Dietitians' practices in dialysis units in Brazil: nutritional assessment and intervention / Práticas de nutricionistas em unidades de diálise no Brasil: avaliação e intervenção nutricionais

ABSTRACT Introduction: The importance of dietitians in dialysis units is indisputable and mandatory in Brazil, but little is known about the practices adopted by these professionals. Objective: To know practices adopted in routine nutritional care, focusing on nutritional assessment tools and treatment strategies for people at risk or diagnosed with malnutrition. Methodology: Electronic questionnaire disseminated on social media and messaging applications. It included questions that covered dietitians' demographic and occupational profile characteristics and of the dialysis unit, use and frequency of nutritional assessment tools, nutritional intervention strategies in cases of risk or diagnosis of malnutrition, prescription and access to oral supplements. Results: Twenty four percent of the Brazilian dialysis units (n = 207) responded electronically. The most used nutritional assessment tools with or without a pre-established frequency were dietary surveys (96%) and Subjective Global Assessment (83%). The strategies in cases of risk or presence of malnutrition used most frequently (almost always/always) were instructions to increase energy and protein intake from foods (97%), and increasing the frequency of visits (88%). The frequency of prescribing commercial supplements with standard and specialized formulas was quite similar. The availability of dietary supplements by the public healthcare system to patients varied between regions. Conclusion: Most dietitians use various nutritional assessment tools and intervention strategies in cases of risk or malnutrition; however, the frequency of use of such tools and strategies varied substantially.

Resumo Introdução: A importância da atuação do nutricionista em unidades de diálise é indiscutível e obrigatória no Brasil, porém pouco sabemos sobre as práticas adotadas por esses profissionais. Objetivo: Conhecer práticas adotadas na rotina dos atendimentos nutricionais, com foco nas ferramentas de avaliação nutricional e nas estratégias de tratamento das pessoas com risco ou diagnóstico de desnutrição. Metodologia: Questionário eletrônico divulgado em mídias sociais e aplicativos de mensagens. Incluiu questões que abrangiam características do perfil demográfico e ocupacional do profissional e da unidade de diálise, utilização e frequência de ferramentas de avaliação nutricional, estratégias de intervenção nutricional em casos de risco ou diagnóstico de desnutrição e prescrição e acesso a suplementos alimentares orais. Resultados: Foram recebidos eletronicamente o equivalente a 24% das unidades de diálise brasileiras (n = 207). As ferramentas de avaliação nutricional mais utilizadas com ou sem frequência pré-estabelecida foram inquéritos dietéticos (96%) e Avaliação Global Subjetiva (83%). As estratégias em casos de risco ou presença de desnutrição utilizadas com mais frequência (quase sempre/sempre) foram a orientação de incremento energético e proteico por meio de alimentos (97%) e o aumento da periodicidade das visitas (88%). A frequência de prescrição de suplemento industrializado de fórmula padrão e especializada foi bastante semelhante. A disponibilização de suplementos alimentares pelo Sistema Único de Saúde aos pacientes variou entre as regiões. Conclusão: A maior parte dos nutricionistas utiliza diversas ferramentas de avaliação nutricional e estratégias de intervenção em casos de risco ou desnutrição, porém a frequência de utilização de tais ferramentas e estratégias foi bastante variada.

Surveying Colombian Speech-Language Pathologists on their Reported Training & Practices of Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice

Objective: To explore the training and use of auditory perceptual evaluation of the voice reported by Colombian speech-language pathologists. Study Design: Cross-sectional observational research with a quantitative approach. Methods: A digital questionnaire was designed and distributed to gather information regarding professionals' training process and implementation of auditory-perceptual evaluation procedures. Descriptive statistics were applied, and several generalized linear models were adjusted to determine the influence of certain variables on others. Results: The survey received responses from 40 speech-language pathologists, revealing that the most used scales for training and evaluating vocal quality within this group are direct magnitude estimations (82.5% and 77.5%). Similarly, in this group, the tasks most frequently used to train and use as an evaluation strategy are vowel assessments (38%) followed by spontaneous speech (30%). Practitioners of this group were mostly trained using a conceptual framework involving multiple exposures to rating (42.5%). The use of direct magnitude estimation in training with a normal voice showed significance (p = 0.015), as did the use of the vowel /i/ in training with an equal-appearing interval (p = 0.013). The statistical models relating the scale used to the scale on which participants were trained were also significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The GRBAS scale is the training tool most used by the group of speech-language pathologists of the study group in Colombia. Future efforts should focus on improving training practices for auditory-perceptual evaluation, exploring alternative conceptual frameworks, and incorporating external references to enhance validity and reliability.

Objetivo: Explorar los reportes de fonoaudiólogos colombianos acerca del entrenamiento y uso de la evaluación perceptual auditiva de la voz. Diseño de estudio: Se eligió un diseño de investigación observacional transversal con un enfoque cuantitativo. Metodología: Se diseñó y distribuyó un cuestionario digital para recopilar información sobre el proceso de formación de los profesionales y la implementación de procedimientos de evaluación perceptual auditiva. Se aplicaron estadísticas descriptivas y se ajustaron varios modelos lineales generalizados para determinar la influencia de ciertas variables en otras. Resultados: La encuesta recibió respuestas de 40 fonoaudiólogos, revelando que las escalas más utilizadas para la formación y la evaluación de la calidad vocal en el grupo son las estimaciones de magnitud directa (82.5% y 77.5%). Del mismo modo, en este grupo las tareas más frecuentemente utilizadas para la formación y el uso como estrategia de evaluación son las vocales (38%), seguidas por el habla espontánea (30%). La mayoría de los profesionales del grupo fueron formados utilizando un marco conceptual que involucra múltiples exposiciones a la calificación (42.5%). El uso de la estimación de magnitud directa en la formación con una voz normal mostró significancia (p = 0.015), al igual que el uso de la vocal /i/ en la formación con intervalos de igual apariencia (p = 0.013). Los modelos estadísticos que relacionan la escala utilizada con la escala en la que los participantes fueron entrenados también fueron significativos (p < 0.05). Conclusiones: La escala GRBAS es la herramienta de formación más utilizada por el grupo de fonoaudiólogos del estudio. Los esfuerzos futuros deberían centrarse en mejorar las prácticas de formación para la evaluación perceptual auditiva, explorar marcos conceptuales alternativos e incorporar referencias externas para mejorar la validez y la confiabilidad.

