neurologic manifestations may accompany acute HIV infection. Aseptic meningitis has been described in several reports; however, acute encephalitis during acute HIV infection is rare. Some studies have suggested that antiretroviral therapy for treatment of symptomatic acute HIV infection could be beneficial, especially in severe cases. Encephalitis is life-threatening; therefore, early diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy may be needed. We report on a case of encephalitis associated with acute HIV infection. The patient received early antiretroviral therapy and recovered from encephalitis without neurological sequelae.