Prevalence of hypertension and associated anthropometric indices among the non-medical employees working in medical college Thiruvananthapuram: a cross-sectional study

Background: Hypertension is a major public health problem. Globally 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years have hypertension and among this 46% were undiagnosed. Kerala is one state undergoing epidemiological transition and having high prevalence of hypertension. So, we did this study to estimate the proportion of hypertension among non-medical employees of Medical College Thiruvananthapuram. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 202 non-medical employees of medical college Thiruvananthapuram. Data was collected using an investigator administered questionnaire. Anthropometric indices were measured and recorded. Blood pressure (BP) was recorded twice in a gap of 15 min for each participant in sitting position using mercury sphygmomanometer. Mean systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) was calculated to confirm hypertension. Participants those who were already detected as hypertensive and on treatment were also noted. Data was analysed using SPSS software version 27. Results: Prevalence of hypertension in the study population was 61/202 (30.19%). Among the hypertensive 39 (63.9%) were already detected and on treatment and 22 (36.1%) were undiagnosed. Among already detected hypertensive 13 (33.3%) were found to be inadequately treated. Hypertension was found to be associated with waist circumference and BMI. Conclusions: The study population was found to have high prevalence of hypertension and having association with waist circumference and BMI. The rule of halves for depicting the trend of hypertension in study population can be used as a tool to deduce various interventions in the community.

Metabolic syndrome prevalence in military personnel and correlation with anthropometric values in Ecuador

Introduction: Fat excess in the organism can behave as a multifactorial problem and predisposes to the presence of non-transmissible chronic diseases, in which cardiovascular diseases can be mentioned. Objective: To establish the optimal cut-off for anthropometric indices to predict Metabolic Syndrome in army personnel, attended at the primary health care. Method: An analytical, non-experimental study that was carried out in army personnel at the University of the Armed Forces, during the year 2020. The sample was represented by 203 participants, the collection methods were the medical and anthropometric records, taking into consideration variables such as height and weight, hip and waist circumference, body mass index, laboratory tests, among others. All the data was analyzed using international classification criteria. Results: The prevalence of MetSyn was obtained, according to the different criteria: MetSyn ALAD: 4.08% (SD: 0.52), MetSyn ATP III: 7.65% (SD: 0.52), MetSyn HARM: 5.4% (SD: 0.52) and finally, MetSyn OMS: 7.65% (SD: 0.52). Likewise, the predictive anthropometric indices according to the highest AUC are the WC and WHtR in all the criteria studied, in addition, according to MetSyn ATP III, the optimal WC cut-off is 91 cm and the WHtR is 0.53. Conclusions: The optimal cut-off for anthropometric indices that predict Metabolic syndrome in army personnel are WC and WHtR, with an optimal cut off lower than the criteria established by ALAD to the diagnosis of MetSyn.

Introducción: El exceso de grasa en el organismo puede ser un problema multifactorial y predispone a la presencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, entre las que se encuentran las cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Establecer el corte óptimo de los índices antropométricos para predecir el síndrome metabólico en personal militar que se atiende en la atención primaria de salud. Métodos: Estudio analítico, no experimental, llevado a cabo en personal militar de la Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, durante el año 2020. La muestra está representada por 203 participantes, los métodos de colección fueron los registros médicos y antropométricos, tomando en consideración variables como talla y peso, circunferencia de cintura y cadera, índice de masa corporal, pruebas de laboratorio, entre otros. Todos los datos fueron analizados usando criterios de clasificación internacional. Resultado: La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico (MetSyn), según los diferentes criterios es: MetSyn ALAD: 4,08 % (SD: 0,52), MetSyn ATP III: 7,65 % (SD: 0,52), MetSyn HARM: 5,4 % (SD: 0,52) y finalmente, MetSyn OMS: 7,65 % (SD: 0,52). Además, los índices antropométricos predictivos son el WC y WHtR en todos los criterios estudiados, y según MetSyn ATP III, el corte óptimo del WC es de 91 cm y del WHtR es de 0,53. Conclusiones: Los puntos de corte óptimos para los índices antropométricos que predicen el síndrome metabólico en el personal militar son WC y WHtR, con un punto de corte óptimo inferior a los criterios establecidos por ALAD para el diagnóstico de MetSyn.