Outcomes of a Community of Practice on Quebec Speech Language Pathologists' Voice Assessment Practices and Professional Identity

In a context where different protocols for recommended practices in clinical voice assessment exist, while there are gaps in the literature regarding the evidence base supporting assessment procedures and measures, clinicians from regions where a strong community holding expertise in clinical and scientific voice practices lack can struggle to confidently develop their voice assessment practices. In an effort to improve voice assessment practices and strengthen professional identity among speech-language pathologists in Quebec, Canada, a community of practice (CoP) was established, with the aim of promoting knowledge sharing, implementing change in clinical practice, and improving professional identity. Thirty-nine participants took part in the CoP activities conducted over a four-month period, including virtual meetings and in-person workshops. Participants had a high rate of attendance (> 74% participation rate in virtual meetings), and were highly satisfied with their participation and intended to remain involved after the project's end. Statistically significant changes in voice assessment practices were observed post-CoP, regarding probability of performing assessments (p < .001), and perceived importance of assessment for evaluative purposes (p <.001), as well as improvements in assessment specific confidence, specifically for procedure of auditory-perceptual assessment (p < .001) and purpose of aerodynamic assessment (p = .05). Moreover, there was an increase in professional identity post-CoP (p < .001) and participants felt they made significant learnings. The present study highlighted the need to involve SLPs in future research to identify assessments that are relevant to the specific evaluative objectives of SLPs working with voice, and suggests CoPs are an efficient tool for that purpose.

En un contexto en el que existen diferentes protocolos para las prácticas recomendadas en la evaluación vocal clínica, y en el que se presentan vacíos en la literatura respecto a la base de evidencia que respalda los procedimientos y medidas de evaluación, los profesionales de regiones donde no hay una comunidad sólida con experiencia en prácticas vocales clínicas y científicas pueden enfrentar dificultades para desarrollar con confianza sus prácticas de evaluación vocal. Con el propósito de mejorar las prácticas de evaluación vocal y fortalecer la identidad profesional entre los logopedas de Quebec, Canadá, se estableció una comunidad de práctica (CdP). Esta tenía como objetivo fomentar el intercambio de conocimientos, implementar cambios en la práctica clínica y mejorar la identidad profesional. Un total de treinta y nueve participantes se involucraron en las actividades de la CdP, llevadas a cabo durante un período de cuatro meses, que incluyeron reuniones virtuales y talleres presenciales. Los participantes tuvieron una alta tasa de asistencia (> 74% de participación en las reuniones virtuales) y expresaron un alto grado de satisfacción con su participación, manifestando su intención de continuar involucrados después de la finalización del proyecto. Se observaron cambios estadísticamente significativos en las prácticas de evaluación vocal posterior a la CdP, en lo que respecta a la probabilidad de llevar a cabo evaluaciones (p < .001) y la percepción de la importancia de la evaluación con fines evaluativos (p < .001), así como mejoras en la confianza específica en la evaluación, particularmente en el procedimiento de evaluación auditivo-perceptual (p < .001) y el propósito de la evaluación aerodinámica (p = .05). Además, se registró un aumento en la identidad profesional posterior a la CdP (p < .001) y los participantes sintieron que obtuvieron aprendizajes significativos. El presente estudio destacó la necesidad de involucrar a los logopedas en investigaciones futuras, para identificar evaluaciones pertinentes a los objetivos evaluativos específicos de los logopedas que trabajan con la voz, y sugiere que las CdP son una herramienta eficiente con ese propósito.

Controversy on the CONVINCE study findings: the PRO take / Controvérsia sobre os achados do estudo CONVINCE: a perspectiva PRO

ABSTRACT The CONVINCE study, recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine, reveals a groundbreaking 23% reduction in the relative risk of all-cause mortality among end-stage kidney patients undergoing high convective volume hemodiafiltration. This significant finding challenges the conventional use of high-flux hemodialysis and offers hope for improving outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients. While some controversies surround the study's findings, including concerns about generalizability and the causes of death, it is essential to acknowledge the study's design and its main outcomes. The CONVINCE study, part of the HORIZON 2020 project, enrolled 1360 patients and demonstrated the superiority of hemodiafiltration in reducing all-cause mortality overall, as well as in specific patient subgroups (elderly, short vintage, non-diabetic, and those without cardiac issues). Interestingly, it was shown that hemodiafiltration had a protective effect against infection, including COVID-19. Future research will address sustainability, dose scaling effects, identification of subgroups especially likely to benefit and cost-effectiveness. However, for now, the findings strongly support a broader adoption of hemodiafiltration in renal replacement therapy, marking a significant advancement in the field.

RESUMO O estudo CONVINCE, publicado recentemente no New England Journal of Medicine, revela uma redução inovadora de 23% no risco relativo de mortalidade por todas as causas entre pacientes renais em estágio terminal submetidos à hemodiafiltração de alto volume de convecção. Esse achado significativo desafia o uso convencional da hemodiálise de alto fluxo e oferece esperança de melhoria dos desfechos em pacientes com doença renal crônica. Embora algumas controvérsias cerquem os achados do estudo, incluindo preocupações sobre a generalização e as causas de óbito, é essencial reconhecer o desenho do estudo e seus principais desfechos. O estudo CONVINCE, parte do projeto HORIZON 2020, inscreveu 1.360 pacientes e demonstrou a superioridade da hemodiafiltração na redução da mortalidade por todas as causas em geral, bem como em subgrupos específicos de pacientes (idosos, HD de curta duração, não diabéticos e aqueles sem problemas cardíacos). Curiosamente, demonstrou-se que a hemodiafiltração teve um efeito protetor contra infecções, incluindo a COVID-19. Pesquisas futuras abordarão sustentabilidade, efeitos de escalonamento da dose, identificação de subgrupos especialmente propensos a se beneficiar e a relação custo-benefício. No entanto, por ora, os achados apoiam fortemente uma adoção mais ampla da hemodiafiltração na terapia renal substitutiva, marcando um avanço significativo na área.

