Potencial efecto terapéutico de los polifenoles obtenidos de la cáscara de granada en la esteatosis hepática

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólico (EHGNA) tiene una elevada prevalencia a nivel mundial, y puede ir desde la esteatosis simple hasta hepatocarcinoma. Su origen es multifactorial, siendo la dieta poco saludable un factor clave en su patogenia y progresión. Los polifenoles son antioxidantes que han mostrado beneficios en el tratamiento de la EHGNA. Una fuente emergente de estos compuestos son los residuos agroindustriales, entre ellos, la cáscara de granada. La cáscara de granada tiene un alto contenido de polifenoles, específicamente de elagitaninos. Su extracto fenólico (extracto de cáscara de granada; ECG) ha mostrado efectos promisorios a nivel metabólico. Sin embargo, su uso presenta algunas limitantes que deben ser consideradas antes de recomendar su ingesta mediante alimentos funcionales o nutracéuticos para prevención o tratamiento de EHGNA. Objetivo: Discutir a partir de datos obtenidos en estudios in vitro y modelos animales, el potencial terapéutico de los polifenoles obtenidos de la cáscara de granada para prevención y tratamiento de la EHGNA. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science (2015 a la fecha) de estudios en modelos de esteatosis hepática in vitro y en animales, además de ensayos clínicos relacionados. Conclusión: Existen datos promisorios sobre el uso del ECG en alteraciones metabólicas propias de la EHGNA y esteatosis hepática, principalmente a nivel de perfil lipídico. Se deben discutir las dosis y formas de administración, con el fin de mejorar su estabilidad y biodisponibilidad. Se requieren ensayos clínicos controlados que confirmen los efectos en humanos.

ABSTRACT Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a high prevalence worldwide and can range from simple steatosis to hepatocarcinoma. Its causes are multifactorial, with an unhealthy diet being a key factor in its pathogenesis and progression. Polyphenols are antioxidants that have shown benefits in treating NAFLD. An emerging source of these compounds is agro-industrial by-products, including pomegranate peels. Pomegranate peels are high in polyphenols, specifically ellagitannins. Its polyphenolic extract (PPE) has shown promising metabolic benefits. However, its use has some limitations that must be considered before recommending its intake through functional foods or nutraceuticals to prevent or treat NAFLD. Objective: This article aims to discuss, using results from in vitro studies and animal models, the therapeutic potential of polyphenols obtained from pomegranate peels to prevent and treat NAFLD. Methods: A bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed and Web of Science databases (2015 to date) of in vitro and animal model studies of hepatic steatosis, in addition to related clinical trials. Conclusion: There are promising data on the use of PPE in metabolic disorders typical of NAFLD and hepatic steatosis, mainly improving lipid profile. Doses and vehicles of administration should be discussed to improve stability and bioavailability. Controlled clinical trials are required to confirm the effects in humans.

Multivariate optimization of Staphylococcus xylosus AD1biomass production using sugarcane molasses plus yeast extract and soybean meal

Staphylococcus xylosusis a microorganism that has important physiological and technological characteristics that make it suitable for use as a starter culture in fermented meat products. For the development of these products in the food industry, it is necessary to produce biomass by the multiplication of starter cultures using low-cost media. This study developed a culture medium based on sugarcane molasses (SCM) supplemented with yeast extract (YE) and soybean meal (SM) to produce S. xylosusAD1 biomass employing a Box Behnken multivariateoptimization design,usingthe best concentrations of the constituents of the culture medium for S. xylosusAD1 growth. By combining the mathematical models by the desirability function, it was possible to establish the optimal condition for the maximum production of viable cells and biomass. The optimal experimental condition was found when the fermentative process medium was composed of 10% SCM, 2% YE and 4% SM. In addition, the results of all experiments, except for the medium formulated with only SCM,presented a better performance than the commercial medium Brain Heart Infusion for the growth of S. xylosusAD1. The culture medium with agro-industrial byproduct (SCM) supplemented with YE and SM is an excellent alternative for producing S. xylosusAD1 biomass.

Desempenho de frangos caipiras Label Rouge alimentados com farelo de amendoim em substituição parcial ao farelo de soja / Performance of free range Label Rouge broilers fed peanut meal in partialsubstitution of soybean meal

Avaliou-se o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte caipiras, da linhagem Label Rouge pescoço pelado alimentados com diferentes níveis de farelo de amendoim em substituição ao farelo de soja. Um total de 128 frangos foram distribuídos entre 16 boxes, sendo alojados 8 frangos por boxe, cada boxe foi considerado como uma parcela experimental, e quatro níveis de substituição de farelo de soja por farelo de amendoim foram testados: 0; 12,5; 25 e 50 %. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 4 tratamentos e 8 repetições. Os frangos alimentados com farelo de amendoim apresentaram ganho de peso mais elevado e melhor conversão alimentar em todos os níveis de substituição analisados. A substituição de 50% de farelo de soja por farelo de amendoim apresentou o maior consumo de ração. Nas três fases de criação analisadas a variável ganho de peso foi mais elevada nas dietas 25 e 50 % de substituição de farelo de soja por farelo de amendoim. Os frangos alimentados com a ração sem inclusão de farelo de amendoim apresentaram os maiores pesos e rendimento de carcaça.

The present study evaluated the performance and carcass yield of naked neck Label Rouge free range broilers fed different levelsof peanut meal in substitution with soybean meal. A total of 128 chickens were distributed among 16 boxes (8 animals/box). Eachbox was considered an experimental parcel and four levels of soybean meal replacement by peanut bran were tested: 0; 12.5;25 and 50%. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 4 treatments and 8 replicates. Chickens fed peanut mealpresented higher weight gain and better feed conversion in all replacement levels analyzed. Replacing 50% of soybean mealby peanut meal presented the highest feed intake. In all three rearing phases analyzed, weight gain was higher in 25 and 50%soybean meal replacement by peanut meal diets. Chickens fed ration without inclusion of peanut meal presented the greatest weight and carcass yield.