Evaluation of anthropometric indices as predictors of metabolic syndrome: 3-year cohort in Ecuadorian military personnel / Evaluación de índices antropométricos como predictores de síndrome metabólico: cohorte de 3 años en personal militar ecuatoriano

ABSTRACT Introduction: The metabolic syndrome is a condition that predisposes to the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, where the presence of altered blood pressure, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity is evaluated in order to know the risk of developing this disease. Objective: To evaluate the anthropometric indices that predict the presence of developing metabolic syndrome in Ecuadorian military personnel. Methods: The research work is quantitative, observational and longitudinal with a correlational scope, it was made analyzing the annual medical records of preventive medicine, in the military personnel of the Army Soldiers Training School "Vencedores del Cenepa", during a 3-year cohort from 2019 to 2021. Results: The study shows an overweight military population, with a prevalence of metabolic syndrome: according to Asociación Latinoamericana de Diabetes criteria of 1 %, 1.66 % and 0.76 %, in the years 2019, 2020 and 2021 respectively; in contrast, according to Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, with a prevalence of 6.67 %, 6.31 % and 5.70 % in the years 2019, 2020 and 2021 respectively. Conclusions: The anthropometric indices, such as the waist-height index, abdominal perimeter and body mass index significantly predict the development of metabolic syndrome in the military personnel of the "Vencedores del Cenepa" Army Soldier Training School.

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome metabólico predispone al desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y metabólicas; en este se evalúa la presencia de presión arterial alterada, resistencia a la insulina, hiperglucemia, dislipidemia y obesidad abdominal, para conocer el riesgo de desarrollar esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Evaluar los índices antropométricos que predicen la presencia de síndrome metabólico en desarrollo, en militares ecuatorianos. Métodos: El trabajo de investigación es cuantitativo, observacional y longitudinal con alcance correlacional, se realizó analizando las historias clínicas anuales de medicina preventiva, en el personal militar de la Escuela de Formación de Soldados del Ejército "Vencedores del Cenepa", en una cohorte de 3 años, de 2019 a 2021. Resultados: El estudio muestra una población militar con sobrepeso, con la siguiente prevalencia de síndrome metabólico: según criterios de la Asociación Lationoamericana de Diabetes, de 1 %, 1,66 % y 0,76 %, en los años 2019, 2020 y 2021 respectivamente; en cambio, según criterios del Adult Treatment Panel III, 6,67 %, 6,31 % y 5,70 % en los años 2019, 2020 y 2021 respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los índices antropométricos, como el cintura-altura, perímetro abdominal e índice de masa corporal predicen significativamente el desarrollo del síndrome metabólico en el personal militar de la Escuela de Formación de Soldados del Ejército "Vencedores del Cenepa".

Determination of Relationship between Thyroid Gland Volume and Anthropometric Indices

Objective: To sonographically determine the thyroid gland volume in normal adults in Jos University Teaching Hospital, as well as how it relates to anthropometric factors. Background:The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glandsin the body weighing about 10-25g. It regulates the rate of metabolismand controls the growth and rate of function of many other systems in the body. These it does, by producing thyroid hormones, principally thyroxine(T4) and triiodothyronine(T3). The accurate estimation of the size of the thyroid is very important for the evaluation and management of thyroid disorders. Thus, knowing the normal size in a geographic location would form a baseline for detecting abnormalities. Ultrasonography is a cheap, readily available, easy to perform and non-invasive method to image the thyroid gland, hence its use in this resource-limited setting.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of sonographic measurement of thyroid gland volume on 400 normal (healthy) adults in Jos, Plateau State, Northern part of Nigeria. All examinations were performed using LOGIC 5, a real-time ultrasound machine using a 10MHZ linear transducer and ultrasound transmission gel to act as a coupling gel. Measurements of each lobe and isthmus were obtained in longitudinal (length), transverse (width) and depth(breath) in centimetres (cm). Blood samples were taken for thyroid function tests. The weight and heights were obtained. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS software version 17. The results were presented in forms of tables, graphs and chart.Results:The mean thyroid volume for males 6.03cm3±2.22 was higher than that of females 5.62cm3±2.14. The mean right lobe volume (RLV) was 3.09cm3±1.47 and that of males and females were 3.16cm3 ±1.34 and 3.04cm3 ±1.55 respectively. The mean left lobe volume (LLV) was 2.69cm3 ± 1.37 and that of males and females were2.89cm3±1.32 and 2.57cm3±1.39 respectively. The right lobe volume was significantly greater than the left lobe(p=0.000).The total mean isthmus volume was 0.27cm3±0.31. The mean isthmus volume in males 0.3±0.28 is significantly higher than that of females 0.24±0.23(p=0.025). The BMI increases in females with increasing age. BMI and BSA are higher in males.Conclusion:The volume obtained in this study was slightly lower than those reported by previous studies in Nigerian adults. The right lobe volume was higher than that of the left and the volume was higher in males compared to females. Anthropometric parameters were noted to affect the thyroid volume