Portfólio: percepção de estudantes de graduação da área da saúde / Portafolio: percepción de los estudiantes de pregrado en eláreade la salud / Portfolio: perception of undergraduate students in the healthcare field

Introdução:A formação em saúde norteia a prática profissional, incidindo diretamente na atenção e assistência à saúde ofertada à população. Nesse sentido, o uso de métodos ativos de aprendizagem e avaliação, como por exemplo, o portfólio, podem contribuir para a construção de conhecimentos crítico-reflexivos. Objetivo:Evidenciara percepção de estudantes dos cursos da área da saúde, que cursam a disciplina de Saúde e Cidadania na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte sobre o uso do portfólio enquanto instrumento de avaliação do ensino aprendizagem. Metodologia:Os dados foram obtidos por meio da formação de grupo focaleanalisados pela análise do conteúdo. Definiram-se, então, as categorias temáticas:percepção sobre o portfólio; a elaboração do portfólio e a sua contribuição para a formação; dificuldades para formulação doportfólio;o portfólio como instrumento de avaliação. Resultados:Os estudantes compreendem o portfólio como instrumento de diálogo entre docentes e discentes, através dos relatos das vivências em grupo nos equipamentos sociais e reflexões individuais na construção de conceitos e aprofundamento teórico. Ainda referem inseguranças e dúvidas acerca da estruturação e confecção do instrumento, no entanto, percebem o portfólio como potente e inovador no auxílio aconstrução do conhecimento uma vez que permite oacompanhamento do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, possibilitando maior interação entre educador-educando, com produção de uma aprendizagem significativa.Conclusões:o portfólio estimula a reflexão e a crítica acerca das vivências nos cenários de práticas onde se desenvolve o componente curricular Saúde e Cidadaniacorroborando, sobremaneira, para a construção do conhecimento dos estudantes (AU).

Introduction:A degreein healthcare guides the professional practice, directly affecting the healthcare attention and assistance offered to the population. In this sense, the use of active learning and assessment methods, such as portfolios, can contribute to the construction of critical-reflective knowledge. Objective:To highlight the perception of students from health courses, who study the Health and Citizenship discipline at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, regarding the use of the portfolio as an instrument for evaluating teaching and learning.Methodology:Data were obtained through the formation of a focus group and analyzed using content analysis. Thematic categories were then defined: perception of the portfolio; the preparation of the portfolio and its contribution to training; difficulties in formulating the portfolio; the portfolio as an assessment tool. Results:Students understand the portfolio as an instrument of dialogue between teachers and students, through reports of group experiences in social facilities and individual reflections in the construction of concepts and theoretical deepening. They still report insecurities and doubts about the structuring and creation of the instrument, however, they perceive the portfolio as powerful and innovativein helping to build knowledge as it allows the monitoring of the teaching-learning process, enabling greater interaction between educator and student, with the production of significant learning. Conclusions:The portfolio encourages reflection and criticism about the experiences in the practical scenarios where the curricular component -SACI is developed, greatly supporting the construction of students' knowledge (AU).

Introducción:La formación en salud orienta la práctica profesional, incidiendo directamente en la atención y asistencia sanitaria que se ofrece a la población. En este sentido, el uso de métodos activos de aprendizaje y evaluación, como los portafolios, puedecontribuir a la construcción de conocimiento crítico-reflexivo. Objetivo:Resaltar la percepción de estudiantes de carreras de salud, que cursan la disciplina Salud y Ciudadanía de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Norte, sobre el uso del portafolios como instrumento de evaluación de la enseñanza y del aprendizaje. Metodología:Los datos se obtuvieron mediante la formación de un grupo focal y se analizaron mediante análisis de contenido. Luego se definieron categorías temáticas: percepción del portafolio; la elaboración del portafolio y su contribución a la formación; dificultades para formular el portafolio; el portafolio como herramienta de evaluación.Resultados:Los estudiantes entienden el portafolio como un instrumento de diálogo entre docentes y estudiantes, a través de relatos de experiencias grupales en establecimientos sociales y reflexiones individuales en la construcción de conceptos y profundización teórica. Aún reportan inseguridades y dudas sobre la estructuración y creación del instrumento, sin embargo, perciben el portafolio como poderoso e innovador para ayudar a la construcción de conocimiento ya que permite el seguimiento del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, posibilitando una mayor interacción entre educador y estudiante, con la producción de aprendizajes significativos.Conclusiones: El portafolio incentiva la reflexión y crítica sobre las experiencias en los escenarios prácticos donde se desarrolla el componente curricular -SACI, apoyando en gran medida la construcción del conocimiento de los estudiantes (AU).

Atenção hospitalar em saúde mental no Rio Grande do Norte: contribuições do planejamento e avaliação em saúde / Atención hospitalaria en salud mental en Rio Grande do Norte: aportes de la planificación y evaluación en salud / Hospital mental health care in Rio Grande do Norte: contributions of health planning and evaluation

Introdução: O componente hospitalar da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial preconiza o fechamento progressivo de hospitais psiquiátricos e a implementação de leitos de saúde mental em hospital geral, capazes de fornecer atendimento para os casos agudos que necessitem de internação de forma articulada com os demais pontos de atenção da rede. Objetivo: Diante disso, o objetivo do presente artigo foi analisar a distribuição do número de leitos de atenção hospitalar em saúde mental no Rio Grande do Norte entre 2012 e 2022 e apresentar uma proposta de planejamento e avaliação para fortalecer a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial do estado. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico realizado no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, no período de 2012 a 2022, usando dados secundários sobre as internações, seguido de um estudo propositivo com base em referências de planejamento e avaliação em saúde. Resultados: Observa-se uma redução do número de leitos psiquiátricos ao longo do tempo, mas que não se mostra suficiente e não se traduz em um crescimento satisfatório de leitos de saúde mental em hospital geral. Foram propostas cinco ações com o intuito de fortalecer a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial através da implantação e qualificação de leitos de saúde mental em hospitais gerais. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o movimento de constituição do componente hospitalar da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial do Rio Grande do Norte tem se apresentado em movimento irregular e o número de leitos de saúde mental em hospital geral é insuficiente. Espera-se que as intervenções e avaliações sugeridas possam contribuir para subsidiar importantes encaminhamentos no âmbito das políticas públicas de saúde mental do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil (AU).

