Alarmins act both an immune and a disease alert / 中国免疫学杂志

Alarmins known as danger associated molecular patterns(DAMPs) are released into the extracellular endogenous bi-ological mediate by white blood cells and epithelial cells when body in a state of tissue injury and inflammation or physiological stress. Immunological and adaptive immune responses are activated and strengthened by chemotaxis and activation of antigen presenting cells(APC). They are closely associated with the disease development and outcome,and have important guiding significance for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Research advances in alarmins of ocular surface / 眼科新进展

Alarmins are endogenous mediators which transformed the early warning signals for immune system.Many studies have indicated that the expression of several alarmins was abnormal in the infectious and inflammatory diseases of ocular surface,such as high-mobility group box B protein 1,several antimicrobial peptides,interleukin33 and S100 proteins,which played multiple roles in those diseases,such as the effect of pro-inflammatory,anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial activity,wound healing.These studies are important for the pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets of ocular surface diseases.This review focus on the recent advances in alarmins of ocular surface.

¿Qué son los inflamosomas? El NLRP3 como por ejemplo / What are inflammasomes? The NLRP3 as an example

Resumen Una de las prácticas médicas más concurridas en la actualidad es el uso indiscriminado de medicamentos con actividad inhibidora de la inflamación. Sin embargo la inflamación es un proceso de reparación biológica fuertemente controlado por complejos intracelulares, conocidos como inflamosomas, que actúan como sensores y mediadores de la misma. Los inflamosomas forman parte de la familia de receptores tipo NOD que está formada de 3 subfamilias: NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain), NLRC (NOD-like receptor CARD domain containing) y NLRP (NOD-like receptor Pyrin domain containing), que es la que se relaciona con la formación de inflamosomas. Existen 14 diferentes tipos de NLRP. Los miembros de la familia NLRP responden a señales exógenas mediadas por PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) o a señales endógenas mediadas por DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns, [también conocidas como alarminas]). Los componentes de los inflamosomas tipo NLRP, una vez activado, se ensamblan de acuerdo a un patrón determinado y forman un complejo que activa a la caspasa-1 que activa a los precursores de IL-1b, IL-18 e IL-33, favoreciendo la secreción de estas citosinas hacia el espacio extracelular. La IL-1 y la IL-18 son miembros de la misma familia y se les reconoce como reguladores de la respuesta inmune innata y adaptativa, la IL-33 también es miembro de la familia de IL-1 y se le considera una alarmina. A manera de ejemplo, en el presente manuscrito describimos la estructura y formación del inflamosoma NLRP3 y mencionamos algunas de las enfermedades en las que se activa, enfatizando de manera muy particular su participación en la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

Abstract One highly common medical malpractice is the undiscriminatory use of inflammation inhibiting drugs. Inflammation is a biological repair process vastly controlled by intracellular complexes known as the inflammasome that act as sensors and mediators of the inflammation process. Inflammasomes are members of the NOD innate immune system family of receptors that consist of 3 closely related subfamilies: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD), NOD-like receptor CARD domain containing (NLRC), and NOD-like receptor Pyrin domain containing (NLRP); the latter is the most directly related to the inflammasome. There are 14 different NLRPs all of which are activated by exogenous signals through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or by endogenous signals via damage-associated molecular patterns, also known as alarmins, are endogenous molecules constitutively available and released upon tissue damage (DAMPs). Once activated, the components of the NLRP inflammasome begin an assembling process that follows a pre-established pattern so a caspase-1 activating complex is formed. This complex activates IL-1b, IL-18 and IL-33 precursors thus favoring the secretion of this cytokines to the extracellular milieu. IL-1 and IL-18 are members of the same cytokine family and their main function is to regulate the innate and adaptive immune response whereas IL-33, also a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines, is considered an alarmin. We emphasize the structure and formation of NLRP3, implicated on a host of inflammatory disorders, with special attention to its participation in Alzheimer´s diseases.

Research progression about the HMGN protein in tumor / 国际肿瘤学杂志

High mobility group N (HMGN),one member of the high mobility group superfamily,is expressed ubiquitously in living cells.HMGN can bind directly to nucleosomes and modulate the structure of the chromatin fiber,which affect the cellular transcription profile and cellular differentiation and the ability to repair damaged DNA.The occurence of tumor is closely related to the abnormal transcription caused by accumulation of mutations.Abnormal transcription can prompt the tumor cells to escape from the tight regulation of cell cycle progression.Studies show that HMGN plays an important role in cancer progression by involving in the regulation of tumor cell cycle and affecting the biological behavior of tumor cells.

Role of alarmins high mobility group protein B1 in sepsis / 中华危重病急救医学

High mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) is the most representative substance in the alarmins family, it is actively or passively release to extracellular by the activation of monocyte/macrophage and the dead cells, and then it stimulates the production of a variety of inflammatory mediators, and increases the organism's inflammatory response through relevant receptors signaling pathways. In recent years, its concentration can reflect the severity of inflammation and injury and was related to the prognosis, HMGB1 has won more and more attention in the development of sepsis. By reviewing the study of HMGB1 in sepsis pathogenesis, signal pathway and reversal measures, it was found that HMGB1 was considered as an important inflammatory mediators and warning signal involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis, and was become a new target in the treatment of sepsis. Further research on the role of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of sepsis is needed in the future, and the development of new drugs combined with HMGB1 will be used in the study of HMGB1 in animal experiments.