Zinc Supplementation as Adjunctive Therapy in Adults with Tuberculosis in Calabar, Nigeria: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction:Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a leading killer from a single infectious agent worldwide, especially in Asia and Africa. Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 will be contingent on addressing ways of reducing the impact of TB to the health, socio-economic and health system of populations most at risk. Micronutrients supplementation is increasingly being recognized as having great potentials to that effect.Objective:This study thus assessed the potential benefits or otherwise of zinc supplementation on tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Calabar, Nigeria.Methods:Eligible patients (81) out of the 182 assessed were randomized to receive anti-TB drug regimen plus oral administration of individual zinc, 25 mg daily for 60 days(intervention group), Original ResearchArticle while the control group received anti-tuberculosis drug regimen only for 60 days. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. Clinical examination, Karnofsky performance scale index, direct sputum examination, anthropometric measurements and blood collection for haematological and zinc assessment were carried out before and 2 months after anti-TB treatment began. Difference in treatment effects between and within groups for continuous variables was tested using t-test. Mantel-Haenszel summary estimate of the relative risk (RR) was used to test the clinical effectiveness of the intervention. The Pearson test was applied to determine the correlation between variables.Main Results:The mean serum zinc levels at 2 months of TB treatment were significantly higher in the intervention group (14.4 ± 0.37μmol/L) in comparison with the control (12.9 ± 0.37 μmol/L); (p = 0.004). A significant difference (p = 0.010) in the serum concentrations of zinc was observed between the two groups when adjustments were made for TB-HIV co-infection. Risk reduction of about 41% for acid fast bacilli (AFB) positivity (RR: 0.59; 95% CI 0.23 to 1.46) was observed after 2 months of anti-TB treatment in favour of the intervention group. Similarly, intervention group had significantly (p = 0.005) lower proportion of patients with serum zinc levels < 10.7 μmol/L (intervention: 5; Control 10) and (p = 0.030) BMI < 18.5 kg /m2 below the lower ranges ((intervention: 9; Control 16). There was a significant improvement in the haematological parameters as evidenced by significant higher proportion of patients in the intervention group than the control group with values above the lower ranges for these parameters with risk reductions in favour of the intervention group for lower ranges as 34%, 12%, 73% and 58% respectively for haemoglobin, albumin, serum total protein and globulins. Conclusion: Irrespective of HIV status in individuals with tuberculosis, zinc micronutrient supplementation significantly increases clinical outcomes, haematological parameters, improves nutritional status as proxied by anthropometric indices and leads to faster sputum smear conversion. The study adds to the growing body of evidence in support of the beneficial role of zinc in TB control