Introduction: The hospital component of the Psychosocial Care Network (PCN) advocates the progressive closure of psychiatric hospitals and the implementation of mental health beds in general hospitals, capable of providing care for acute cases that require hospitalization in conjunction with other network attention points. Objective: In view of this, the objective of this article was to analyze the quantitative distribution of hospital mental health care beds in Rio Grande do Norte between 2012 and 2022 and present a planning and evaluation proposal to strengthen the state's PCN. Methodology: This is an ecological study carried out in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, from 2012 to 2022 using secondary data on hospitalizations, followed by a proactive study based on health planning and evaluation references. Results:There has been a reduction in the number of psychiatric beds over time, but not sufficient andnot translated into a satisfactory growth in mental health beds in general hospitals. Five actions were proposed with the aim of strengthening the PCN through the implementation and qualification of mental health beds in general hospitals.Conclusion: It is concluded that the movement to establish the hospital component of PCN in Rio Grande do Norte has been irregular and the number of mental health beds in general hospitals is insufficient. It is expected that the suggested interventions and evaluations may contribute to supporting important developments within the scope of public mental health policies in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (AU).

Introducción: El componente hospitalario de la Red de Atención Psicosocial (RAPS) aboga por el cierre progresivo de los hospitales psiquiátricos y la implementación de camas de salud mental en los hospitales generales, capaces de brindar atención a casos agudos que requieran hospitalización en conjunto con otros puntos de atención de la red. Objetivo:Ante esto, el objetivo de este artículo fue analizar la distribución del número de camas hospitalarias de atención a la salud mental en Rio Grande do Norte entre 2012 y 2022 y presentar una propuesta de planificación y evaluación para fortalecer el RAPS del Estado. Metodología:Se trata de un estudio ecológico realizado en el Estado de Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, de 2012 a 2022, utilizando datos secundarios sobre hospitalizaciones, seguido de un estudio propositivo basado en referencias de planificación y evaluación de la salud. Resultados:Hay una reducción en el número de camas psiquiátricas a lo largo del tiempo, pero esto no es suficiente y no se traduce en un crecimiento satisfactorio de camas de salud mental en los hospitales generales. Se propusieron cinco acciones con el objetivo de fortalecer el RAPS a través de la implementación y habilitación de camas de salud mental en hospitales generales. Conclusión:Se concluye que el movimiento para establecer el componente hospitalario del RAPS en Rio Grande do Norte ha sido irregular y el número de camas de salud mental en un hospital general es insuficiente. Se espera que las intervenciones y evaluaciones sugeridas puedan contribuir a apoyar derivaciones importantes dentro del alcance de las políticas públicas de salud mental en Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil (AU).

Análisis sociodemográfico, metodológico y diagnóstico de los informes periciales en psiquiatría y psicología para la toma de decisiones legales en el Centro de Estudios en Derecho y Salud (Medellín, Colombia) / Socio-demographic, methodological and diagnostic analysis of expert reports in psychiatry and psychology for legal decision-making Centro de Estudios en Derecho y Salud (Medellín, Colombia) / Análise sociodemográfica, metodológica e diagnóstica de relatórios de especialistas em psiquiatria e psicologia para tomada de decisões legais no Centro de Estudios en Derecho y Salud (Medellín, Colombia)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las características sociodemográficas, metodológicas y diagnósticas de los informes periciales en psiquiatría y psicología realizados en el Centro de Estudios en Derecho y Salud entre 2011 y 2020. Se optó por un enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo con intención analítica, transversal, con diseño retrospectivo. Se analizó la información obtenida en 145 peritajes. Se adelantó un análisis univariado para todas las variables sociodemográficas, metodológicas y diagnósticas de los informes periciales, según su naturaleza cualitativa o cuantitativa, y un análisis bivariado a través de tablas de contingencia para las variables mencionadas, con intervalos de confianza del 95 % para cada una de las medidas de prevalencia. Se encontró que la mayoría de peritajes fueron solicitados por el área del derecho contencioso-administrativo. Los diagnósticos más prevalentes fueron el trastorno adaptativo, el trastorno por estrés postraumático y el trastorno depresivo. Si bien los informes revisados cumplen con los lineamientos mínimos de ley, se encontraron algunas falencias relacionadas con la ausencia de información. Se espera que estos hallazgos permitan la reflexión por parte de los auxiliares de la justicia sobre los requerimientos de los informes periciales con miras a la humanización de la justicia y el apoyo a la toma de decisiones legales.

The aim of this study was to analyse the socio-demographic, methodological and diagnostic characteristics of the expert reports in psychiatry and psychology carried out at the Centre for Law and Health Studies between 2011 and 2020. We opted for a quantitative, descriptive approach with analytical, cross-sectional, retrospective design. The information obtained from 145 expert opinions was analysed. A univariate analysis was carried out for all sociodemographic, methodological and diagnostic variables in the expert reports, according to their qualitative or quantitative nature, and a bivariate analysis through contingency tables for the aforementioned variables, with confidence intervals of 95 % for each of the prevalence measures. It was found that the majority of expert opinions were requested by the area of contentious-administrative law. The most prevalent diagnoses were adjustment disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive disorder. Although the reports reviewed comply with the minimum legal guidelines, there were some shortcomings related to the absence of information. It is hoped that these findings will allow for reflection on the part of justice officials on the requirements of expert reports with a view to the humanisation of justice and support for legal decision-making.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características sociodemográficas, metodológicas e diagnósticas dos laudos periciais em psiquiatria e psicologia realizados no Centro de Estudos em Direito e Saúde entre 2011 e 2020. Optou-se por uma abordagem quantitativa e descritiva com desenho analítico, transversal e retrospectivo. Foram analisadas as informações obtidas de 145 pareceres de especialistas. Foi realizada uma análise univariada para todas as variáveis sociodemográficas, metodológicas e diagnósticas dos laudos periciais, de acordo com sua natureza qualitativa ou quantitativa, e uma análise bivariada por meio de tabelas de contingência para as variáveis mencionadas, com intervalos de confiança de 95 % para cada uma das medidas de prevalência. Verificou-se que a maioria dos pareceres foi solicitada pela área de direito contencioso-administrativo. Os diagnósticos mais prevalentes foram transtorno de ajustamento, transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e transtorno depressivo. Embora os relatórios analisados estejam em conformidade com as diretrizes legais mínimas, houve algumas deficiências relacionadas à ausência de informações. Espera-se que esses resultados permitam uma reflexão por parte dos envolvidos no sistema judiciário sobre os requisitos dos laudos periciais, com vistas à humanização da justiça e ao apoio à tomada de decisões legais.

