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Based on FangNet platform,the data of the prescriptions for the effective cases of post-stroke sequelae treated by national renowned Chinese medical practitioner LIU Mao-Cai were collected for the analysis of medication frequency of the prescribed drugs as well as their properties,flavors and meridian tropism.The medication rules of LIU Mao-Cai for treating post-stroke sequelae was summarized by analyzing the weight scale,co-occurrence and mutual exclusivity of the prescribed drugs and by drug-symptom association rule analysis and drug clustering analysis.The results showed that a total of 105 prescriptions involving 95 Chinese medicines were obtained.The drugs in the prescriptions were mainly warm in nature,sweet in flavor and had the meridian tropism of liver meridian.There were 17 driver herbs,and they were Astragali Radix,Gastrodiae Rhizoma,Corni Fructus,Codonopsis Radix,Eucommiae Cortex,Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix,Chuanxiong Rhizoma,Polygalae Radix,Curcumae Longae Rhizoma,Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma,Ophiopogonis Radix,Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma,Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,Poria,Uncariae Ramulus cum Uncis,Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum,and Ligustri Lucidi Fructus.The results of drug co-occurrence analysis yielded 12 drug pairs such as Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix-Eucommiae Cortex,drug-symptom association rule analysis yielded 9 groups of drug-symptom association combinations such as Gastrodiae Rhizoma-dizziness,and cluster analysis yielded 4 drug combinations.The results indicated that the drugs for post-stroke sequelae treated by LIU Mao-Cai are mild in nature and mainly have the actions of supporting healthy-qi and replenishing the deficient,and Astragali Radix and Codonopsis Radix are often used to replenish the vital energy,and Corni Fructus,Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix and Eucommiae Cortex are usually used to tonify the liver and kidney.Moreover,simultaneous treatment of phlegm and blood stasis,and simultaneous application of purging and nourishing therapeutics are also stressed.
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Objective·To investigate the effect of Astragali Radix on T lymphocyte subsets and cytokine expression in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients with normal thyroid function.Methods·A total of 120 Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients with normal thyroid function and complete data were selected from January 2020 to December 2020 in Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital.The patients were randomly divided into intervention group(n=60)and control group(n=60)by the method of random number table.The treatment plan of the control group was iodine appropriate state diet,and the intervention group was combined with oral Astragali Radix solution(150 mL per time,twice/d)on the basis of the treatment of the control group.The two groups were treated for 6 months.The changes in peripheral blood serum T lymphocyte subsets(CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,and CD4+/CD8+),cytokines[interleukin-2(IL-2),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),and interleukin-10(IL-10)],hypersensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP),erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),thyroid function,autoantibody,liver and kidney function,and other biochemical indexes were compared before and after treatment between the two groups.Adverse reactions were observed during the treatment.The factors influencing the change amplitude of thyroid peroxidase antibody(TPOAb)were analyzed by multifactor linear regression.Results·Finally,118 patients,with 59 cases in each group,were included in the study.After 6 months of treatment,the intervention group showed significant improvements in the proportions of CD4+ T cells,the ratio of CD4+/CD8+,and the levels of IL-2,TNF-α,IL-10,hs-CRP,ESR,TPOAb,and thyroglobulin antibody(TGAb)compared to the values before treatment and in the control group(P<0.05).There were no statistically significant differences on the above indicators before and after treatment in the control group(P>0.05).No serious adverse reactions were observed in the intervention group.Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that the use of Astragali Radix,increase of CD4+ level,increase of CD4+/CD8+ ratio,and decrease of hs-CRP level were influencing factors for the decrease of TPOAb level(β=-0.393,P=0.029;β=-0.513,P=0.010;β=-0.351,P= 0.035;β=0.434,P=0.023).Conclusion·Astragali Radix can improve the levels of CD4+ T cells,CD4+/CD8+ratio,IL-2,TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-10 in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients with normal thyroid function,and it is safe to use.