Different anthropometric indices and incident risk of hypertension in elderly population: a prospective cohort study / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To explore the relationship between anthropometric indices and the incident risk of hypertension, compare novel anthropometric indices with traditional indices in hypertension prediction and establish hypertension prediction models among elderly Chinese.@*Methods@#A total of 27 009 retirees from the Dongfeng Motor Corporation were recruited at baseline in 2008 and the first follow-up was conducted in 2013. After the exclusion of participants less than 60 years old, participants with hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, and those with missing data, a total of 6 784 elderly participants were enrolled in this study. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between traditional anthropometric indices, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), novel anthropometric indices, visceral adiposity index (VAI), body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index (BRI), and the incident risk of hypertension. Meanwhile, a multivariate logistic regression model was used to establish hypertension prediction models. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to compare the prediction ability of different models.@*Results@#A total of 1 787 incident cases of hypertension were identified, with the incidence of hypertension about 27.59%. Significant positive associations were detected between BMI, WC, WHtR, VAI, BRI and the incident risk of hypertension after adjusting for potential confounders (all P values<0.05). In men, the OR (95%CI) (upper tertile vs lower tertile) was 1.45 (1.22-1.73) for VAI, and 1.86 (1.55-2.23) for BRI. In women, the OR (95% CI) (upper tertile vs lower tertile) was 1.55 (1.22-1.96) for VAI, and 1.60 (1.27-2.01) for BRI. For ABSI, no significant association was observed in either men (OR (95%CI): 1.07 (0.90-1.28)) or women (OR (95%CI): 1.03 (0.82-1.29), both P values >0.05). The basic hypertension prediction model included age, drinking (only in men), education status (only in men), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and fasting blood glucose levels. Based on the basic prediction model, BMI (in men: AUC=0.697) and BRI (only in men: AUC=0.696) improved area under ROC curve (AUC) significantly (P<0.05). BMI was the strongest predictor in both men (AUC=0.697) and women (AUC=0.685) in the extended model.@*Conclusion@#Significant positive associations were detected between BMI, WC, WHtR, VAI, BRI and the incident risk of hypertension among elderly Chinese. BMI was the strongest predictor in hypertension prediction model compared with other anthropometric indices.

Association of eating frequency with anthropometric indices and blood pressure in children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV Study / Associação da frequência de alimentação com índices antropométricos e pressão arterial em crianças e adolescentes: o Estudo CASPIAN-IV

Abstract Objectives: This study was conducted to explore the association of eating frequency (EF) with anthropometric indices and blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents. Methods: This nationwide cross-sectional study was performed on a multi-stage sample of 14,880 students, aged 6–18 years, living in 30 provinces in Iran. Parents were asked to report dietary intake of children as frequency of food groups and/or items. EF was defined as the sum of the daily consumption frequency of main meals and snacks. Association of EF with weight disorders, abdominal obesity, and elevated BP was assessed using different logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results: Eating more frequently (≥6 vs. ≤3) was found among students who were at younger age (11.91 vs. 13.29 years) (p < 0.001). Students who reported an EF of 4 (OR: 0.67, CI: 0.57–0.79), 5 (OR: 0.74, CI: 0.62–0.87), and 6 (OR: 0.54, CI: 0.44–0.65) had lower odds of being obese compared to those who had EF ≤ 3. Having EF of 4 (OR: 0.82, CI: 0.71–0.94), 5 (OR: 0.86, CI: 0.74–0.99), and ≥6 (OR: 0.73, CI: 0.63–0.85) was related to lower prevalence of abdominal adiposity. Conclusion: Higher EF was associated with lower mean values of anthropometric and BP measures, as well as with lower prevalence of generalized and abdominal obesity in children and adolescents. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of EF on body composition in the pediatric age group.

Resumo Objetivos: Este estudo foi feito para explorar a associação da frequência de alimentação (FA) com índices antropométricos e pressão arterial (PA) em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Este estudo transversal nacional foi feito em uma amostra de várias etapas de 14.880 estudantes entre seis e 18 anos de 30 províncias do Irã. Foi pedido que os pais relatassem o consumo alimentar das crianças, como a frequência de grupos e/ou itens alimentares. A FA foi definida como a soma da frequência de consumo diária das principais refeições e lanches. A associação entre FA e disfunções do peso, obesidade abdominal e PA elevada foi avaliada com diferentes modelos de regressão logística ajustados pelos possíveis fatores de confusão. Resultados: Foi constatada uma alimentação mais frequente (≥ 6 em comparação com ≤ 3) entre estudantes mais novos (11,91 em comparação com 3,29 anos) (P < 0,001). Estudantes que relataram quatro [razão de chance (RC): 0,67; intervalo de confiança (IC): 0,57-0,79], cinco (RC: 0,74; IC: 0,62-0,87) e seis (RC: 0,54; IC: 0,44-0.65) refeições apresentaram menores chances de se tornar obesos em comparação com os que apresentaram FAs ≤ 3. FA de quatro (RC: 0,82; IC: 0,71-0,94), cinco (RC: 0,86; IC: 0,74-0,99) e ≥ sei (RC: 0,73; IC: 0,63-0,85) foi associada a menor prevalência de adiposidade abdominal. Conclusão: A FA mais alta foi associada à redução nos valores médios das medidas antropométricas e de PA, bem como à menor prevalência de obesidade generalizada e abdominal em crianças e adolescentes. São necessários estudos longitudinais para avaliar os efeitos de longo prazo da FA sobre a composição corporal na faixa etária pediátrica.

Prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity in the workers of Shiraz hospitals.

Background: Obesity is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality that detection of its risk factors will lead to a reduction in its burden. Aim and objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity and its determinants among Shiraz hospitals’ staff. A random sample of 1023 hospitals staff was selected with categorical random sampling method. Data were collected by questions of demographic/occupational/ GHQ28/ IHS (International Headache Society) and general physical examinations. Result: The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity were estimated 27.8 % and 7.0% respectively. Prevalence of overweight and obesity were 28.5 and 6.7% in men and 27.5 and 7.1% in women respectively. Univariate and multiple linear regressions in SPSS v19 were used for analysis. In multiple linear regressions, BMI had direct relationship with age, having tension headache and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and indirect relationship with irregular sleeping and widow (er) status. Smoking, shift work and exercise were among the variables that showed no association with BMI. Conclusion: BMI status deserves more attention, espe-cially concerning strategies leading to primary prevention and control.

Anthropometric indices are associated with LDL cholesterol in postmenopausal Javanese women.

Introduction: Lipid abnormalities are seen to be linked lack of physical activity, obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes melitus. Postmenopausal women experience the changes of body composition by increasing the visceral fat. The study was aimed to explore relationship between anthropometric indices and lipid level in postmenopausal Javanese women. Methods: This cross sectional study included 34 healthy postmenopausal Javanese women, age range between 46-59 years, from Dusun Trukan, Karanggede dan Marangan Prambanan subdistrict, Sleman district. Aanthropometric measurements were carried following standard procedure. Appropriate statistical tools were used to analyze data using SPSS Version 17. A p value <0.05 was taken as level of significance. Results: Abdominal circumference showed significant positive association with LDL level (r=0.289, p=0.049) but not with triglyceride, HDL level and total cholesterol level. BMI also showed significant positive association with LDL level (r=0.336, p=0.026) but not with other variables. Conclusion: The data concluded that abdomibnal circumference and BMI are positively association with LDL cholesterol but not with other componenets of the lipid profile in Javanese postmenopausal women. Further studies, however, needed to warrented to understand the causal relationship involving large numer of subjects multiple centres.

Anthropometric indicators correlated with blood pressure in children / 临床儿科杂志

Objective To investigate the correlation of anthropometric indicators and blood pressure in children. Methods A total of 6 790 children aged 6 to 13 years were inspected by random sampling. The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and blood pressure were measured. The waist/hip ratio (WHR) and waist/height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. The data wrer analyzed by SPSS16.0 statistical software. Results The detection rate of hypertension in children was 5.57%. After controlling for age, both in male and female children, the BMI, WC, HC, WHR, WHtR and systolic blood pressure showed a significant positive correlation by partial correlation analysis (all P<0.05). Both in male and female children, the BMI, WC, HC, WHR, and WHtR were significantly higher in children with hypertension than those in children with normal blood pressure (all P<0.05). Among all subjects, 280 children (4.12%) were obese, 622 children (9.16%) were overweight. The detection rates of hy-pertension were significantly different among obese, overweight and normal weight children (P<0.01). The detection rate of hypertension was significantly higher in obese children than that in overweight and normal weight children. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure were all significantly higher in obese and overweight children than that in normal weight children (P<0.05). Conclusion The hypertension prevalence of children aged 6 to 13 years in Zhengzhou is in the low to median level in the same age groups. The BMI, WC, HC, WHR, WHtR are signiifcantly correlated with blood pressure in both gender, and the correlation is the most obvious in HC.

Association of dietary caloric intake with blood pressure, serum lipids and anthropometric indices in patients with hypertension.