Funções neuropsicológicas de meninas privadas de liberdade em unidade socioeducativa / Neuropsychological functions of girls deprived of liberty in socio-educational unit / Funciones neuropsicológicos de niñas privadas de libertad en unidad socioeducativa

OBJETIVO: A avaliação neuropsicológica tem alta relevância na adolescência e em situação de conflito com a lei, com privação de liberdade em instituições socioeducativas, pode auxiliar, compondo abordagens psicossociais que identifiquem as funções neuropsicológicas, situando-as a partir da historicidade do indivíduo. Deste modo, para compreender esse problema, foi objetivo desse estudo avaliar e descrever as funções neuropsicológicas de adolescentes meninas privadas de liberdade em instituição socioeducativa. MÉTODOS: As participantes foram 19 meninas avaliadas com os instrumentos: Barratt Scale, Inventário de Expressão de Raiva, teste Wisconsin de classificação de cartas, protocolo neuropsicológico, questionário para uso de drogas e Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised. RESULTADOS: O uso de drogas na vida ocorreu em 80,0% dos casos. Verificaram-se altos escores de impulsividade total (M=75,8, DP=5,4), traço de raiva (M=24,5, DP=7,3) e respostas perseverativas (M =38,5, DP =19,9). Em conjunto com PCL-R total (M=17,5, DP=3,6) e com QI total (M=79,1, DP=16,2), esses níveis auxiliaram na caracterização das funções de autocontrole. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados foram interpretados como indicativos de baixo funcionamento executivo, altos níveis de raiva, de impulsividade, de uso de drogas e de traços de psicopatia. Foram relatadas adversidades durante a infância, o que pode ter contribuído para um desempenho prejudicado nas funções cognitivas e emocionais dessas meninas.

OBJECTIVE: Neuropsychological assessment is highly relevant in adolescence and in situations of conflict with the law, with deprivation of liberty in socio-educational institutions, it can help, composing psychosocial approaches that identify neuropsychological functions, situating them based on the individual's historicity. Therefore, to understand this problem, the objective of this study was to evaluate and describe the neuropsychological functions of adolescent girls deprived of liberty in a socio-educational institution. METHODS: The participants were 19 girls evaluated with the following instruments: Barratt Scale, Anger Expression Inventory, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Neuropsychological protocol, drug use questionnaire and Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised. RESULTS: Lifetime drug use occurred in 80.0% of cases. There were high scores for total impulsivity (M=75.8, SD=5,4), trait anger (M=24.5, SD=7.3) and perseverative responses (M=38.5, SD=19.9). Together with total PCL-R (M=17.5, SD=3.6) and total IQ (M=79.1, SD=16), these levels helped to characterize self-control functions. CONCLUSIONS: The data were interpreted as indicating low executive functioning, high levels of anger, impulsivity, drug use and psychopathic traits. Adversities were reported during childhood, which may have contributed to impaired performance in the cognitive and emotional functions of these girls.

OBJETIVO: La evaluación neuropsicológica es de gran relevancia en la adolescencia y en las situaciones de conflicto con la ley, con privación de libertad en instituciones socioeducativas, puede ayudar, componiendo enfoques psicosociales que identifiquen funciones neuropsicológicas, las situando en función de la historicidad del individuo. Por tanto, para comprender esta problemática, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y describir las funciones neuropsicológicas de niñas adolescentes privadas de libertad en una institución socioeducativa. MÉTODOS: Las participantes fueron 19 niñas evaluadas con los siguientes instrumentos: Escala de Barratt, Inventario de Expresión de Ira, Test de clasificación de cartas de Wisconsin, protocolo neuropsicológico, cuestionario de consumo de drogas y Lista de Verificación de Psicopatía de Hare Revisada. RESULTADOS: El consumo de drogas durante la vida ocurrió en el 80,0% de los casos. Hubo puntuaciones altas en impulsividad total (M = 75,8, DE = 5,4), rasgo de ira (M = 24,5, DE = 7,3) y respuestas perseverativas (M = 38,5, DE = 19,9). Junto con el PCL-R total (M=17,5, DE=3,6) y el CI total (M=79,1, DE=16,2), estos niveles ayudaron a caracterizar las funciones de autocontrol. CONCLUSIONES: Se interpretó que los datos indicaban un bajo funcionamiento ejecutivo, altos niveles de ira, impulsividad, consumo de drogas y rasgos psicopáticos. Se informaron adversidades durante la infancia, que pueden haber contribuido al deterioro del desempeño en las funciones cognitivas y emocionales de estas niñas.

Femoral fracture in the elderly: dependence on nursing care

Introduction: Due to the aging of the population, nursing processes have been adapted to these patients, who require a high level of care and guidance. Objective: Analyzing the degree of dependence on nursing care by elderly patients (65 years or older) with femur fractures. Materials and Methods: retrospective, with a quantitative approach, carried out in a private hospital from April 2021 to April 2022. The sample comprehends 41 patients, analyzed epidemiological data and degree of dependence Study of nursing care during hospitalization, environment of hospitalization and discharge, according to the SCP. Results: Composed of 41 patients, mean age of 84 years and female predominance (75.61%). With regard to fractures, there was a greater occurrence due to falls from standing height and predominance of neck fractures, with an average time until surgery of less than 16 hours. Systemic Arterial Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus were predominant. The average of the SCP estimates presented 24.26 in the 1st, 26.12 in the 2nd and 26.24 in the 3rd. The length of hospital stay was 7 days and no deaths were reported. Discussion: The findings on sociodemographic data, reasons for falls, location, comorbidities, degree of dependence and length of hospital stay are similar to those available in databases. They differ, in better quality, under time until surgery and clinical. Conclusions: The study presents specific knowledge to carry out the care of the intra-hospital nursing process, thus allowing the systematization of the team's assistance.