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ObjectiveTo observe the effect of the combination of total saponin of Astragali Radix-total alkaloids of Nelumbinis Folium on reversal cholesterol transport (RCT) in hyperlipidemia rats, and to discuss its mechanism. MethodSixty SD rats were randomly divided into control group, high-fat diet group, total saponin of Astragali Radix-total alkaloids of Nelumbinis Folium low (17 mg·kg-1+40 mg·kg-1), middle (34 mg·kg-1+80 mg·kg-1), high dose (68 mg·kg-1+160 mg·kg-1) groups and simvastatin (2.1 mg·kg-1) group, with 10 mice in each group. The Hyperlipidemia model was duplicated by feeding rats with a high-fat diet for 6 weeks. From the 3rd week, except for the control group and the high-fat diet group given distilled water, other groups were given corresponding drugs intragastric treatment for 4 weeks. The changes in blood lipid and liver function of rats were detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and oil red O staining were used to observe the pathological morphological changes and steatosis of rat liver tissue. The contents of total cholesterol (TC) and total bile acid (TBA) in rat liver tissue and feces were determined by a semi-automatic biochemical analyzer. The mRNA and protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors γ (PPARγ), liver X receptors α (LXRα), ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in rat liver tissue were detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) and Western blot. ResultCompared with the control group, the contents or activities of TC, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), TBA, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the contents of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the high-fat diet group were significantly decreased (P<0.01). The hepatocyte was clearly swollen like ballooning degeneration, with a lot of fat vacuoles and red fat droplets. The contents of TC and TBA in liver tissue and feces were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the mRNA and protein expression levels of PPARγ, LXRα, ABCG1, and CYP7A1 in liver tissue were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the high-fat diet group, the contents or activities of TC, TG, LDL-C, TBA, AST, and ALT in the serum of rats in administered groups were significantly decreased (P<0.01), while the content of HDL-C was significantly increased (P<0.01). Hepatocyte swelling was significantly reduced, and the ballooning degeneration, fat vacuoles, and red lipid droplets in liver tissue were significantly decreased. The contents of TC and TBA in liver tissue were significantly decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the contents of TC and TBA in feces were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). The mRNA and protein expression levels of PPARγ, LXRα, ABCG1, and CYP7A1 in liver tissue were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). ConclusionTotal saponin of Astragali Radix-total alkaloids of Nelumbinis Folium has a positive effect on the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia rats, and its mechanism may be related to the activation of PPARγ/LXRα/ABCG1 signaling pathway and regulation of RCT.
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ObjectiveBased on the traditional quality evaluation methods summarized in previous dynasties, this paper systematically contrasted cultivated Astragali Radix(CA) and wild-simulated Astragali Radix(WA) from the aspects of character, microstructure and chemical composition by modern technological means. MethodThe collected CA and WA were compared in characters and microscopic characteristics in cross section, and comparative analysis were performed on the contents of cellulose, extracts, carbohydrate, total flavonoids, total saponins, etc. Then ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging(DESI-MSI) were used to comparatively analyze the secondary metabolites and their spatial distributions in the xylem and phloem of CA and WA. ResultIn terms of characters, the characters and sectional features of WA was consistent with the characteristics of high-quality Astragali Radix, while the CA was quite different from the traditional high-quality Astragali Radix. In terms of microscopy, the phellem layer of CA was thin, and the section fissures were mostly distributed through the cambium in a long strip shape without obvious growth ring characteristics. The cork layer of WA was thick, and the cracks in the section were distributed in the center of the xylem and the outer edge of the phloem in an irregular cavity shape. The cambium was tight without cracks, and had obvious characteristics of a growth ring. In terms of chemical composition, the contents of water-soluble extract, 80% ethanol extract and sucrose of CA was significantly higher than those of WA, while the contents of total saponins, lignin and hemicellulose were significantly lower than those of WA. And the contents of 100% ethanol extract, total polysaccharides and total flavonoids in both of them were generally similar, but slightly higher in WA. The contents of 2 kinds of monoacyl-substituted flavonoid glycosides in the xylem of WA was significantly higher than those of CA, while the contents of 2 kinds of flavonoid aglycones and one flavonoid glycoside were on the contrary. The contents of 7 saponins in phloem of WA were significantly higher than those of CA. ConclusionThere are significant differences between CA and WA in characters, microstructure and chemical components, in which CA has a fast growth rate and a short planting period, and the primary metabolites such as water-soluble extracts and sucrose are more enriched, which is the reason for its firm texture and sweetness being significantly higher than those of WA. However, the contents of lignin, hemicellulose and some secondary metabolites in WA are significantly higher than those in the CA, which are close to the traditional description of characters and quality. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested to strengthen the production of WA, improve the supply capacity of WA, and gradually upgrade the current standard. It is recommended to increase the contents of monoacyl-substituted flavonoid glycosides, total saponins and other indicators that can characterize different production methods, so as to guide the high-quality production of Astragali Radix.