The influence of dietary caloric intake was studied on blood pressure (BP), serum lipids, body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip-ratio (WHR) according to age and gender. The study population consisted of 400 healthy individuals as controls and 746 first time detected untreated hypertensive (HTN) subjects. The subjects were regrouped according to amount of calorie intake per day i.e. high and low calorie intake diet within two age-groups: 30-50 years and 51-80 yrs. Blood samples were drawn from all the subjects, following an overnight fast and serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and HDL-C were measured by standard methods. Serum LDL-C was calculated by Fredrickson-Friedwald formula. BP and anthropometric measurements were measured by a standardized protocol. Highly significant increases in TC, TG, LDL-C, anthropometric and atherogenic indices were seen. While a decrease in HDL-C was observed in high calorie HTN, as compared to low calorie controls. Gender-wise, men had increased values compared to women, except, HDL-C and BMI. With increase in age, all parameters increased in both the subject categories, except atherogenic and anthropometric indices. Hypertensive subjects with high calorie intake diet showed an increase in BP, serum lipids and BMI which might be the major contributor in precipitation of hypertension and also in increasing risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

A Study on the Dietary Behaviors, Physical Development and Nutrient Intakes in Preschool Children

The purpose of this study was to investigate the health status of preschool children using the questionnaires about dietary behaviors and anthropometric indices. And also nutritional status was investigated using questionnaires for 24-hr recall method. The study was conducted in 145 children aged 3 to 6 years and questionnaires for dietary behaviors and dietary intakes were performed by mothers of children in Ulsan. Just nine percent of children were graded as good in terms of having healthy eating habits, this means that the nutrition education for the dietary behaviors should be more focused on preschool children. With regard to the frequency of food intake, children consumed green & yellow vegetables less frequently, meanwhile consumed high protein source food (meat, egg and bean) and milk and its product more frequently. Children almost never consumed fried foods as often as 1-2 times a weak. In assessment of the health status, children have the highest prevalence of colds and allergy, but lower prevalence of clinical symptoms due to the nutritional deficiency. The mean height was 103.6 +/- 6.4 cm and significantly different among age (p < 0.05), but was not significantly different between sex. The mean weight was 17.8 +/- 3.0 kg and significantly different in 5, 6years old among age. By the WLI criteria, 11.1% of children were underweight and 17.4% of children were overweight or obese. By the Rohrer index criteria, any children were not underweight and 86.8% of children were overweight or obese. By the Kaup index criteria, 2.8% of children were underweight and 29.2% of children were overweight or obese. And Obesity Index criteria, 2.1% of children were underweight and 20.8% of children were overweight or obese. The results of obesity rate by all criteria except Rohrer index indicated similar level, were significantly high in age 3 with all criteria, and decreased with age increased. The energy intake of children was lower than EER (Estimated Energy Requirements) of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) by as much as 85.7%. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) was 62.6:21.5:15.7 as carbohydrate:protein:lipid, so children consumed protein more, but consumed lipid less compared with those of KDRIs. Vitamin A intake was 133% of recommended intakes (RI) and calcium intake which was identified as the nutrient most likely to be lacking in diets was 98.9% of RI. The intakes of all minerals and vitamins except folate were higher than KDRIs. 33.3% of children were distributed in insufficiency of energy intake, 42.7% of children were distributed in insufficiency of lipid intake. These results indicate that the need of developing of nutrition education program and further concern of a public health center, university and children care center about dietary life for preschool children.

Changes in Anthropometric Indices and Lipid Profile after Isolated Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy in Morbid Obesity