Desafios avaliativos em cenário ribeirinho: pistas metodológicas para o acesso à rede de urgência e emergência / Evaluation challenges in a ribeirinho context: methodological clues in accessing the urgency and emergency network / Desafíos evaluativos en el escenario ribereño: pistas metodológicas para el acceso a la red de urgencia y emergencia

O acesso à saúde e às políticas públicas em áreas remotas é um desafio relevante aos sistemas públicos no Brasil, dada sua dimensão e diversidade territorial. Este artigo tem como proposta apresentar o modelo teórico-lógico elaborado para avaliar o acesso da população ribeirinha à rede de urgência e emergência (RUE) em cenário amazônico, com vistas a fortalecer o planejamento, o monitoramento e a avaliação em saúde voltados para populações específicas. O ponto de partida metodológico foi a revisão temática sobre o acesso à saúde e o contexto amazônico na sua inter-relação com a proposta da pesquisa, que foi problematizada em encontros com colaboradores. Em seguida, buscou-se compreender e analisar os componentes teórico e lógico do modelo e adaptá-los à tríade donabediana ­ estrutura, processo e resultado. O resultado configurou a construção do modelo propriamente dito, com centralidade nas características que representam a oferta dos serviços (sócio-organizacional) e que retratam principalmente o espaço (geográfico). Esses pontos de construção do modelo demonstram sua contribuição para subsidiar outros processos avaliativos e o impacto final na tomada de decisão para qualificar o acesso da população ribeirinha à saúde em momento de sofrimento agudo, auxiliando na superação das condições que segregam essas populações.

Access to health and public policies in remote areas is a major challenge for public systems in Brazil, given its dimension and territorial diversity. This article presents a theoretical-logical model designed to assess the ribeirinho population's access to the urgency and emergency network in the Amazon as to strengthen health planning, monitoring, and evaluation aimed at specific populations. Starting from a thematic review on access to health and the Amazon in its interrelation with the research proposal, which were problematized in meetings with collaborators, the research sought to understand and analyze the model's theoretical and logical components and adapt them to the Donabedian triad (structure, process and result). This resulted in the model itself, centered on service provision (socio-organizational) and the space (geographic). These points demonstrate its contribution to support other evaluation processes and the final impact on decision-making to qualify this population's access to health under acute suffering, helping to overcome current restrictive conditions.

El acceso a la salud y a las políticas públicas en áreas remotas es un desafío relevante para el sistema público en Brasil dada su dimensión y diversidad territorial. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un modelo teórico-lógico desarrollado para validar el acceso de la población ribereña a la red de urgencia y emergencia en el escenario amazónico, para fortalecer la planificación, la vigilancia y la evaluación de los resultados de salud de poblaciones específicas. El punto de partida metodológico fue la revisión temática sobre el acceso a la salud en el contexto amazónico, en especial su interrelación con la propuesta de investigación, que fue problematizada en reuniones con colaboradores. Después, se buscó comprender y analizar los componentes teórico y lógico del modelo y adaptarlos a la tríada donabediana ­estructura, proceso y resultado. El resultado configuró la construcción del modelo propiamente dicho, con foco en las características que representan la prestación de los servicios (social-organizacional) y que retratan principalmente el espacio (geográfico). Estos puntos de construcción del modelo destacan su contribución para subsidiar otros procesos evaluativos y el impacto final en la toma de decisiones para calificar el acceso de la población ribereña a la salud en un momento de sufrimiento agudo, ayudando a superar las condiciones que segregan a estas poblaciones.

Atenção pré-natal na estratégia saúde da família em município de referência do nordeste brasileiro / Prenatal care by the family health strategy in a reference city of northeastern Brazil / La atención prenatal en la estrategia de salud de la familia en una ciudad de referencia del noreste de Brasil

Avaliou-se a qualidade da atenção pré-natal na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) em município de referência macrorregional do Nordeste brasileiro. Trata-se de avaliação normativa com nível analítico centrado nas Equipes de Saúde da Família (eSF). Realizaram-se entrevistas com enfermeiros gerentes das eSF, mediante um questionário estruturado, validado nacionalmente e com padrões avaliativos da estrutura e do processo de trabalho das eSF, centrado nas dimensões assistencial e gerencial. Foi feita análise descritiva, considerando a frequência de adequação das equipes a cada padrão avaliativo. Nove (69,9%) eSF avaliadas atendiam satisfatoriamente aos padrões de qualidade na atenção pré-natal e quatro (31,0%) atendiam regularmente. Na dimensão gerencial, os atributos de processos de trabalho foram os mais críticos de adequação; e na dimensão assistencial, os atributos de estrutura tiveram maior dificuldade de alcançar a adequação aos padrões de qualidade do pré-natal. Este estudo contribuiu para identificar os principais obstáculos e potencialidades da estrutura e dos processos gerenciais e assistenciais da atenção pré-natal. Os achados revelaram quais são os padrões mais críticos de adequação e que demandam dos gestores municipais e gerentes locais estratégias de melhoria da qualidade na atenção pré-natal.

This normative study evaluated the quality of prenatal care offered by the Family Health Strategy in a macro-regional reference municipality in northeastern Brazil focusing on the Family Health Teams (eSF). Interviews were conducted with eSF nurse managers using a validated structured questionnaire with evaluative standards of the eSF structure and work process, focused on the care and management dimensions. Data underwent descriptive analysis, considering the frequency of team adaptation to each evaluative standard. Nine (69.0%) of the eSF evaluated satisfactorily met quality standards in prenatal care and four (31,0%) provided regular care. Regarding management, work process attributes were the most critical for adequacy; in care, structure attributes showed greater difficulty in achieving adequacy to prenatal quality standards. This study identified the main obstacles and potentialities of prenatal care structure and management. The findings revealed which are the most critical adequacy standards and which require from municipal and local managers strategies for improving the quality of prenatal care.