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Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes, which causes a great threat to the health of human vision. Recent studies have shown that saponins, polysaccharides and flavonoids in Astragali Radix regulate phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, silent information regulator 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway, B-cell lymphoma-2 and other signaling pathways by acting on nuclear factor-κB, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, glial fibrillary acidic protein, glutamine synthetase, aldose reductase, multiple miRNA and other related targets, so as to exert anti- inflammatory, anti-microangiopathy, anti-neurodegenerative disease and anti-apoptosis, and then achieve the purpose of treating DR.
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Based on the unique syndrome characteristics of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in Lingnan (岭南) area, this paper discussed the clinical experience of Huangqi (Radix Astragali) in the treatment of MAFLD in Lingnan area. It is summarized that spleen deficiency and yang weakness, and internal accumulation of damp-turbidity are the source of the disease, and at the early stage, Huangqi, commonly 15~30 g, could be used to fortify the spleen and warm the earth, thereby making the deficiency fire latent, as well as raise the clear and warm the exterior so as to inhibit damp-turbidity; medication needs to be progressively supplemented, and can be used together with Taizishen (Radix Pseudostellariae), Baizhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), Fuling (Poria), and Fangfeng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to back up the earth and inhibit dampness. Qi stagnation and blood constraint, yin dampness and heat accumulation are the pathogenesis of disease progression. Huangqi should be taken to invigorate the spleen and flourish the liver, unblock yang, and move stagnation. The dosage is often maintained at 30~60 g, to circulate the qi and unblock yang qi in the middle jiao (焦), usually combined with Chaihu (Radix Bupleuri), Baishao (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and Yujin (Radix Curcumae) integrating warm and cool medicinals. Stubborn turbid and fat condensing in the liver is a severe stage of the disease and may be concurrent with various pathogens such as dampness, phlegm, and heat, for which 60~90 g Huangqi should be used to invigorate blood and disperse fat, reinforce healthy qi and expel pathogens, often with medicinals that can disperse fat and direct the turbid downward such as Shanzha (Fructus Crataegi), Juemingzi (Semen Cassiae), Lulutong (Fructus Liquidambaris) and Zexie (Rhizoma Alismatis). When prescribing, it is suggested to combine with other medicinals according to the season, thereby adjusting the ascending and descending of the property of Huangqi, thereby conforming to the nature of the four seasons.
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ObjectiveTo establish the characteristic sugar spectrum of polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and monosaccharides of wild-simulated and transplanted Astragali Radix, and find out the difference of the sugar spectrum between the two, so as to provide a basis for quality evaluation of Astragali Radix. MethodThe relative molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides from 18 batches of wild-simulated Astragali Radix and 12 batches of transplanted Astragali Radix were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection(HPLC-ELSD) to establish the characteristic chromatograms of two kinds of polysaccharides. The difference in the peak area ratio of APS-Ⅱ, a polysaccharide component with a relative molecular weight of 10 kDa, in two kinds of Astragali Radix was analyzed, and the critical value of peak area ratio of APS-Ⅱ was determined by receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve. At the same time, APS-Ⅱ was partially acid-hydrolyzed by trifluoroacetic acid(TFA) to establish characteristic spectra of two kinds of oligosaccharides from Astragali Radix based on HPLC-ELSD, and the characteristics of differential oligosaccharides were found by principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA). Two kinds of APS-Ⅱ were completely acid-hydrolyzed by TFA and derivatized to establish characteristic spectra of two kinds of monosaccharides from Astragali Radix based on HPLC, PCA and OPLS-DA were performed on the peak area ratio of two kinds of monosaccharides to explore the differences in the composition of two kinds of APS-Ⅱ monosaccharides. ResultThe characteristic sugar spectrum of polysaccharides from Astragali Radix showed that the peak area ratio of APS-Ⅱ was the main difference, and the peak area of APS-Ⅱ of wild-simulated and transplanted Astragali Radix were 89.17%-97.17% and 80.14%-91.96%, respectively. The ROC curve determined the critical value of 92.28% for the difference of APS-Ⅱ peak area ratio of the two kinds of Astragali Radix. The multivariate analysis of APS-Ⅱ oligosaccharides revealed that the peak area ratio of oligosaccharides with polymerization degree≥10 was the main difference, which ranged from 11.835%-19.092% for wild-simulated products and 2.778%-7.017% for transplanted products. The results of monosaccharide characteristic sugar spectrum analysis showed that both Astragali Radix species consisted of six monosaccharides, and glucose and arabinose were the differential monosaccharide fractions. The peak area ratios of glucose and arabinose in wild-simulated products were 85%-93.9% and 2.7%-5.8%, respectively, while those of transplanted products were 74.3%-87.3% and 5.3%-10.7%, suggesting that the structures of the two polysaccharide fractions APS-Ⅱ of Astragali Radix may be different. ConclusionThe difference of sugar spectrum between two kinds of Astragali Radix may be related to the content and structure of APS-Ⅱ, and this study may provide a reference for the study of carbohydrates in Astragali Radix and the quality evaluation of medicinal materials.