Purpose: Generally, morbid obesity has accompany with co-morbidities including dyslipidemia. Bariatric operation has shown various degree of effectiveness and different mechanism on weihgt loss. The effectiveness of sleeve gastrectomy in lipid profile is not revealed until now. Therefore, we have investigated and evaluated the efficacy of sleeve gastrectomy on weight loss and serum lipid profile. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 42 patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. All the patient was divided into two groups (group A (n=35): >50% excessive weight loss (EWL) in 6 months postoperatively, and group B (n=7): <50% (EWL)). Anthropometric Indices and serum lipid profile were measured before sleeve gastrectomy and postoperatively in 6 months. RESULTS: EWL of all the patients was 74.1+/-21.9% in 6 months postoperatively, group A was 80.4+/-18.2%, group B was 39.7+/-6.4%. Waist circumference, hip circumference, percent of body fat and visceral fat area were decreased in group A than B (P <0.05). Especially the visceral fat area of group A was reduced (-38.6%). Significant reduction of atherogenic index and triglyceride was observed (P <0.001) and increment of HDL cholesterol (P <0.001) was observed in both Groups. The moderate reduction of total cholesterol was observed in group A (P <0.05) but in not group B. LDL cholesterol level was mildly decreased but not statistically significant (group A: P=0.82, group B: P=0.746). Conclusion: Isolated vertical sleeve gastrectomy in morbid obesity patients is a effective surgical procedure. It offers excellent results in weight loss, anthropometric Indices and lipid profiles in short period of time. Eventually, it reduces the risk of coronary disease.

Relationship between Zinc Status and Obesity of Type 2 Diabetic Women / 대한지역사회영양학회지

Zinc is known to have important effects on insulin activity and to increase the body fat deposition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the zinc status and obesity in 50 type 2 diabetic women visiting public health center and hospital. The mean age was 57.9 +/- 6.9 years old. The mean of diabetic duration was 8.0 +/- 6.5 years. Body mass index (BMI) of diabetes was 23.2 +/- 2.3 kg/m2. There were no significant differences of mean age, anthropometric indices, and insulin level other than fasting blood sugar (p 10%) than in normal blood glucose (p< 0.001). Anthropometric indices were decreased in hyperglycemia. On the other hand, there were the tendency of increased urinary zinc in obese group for waist circumference and percent of body fat. These results suggested that controlled normal blood glucose could improve hyperzincuria and anthropometric changes in type 2 women diabeties.

Anthropometric indices, malnutrition prevalence and risk factors of children 1 – 5 years old in Vinh Bao Distric - Hai Phong

The study carried out anthropometric indices, malnutrition prevalence and risk factors of children under 5 years old in Vinh Bao district - Hai Phong. In general, the growth of children was suitable to the rule of children development (age and sex). The malnutrition rate was 17.44% and most of them were mild malnutrition (13.61%), average malnutrition was 3.54%, several malnutrition were 0.19%. Some risk factors: maternal milk insufficiency or loss, early breastfeeding stopping, low birth weight under 2500g, many children in a family, mother was younger than 20 years old or older than 40 years old

Association of Anthropometric Indices with Prevalence of Hypertension in Korean Adults / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between hypertension prevalence and the four commonest anthropometric measurements for obesity(body mass index(BMI), wasit-hip ratio(WHR), waist circumference(WC) and body fat in Korean adults. METHODS: We studied the cross-sectional association of the anthropometric indices and blood pressure in 1,197 individuals( who were participants in the population-based cohort study). Hypertension was defined as blood pressure 160/95 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive medication. Informations on life-style factors were obtained from personal interview. RESULTS: There were close associations between BMI, WHR and WC with blood pressure in both men and women. After age adjustment, BMI and WC showed significantly positive correlation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels in both men and women. Odds ratio(ORs) of being hypertensive were estimated comparing the highest to the lowest quantile, adjusting for age, smoking status, alcohol intake levels, education attainment. The simultaneously adjusted ORs of being hypertensive, comparing the highest vs the lowest categories, was for BMI 2.0(95% confidence interval(CI)=0.9-3.2) in men and 3.2 (95% CI=1.7-6.1) in women, for WC 2.1(95% CI=1.0-4.4) in men and 3.1(95% CI=1.6-5.9) in women, for fat(%) 4.2(95% CI=1.9-9.5) in men and 2.1(95% CI=1.2-3.6) in women. CONCLUSION: In addition to measures of overall obesity(BMI) as well as central obesity(WHR, WC), body fat(%) was independently associated with prevalence of hypertension. Among obesity indices, body fat was the most predictor variable in hypertensive state in male and BMI was in female.

Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Low Income Urban Area: Anthropometry and Dietary Intake / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The nutritional status of 125 preschool chidren(Female : 56, Male : 69) residing in low income area of Seoul was surveyed. The mean family size was 4.3 and the mean monthly income was 921,000 won which was below the poverty level. Average heights of boys aged 3, 4, 5 and 6 were 98.6 cm, 106.1 cm, 111.9 cm and 116.0 cm and those for girls were 99.4 cm, 106.4 cm, 110.9 cm, and 116.0 cm, respectively. There was no significant difference between the height of boys and girls. The proportion of children showing stunted growth(<90% of Korean standard of height) was 3.2%. The mean weight of boys for each age group(3, 4, 5, 6) were not significantly differient from that of girls. The proposetion of children assessed as moderately underweight (<80-90% of Korean Standard of weight) was 10.4% and 3.2% of children was underweight(<80% of weight standard). The group of children aged 3 were taking adequate energy, whereas the mean energy intake of children aged 4.5 and 6 were wirthin 77.3-78.6% of RDA. The proportion of energy derived from carbohydrate, fat and protein was 60.1%, 24.6% and 15.3%. The high proportion of energy derived from fat seems partly due to high energy intake from fat in the snack. The nutrients which did not meet 75% of the RDA were vitamin A and calcium for children aged 5, and iron for children aged 3 to 5. Carbohydrate intake was positively correlated with the height, weight and girth of chest(P<0.05-P<0.001). There was positive correlation between protein intake and weight, girth of chest and BMI, respectively(P<0.05). Iron intake showed positive relationship with height, weight and BMI(P<0.05).

Anthropometric and Nutrition Status of Institutional Children / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was designed to investigate the malnutrition rate with anthropometric indices for the nutrient intake of 74 children aged 4-12 years old in three child welfare institutions in Cheonan city. The average heights and weights of the children are much lower than the Korean average height and weight. The mean BMI is 17.0+/-1.53. In terms of heighter-for-age, 16.0% of the samples beong to below -2 standard deviation from the mean of the reference group. In terms of weight-for-age, 16.0% of the children belong to below -2 standard deviation. In terms of weight-for-height, 4.0% of the children belong to below -2 standard deviation. The standard deviation scores(Wt/Age, Ht/Age) indicate negative signs for seventy to eighty percent of the children. This is due to the lower consumption of the important nutrients that children consumed and almost all nutrients much less than the recommended daily allowances. Special nutrition welfare policies and programs targetings child welfare institutions should be developed to provide adequate nutrition for children in residential care.

Obesity, Serum lipid and Related Eating Behaviors of School Children / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was designed to investigate the obesity rate with anthropometric indices, nutritional status and serum lipid levels of 260 school children from 5th grade of elementry school residing in Puchon city. Obesity was defined as fat percentage that exceeds 25%. The prevalence rate of obesity were 15.2% for male and 14.1% for female. Mean fat percentage, BMI and Rohrer indice of obese male were 30.3%, 21.0 and 150.2 respectively and 28.0%, 21.5 and 151.9 for obese female. Mean serum TG, apo-B of obese female was significantly lower than that of non-obese. Obese male did not show any difference in serum lipid levels. The proportion of students whose serum cholesterol levels exceed 170mg/dI, which is cutoff point of bordeline for coronary artery disease, was 12.0% for male and 15.6% for female. The major factors affecting nutritional status were the amount of living expense, existence of mother's job and the regularity of having breakfast. Children who's living expense more than 500 thousants Won showed lower intake of Iron, vitamin A, thiamin, niacin and ascorbic acid(p<0.05). Children who's mothers are having a job were observed with decreased height(p<0.05). Children having breakfast regularly showed increased BMI and Rohrer indice than those of children having breakfast often of never.

A comparative study of anthropometric indices of Thai children aged 5-15 years in Bangkok and Rajchaburi.

A comparative study of weight, height, skinfold thickness, total body fat and lean body mass of healthy Thai children aged 5-15 years from Bangkok and Rajchaburi were studied. A total of 1253 children were from Bangkok and the other 1135 children were from Rajchaburi. All nutritional parameters of children at a corresponding age from Bangkok were higher than those of children from Rajchaburi. The nutritional parameters of children from Bangkok in this study are approaching those of children of the United States. At the same corresponding age, children of both sexes from Bangkok have less lean body mass but more total body fat than those of the United States. It is concluded that overnutrition is a problem in this group of children from Bangkok and should be tackled immediately.