Se evaluó la calidad de la atención prenatal en la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia (ESF) en un municipio macrorregional de referencia del Nordeste brasileño. Esta es una evaluación normativa con nivel analítico centrado en los Equipos de Salud de la Familia (eSF). Se realizaron entrevistas a enfermeras gestoras de los eSF, a través de un cuestionario estructurado, validado a nivel nacional y con estándares evaluativos de la estructura y del proceso de trabajo de los eSF, centrado en las dimensiones asistencial y gerencial. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, considerando la frecuencia de adaptación de los equipos a cada estándar evaluativo. Nueve (69,0%) eSF evaluados cumplieron satisfactoriamente con los estándares de calidad en la atención prenatal, y cuatro (31,0%) brindaron atención regular. En la dimensión gerencial, los atributos del proceso de trabajo fueron los más críticos para la adecuación; y en la dimensión de atención, los atributos de estructura tuvieron mayor dificultad para lograr la adecuación a los estándares de calidad prenatal. Este estudio contribuyó a identificar los principales obstáculos y potencialidades de la estructura y de los procesos de gestión y atención prenatal. Los resultados revelaron cuáles son los estándares de adecuación más críticos y cuáles exigen de los gestores municipales y locales estrategias para mejorar la calidad de la atención prenatal.

Assessment of patients'knowledge, attitude and practice of cross-infection control in the dental clinic during COVID-19 pandemic

Background:The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly contagious disease that causes viral respiratory illness, has changed the lifestyle of humans worldwide. Dental practitioners and patients are at high risk of infection during their routine practice due to their exposure to saliva, blood, and droplet production.Aim:To gain insight into the patient's viewpoint regarding the practice, altitude, and knowledge of COVID-19 and its transmission and cross-infection in dental clinics.Methods:This was cross­sectional analytic survey in dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aself-administered close-ended questionnaire consisting of 32 variables was distributed among the study participants. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. The level of significance was p ≤ 0.05. Results:The age of the participants varied from 20 - 58 years, with a mean age of 34.6 ±5. The majority (89.3%) felt COVID-19 was a highly contagious disease, while 50.0% of the respondents believed that the most common route of COVID-19 transmission in dentistry is through aerosols. The majority, 78.6%, recorded good knowledge of infection control following the COVID-19 outbreak. The number of married patients who had good knowledge of cross-infection control was 118, which was statistically significant.Conclusion:From the study, it is evident that the patients possess a good range of knowledge in both preventive and cross-infection protocols to follow during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the same cannot be said about the practice

The influence of psychological readiness of athletes when returning to sport after injury

Background: Injuries are a common occurrence in sports participation; however, they have the potential to be accompanied by negative thoughts and feelings, which may play a part in the athletes' state of mind when they return to their sport. Assessing the degree to which this occurs provides an opportunity to evaluate and address athletes' state of mind before their return to play. Objectives: To determine if athletes are psychologically ready to return to play after an injury and if there are differences in fear avoidance behaviour between those who were and were not ready to return. Methods: Eighty-eight athletes participated in this descriptive survey. Athletes' confidence to return to play was measured by the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Play (I-PRRS) questionnaire and their fear avoidance was measured by the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ). Results: Fifty injured athletes with a mean age of 23.3±4.0 years old responded to the I-PRRS and the AFAQ questionnaires. The average I-PRRS score was 46.5±9.1 AU. The evidence suggests that 60% of the athletes were not ready to return to sport (41.0±7.5 AU), whereas 40% were ready to return (54.8±3.1 AU). The difference in scores was not significant. The relationship between the AFAQ scores and the I-PRRS score for the 'ready' and 'not ready' groups was not significant (p=0.066). The mean AFAQ score (26.1±8.6 AU) for the 'not ready' group is marginally greater than the mean AFAQ score (21.6±7.5 AU) for the 'ready' group. There was a negative correlation between psychological readiness to return to sport and athletic fear avoidance (r =-0.508, p<0.001). Conclusion: There needs to be a greater utilisation of psychological assessment tools like the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Play (I-PRRS) questionnaire, which can assist the athlete's support team, who can help identify athletes who are apprehensive about returning to sport after injury.

Aspects médico-légaux de la réparation des amputations traumatiques de membres en milieu professionnel reçues au Centre des Urgences de Yaoundé / Medico-legal aspects of the repair of traumatic limb amputations in the workplace received at the Yaoundé Emergency Center

Objectif : Décrire les aspects médico-légaux de la réparation des amputations traumatiques de membres en milieu professionnel. Méthodologie : Etude descriptive retrospective réalisée au centre des urgences de Yaoundé (CURY) de Janvier 2017 à Decembre 2022. Etait inclus, tout patient consentant ayant subi une amputation de membre consécutive à un accident de travail durant la période d'étude. Résultats : Au total, 96 patients amputes de membres ont ete colliges. Les victimes étaient majoritairement de sexe masculin soit 70.8%, la tranche d'âge la plus representee était celle de 30 à 35 ans. La categorie professionnelle la plus representee etait la categorie H (transport et entreposage) soit 34.5%. L'ecrasement a constitué le type lésionnel le plus pourvoyeur d'amputation soit 46,9 %, les membres inferieurs etaient le plus souvent atteint (66,6%). La duree moyenne d'arrêt de travail etait de 90,5 jours et l'incapacité permanent partielle (IPP) moyen etait de 47.9 %. Des patients amputes, 47.9 % avaient beneficies d'un changement de poste de travail. Conclusion: Les amputations traumatiques de membres en milieu professionnel sont relativement fréquentes. Toutes les catégories socioprofessionnelles peuvent être concernees. Elles sont source de prejudices importants.