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Qi-invigorating and blood-activating therapy on the miR216b/Beclin1 pathway in mice with atrophic precancerous lesions of gastric cancer (PLGC) and analyze its mechanism in autophagy of PLGC. MethodSeventy-five healthy male SPF KM mice were randomly divided into a blank group and a model group. Mice in the model group were given 1-methyl-3-nitroso-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) solution (150 mg·L-1) for free drinking and gavage and ranitidine solution (0.03 g·kg-1) daily for 12 weeks. According to the random control table, mice were divided into a model group, a Qi-invigorating group (3.5 g·kg-1 of Astragali Radix), a blood-activating group (0.7 g·kg-1 of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma powder), a Qi-invigorating and blood-activating group (3.5 g·kg-1 of Astragali Radix + 0.7 g·kg-1 of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma powder), and a folic acid group (2 mg·kg-1). The corresponding drugs were given to mice in each group for 8 weeks and then the tissues were collected. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was carried out to observe the changes in gastric mucosa. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of microtuble-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)Ⅰ, LC3Ⅱ, and Beclin1. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression of Beclin1 and miR-216b. ResultPathological observation showed that as compared with the blank group, the intrinsic glands of gastric mucosa decreased with atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in the model group, which were improved in all treatment groups, and the improvement of the Qi-invigorating and blood-activating group was the most obvious. As compared with the blank group, the content of LC3Ⅰ, LC3Ⅱ, LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ, and Beclin1 protein in gastric tissues of the model group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). As compared with the model group, the content of LC3Ⅰ, LC3Ⅱ, LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ, and Beclin1 protein in gastric tissues of each treatment group was increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). The increase was most obvious in the Qi-invigorating and blood-activating group. As compared with the blank group, the mRNA expression of Beclin1 in the model group was decreased (P<0.05), and that of miR216b was increased (P<0.05). As compared with the model group, the mRNA expression of Beclin1 was increased and that of miR216b was decreased in each treatment group (P<0.05), and the changes were the most obvious in the Qi-invigorating and blood-activating group. ConclusionThe mechanism of the Qi-invigorating and blood-activating therapy, represented by Astragali Radix and Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma, in treating PLGC may be through inhibiting the expression of miR216b and activating Beclin1, thus promoting autophagy and repairing gastric mucosa.
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This study aims to investigate the effect of Astragali Radix-Curcumae Rhizoma(AC) combination on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of colon cancer HT-29 cells based on epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT). HT-29 cells were respectively treated with 0, 3, 6 and 12 g·kg~(-1) AC-containing serum for 48 h. The survival and growth of cells were measured by thiazole blue(MTT) colorimetry, and the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cells were detected by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine(EdU) test and Transwell assay. Cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. The BALB/c nude mouse model of subcutaneous colon cancer xenograft was established, and then model mice were classified into blank control group, 6 g·kg~(-1) AC group, and 12 g·kg~(-1) AC group. The tumor weight and volume of mice were recorded, and the histopathological morphology of the tumor was observed based on hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining. The expression of apoptosis-associated proteins B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein(Bax), cysteine-aspartic acid protease-3(caspase-3), and cleaved caspase-3, and EMT-associated proteins E-cadherin, MMP9, MMP2 and vimentin in HT-29 cells and mouse tumor tissues after the treatment of AC was determined by Western blot. The results showed that cell survival rate and the number of cells at proliferation stage decreased compared with those in the blank control group. The number of migrating and invading cells reduced and the number of apoptotic cells increased in the administration groups compared with those in the blank control group. As for the in vivo experiment, compared with the blank control group, the administration groups had small tumors with low mass and shrinkage of cells and karyopycnosis in the tumor tissue, indicating that the AC combination may improve EMT. In addition, the expression of Bcl2 and E-cadherin increased and the expression of Bax, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, MMP9, MMP2, and vimentin decreased in HT-29 cells and tumor tissues in each administration group. In summary, the AC combination can significantly inhibit the proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT of HT-29 cells in vivo and in vitro and promote the apoptosis of colon cancer cells.