Objective : To describe the medico-legal aspects of repairing traumatic limb amputations in the workplace. Methodology : Retrospective descriptive study conducted at the Yaounde emergency centre (YEC) from January 2017 to December 2022. All consenting patients who underwent a limb amputation following a work-related accident during the study period were included. Results : A total of 96 patients with limb amputations were enrolled. The victims were predominantly male (70.8%), and the most common age group was between 30 and 35 years. The most common occupational category was H (transport and storage), at 34.5%. Crushing was the most common type of injury causing amputations (46.9%), with the lower limbs most often affected (66.6%). The average length of time off work was 90.5 days, and the average permanent partial disability (PPD) was 47.9%. Of the amputated patients, 47.9% had benefited from a change of workstation. Conclusion : Traumatic limb amputations in the workplace are relatively common. All socioprofessional categories may be affected. They are a source of significant prejudice

Application and comparison of three risk assessment methods for occupational health risk assessment of dust in a sanitary ceramic product manufacturing enterprise / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveThree methods were applied to conduct occupational health risk assessment for the working positions exposed to silicon dusts in a sanitary ceramic manufacturing factory， and the evaluation results were compared to explore the applicability of different occupational health risk assessment methods. MethodsOne large sanitary ceramic product manufacturing enterprise in Songjiang District， Shanghai was selected to conduct occupational health risk assessment for the working positions exposed to silicon dusts， using occupational hazard risk index evaluation method， exposure ratio evaluation method， and International Council on Mining and Metals （ICMM） quantitative occupational health risk assessment method . The consistency of the evaluation results of the three methods was tested using weighted Kappa method. ResultsFourteen working positions exposed to silicon dusts were identified， and three positions had excessive dust concentration： composite forming position of phase 2 workshop （0.80 mg·m-3）， addition forming position of phase 2 workshop （1.00 mg·m-3）， and glazing position of 1F in phase 2 workshop （1.50 mg·m-3）， with an excessive rate of 21.42%. The occupational hazard risk index evaluation method assessed 6 positions with no harm， 6 positions with mild harm， and 2 positions with moderate harm. The ICMM quantitative occupational health risk assessment method assessed 6 positions with potential risks， 2 positions with tolerable risks， and 6 positions with intolerable risks. The exposure ratio evaluation method assessed 8 positions with medium risk， 5 positions with high risk， and 1 position with extremely high risk. The consistency test results of the three evaluation methods were poor. The Kappa coefficient between the occupational hazard risk index evaluation method and the ICMM quantitative occupational health risk assessment method was 0.15. The Kappa coefficient between the occupational hazard risk index evaluation method and the exposure ratio evaluation method was -0.09. The Kappa coefficient between the ICMM quantitative occupational health risk assessment method and the exposure ratio evaluation method was 0.04. The RR values obtained by the three evaluation methods were significantly correlated： the correlation coefficients between RRICMM quantitative assessment method and RRexposure ratio evaluation method， RROccupational hazard risk index evaluation method and RRICMM quantitative assessment method， RROccupational hazard risk index evaluation method and RRexposure ratio evaluation method were 0.915， 0.604， and 0.594， respectively. The correlation between the assessment result level and CTWA was strong. ConclusionThe occupational hazard risk index evaluation method is suitable for the working positions with low silicon dust exposure concentration， the ICMM quantitative occupational health risk assessment method and the exposure ratio evaluation method are suitable for the positions with high silicon dust exposure concentration， but all these three evaluation methods have limitations. It is more reasonable to use multiple methods at the same time in actual evaluation work.

Rapid health technology assessment of zanubrutinib in the treatment of B cell lymphomas / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To rapidly assess the efficacy， safety and cost-effectiveness of novel highly selective Bruton’s tyrosine kinase （BTK） inhibitor zanubrutinib in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia （CLL）， small lymphocytic lymphoma （SLL） and mantle cell lymphoma （MCL）. METHODS Retrieved from PubMed， Cochrane Library， CNKI， Wanfang database， VIP， and health technology assessment （HTA） websites， systematic reviews/meta-analyses， randomized controlled trials （RCTs）， pharmacoeconomic studies and HTA reports related to zanubrutinib were collected from the database/website establishment to July 2023. The literature was screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria， and its quality was assessed by using relevant evaluation tools. Data extraction was presented by qualitative description. RESULTS A total of 5 literature were included， comprising of 3 RCTs and 2 cost-effectiveness analyses. In terms of efficacy， compared with the control group， zanubrutinib treatment resulted in significantly longer progression-free survival （P＜0.05） and a higher overall response rate （P＜0.05）. However， there was no statistical significance in overall survival between 2 groups （P＞0.05）. In terms of safety， zanubrutinib had lower incidence of cardiac adverse events， incidence of major bleeding events， and drug discontinuation rate due to adverse drug events， compared to first-generation BTK inhibitors ibrutinib； but the risk of bleeding events caused by zanubrutinib was still higher， compared to traditional chemoimmunotherapy （bendamotine+rituximab）. In terms of cost-effectiveness， zanubrutinib was found to be cost-effective in the treatment of recurrent or refractory MCL， compared to ibrutinib. CONCLUSIONS Zanubrutinib demonstrates sound efficacy and safety in patients with CLL/SLL and MCL patients. Furthermore， it exhibits economic advantages for patients with relapsed or refractory MCL.

Discussion on common problems after introducing "reduction factor" into different working hour systems in occupational exposure assessment in GBZ 2.1—2019 / 环境与职业医学

Occupational exposure limits for hazardous agents in the workplace—Part 1: Chemical hazardous agents (GBZ 2.1—2019) has been implemented since April 1, 2020. The document redefines the evaluation of occupational exposure by introducing a "reduction factor" to adjust the occupational exposure limits of chemical hazardous agents for long working hour systems to ensure a protection level reasonable for the workers and equivalent to conventional occupational exposure limits. This paper discussed common problems encountered in the context of using this adjustment strategy, such as the adjustment being unable to cover all working hours, and the adjustment of values of terms associated with occupational exposure limits. Corresponding solutions were proposed. Working cycle and average exposure time of each working cycle were introduced to evaluate the actual working hours of workers. Regarding involved terms, adjustments of their corresponding values were clarified according to their definitions and application scenarios. Examples were provided for occupational health service providers so that their occupational health practices could be carried out in a more scientific and reasonable manner.

Discussion on the Continued Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology for Widowed Single Women / 中国医学伦理学

Assisted Reproductive Technology(ART) as a medical technology to treat infertility is gradually increasing the applications in domestic and foreign countries. In fact, some single women have birth demands for the application of ART in China. This paper described the reasons why some single women in China have demands for the application of ART, and analyzed the relevant legal, ethical and social issues that may be faced in the applying of technologies. Besides, the paper suggested that the using of ART in single women should be banned in principle, but for some widowed single women who lost their husbands during the process of ART, considering allowing them to complete the unfinished applications at their request. Meanwhile, a self-assessment mechanism should be established for these widowed single women, and ethical principles and managements should be strictly followed in the process of ART application to prevent the abuse of technology and fully protect the interests of offspring.