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Humains , Animaux , Souris , Caspase-3 , Matrix metalloproteinase 2 , Matrix metalloproteinase 9 , Vimentine , Cellules HT29 , Protéine Bax , Tumeurs du côlon , Prolifération cellulaireRÉSUMÉ
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of Astragali Radix (AR)-Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) drug pair on supplementing Qi and activating blood circulation in rats with Qi deficiency and blood stasis and provide a theoretical basis for clinical rational medication and identification and quality control of compound pharmacodynamic substances from the three aspects of characteristic map, identification of pharmacodynamic substances, and comparison of blood components. MethodHigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to establish the fingerprint of AR∶ASR (3∶1), and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS) was employed to analyze the ingredients of the decoction. Adult male Wistar rats with SPF grades were selected and randomly divided into a blank group, a model group, a 3∶1 group, and a 5∶1 group. The rat model of Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome was prepared by controlling food intake and swimming in cold water every day. In parallel, each group was given medicine (or water) once a day. The dose of drug groups was 10.2 g∙kg-1, and the model group and blank group were given the same amount of distilled water for 15 d. Animal behavior, body weight, whole blood and plasma viscosity, thymus index, spleen index, the levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate(ADP), von willebrand factor (vWF), and ATP/ADP value in serum of rats were recorded. The morphology of vascular endothelium was observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and scanning electron microscopy. UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS was used to analyze prototype and metabolic components in serum. ResultThe fingerprint of AR-ASR drug pair (AR-ASR 3∶1) was established. UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS identified 49 chemical components in vitro and preliminarily identified 11 prototype components absorbed into blood in vivo. As compared with the blank group, the body mass decreased significantly (P<0.01), the whole blood (high shear, middle shear, and low shear) viscosity and plasma viscosity were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01), the thymus index and spleen index decreased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01), serum ATP content decreased significantly (P<0.01), ADP content increased significantly (P<0.01), ATP/ADP value decreased significantly (P<0.01), and vWF content increased significantly (P<0.01). The results of HE staining and scanning electron microscopy showed that the vessels were partially damaged, showing the structural disorder of the intima, the bulge, defect, and roughness of the endothelium, and the obvious cell adhesion and migration in the model group. As compared with the model group, the body mass also increased significantly (P<0.01). The results of whole blood and plasma viscosity showed that the whole blood low shear viscosity was significantly decreased in the 3∶1 group (P<0.05). The results of thymus index and spleen index showed that 5∶1 group significantly increased the thymus index of rats (P<0.05). The results of serum ATP and ADP levels showed that the 5∶1 group had more significant effects on ATP and ADP levels (P<0.05), and both groups significantly reduced ATP/ADP values (P<0.01). The results of serum vWF level showed that the vWF content in the 3∶1 group decreased significantly (P<0.05). The results of HE staining and scanning electronic microscopy showed that the damage of vascular endothelium was improved in the treatment group and the structure of intima was neat. ConclusionAR-ASR drug pair can improve the macro and micro indexes of rats with qi deficiency and blood stasis in the 3∶1 and 5∶1 groups. Overall, the 5∶1 ratio has a better effect on supplementing Qi but 3∶1 ratio has a better effect on promoting blood circulation.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the anti-fatigue efficacy of Astragali Radix (AR) from the Shanxi Hengshan area and to reveal possible mechanisms by which it relieves fatigue. Efficacy differences between Guangling (GL) and Hunyuan (HY) AR preparations were compared and evaluated, and an 1H NMR metabolomic technique combined with statistical methods was used to identify the metabolites in different groups of mouse gastrocnemius muscle tissues. The differential metabolites after AR treatments were identified according to VIP and P values and the upstream targets were predicted with the help of Metscape. Cytoscape software was utilized to construct a network map of AR potential anti-fatigue targets. Key differential metabolites were identified based on shared targets and entered into the Metaboanalyst website for pathway enrichment analysis, which led to the preliminary elucidation of the molecular mechanisms. The results showed that intervention with AR can significantly improve the swimming-to-exhaustion time, increase liver glycogen, and reduce urea-nitrogen levels in mice. The difference between GL and HY ARs was relatively small, indicating that the quality of AR produced in the Hengshan area is consistent and stable. The metabolic fingerprints of mouse gastrocnemius muscle tissue extracts were composed of 34 metabolites, and the statistical results showed that 19 differential metabolites were significantly reversed after the Hengshan AR intervention. We found that the anti-fatigue effects of AR in the Shanxi Hengshan area were mainly associated with taurine and hypotaurine metabolism through regulation of GAD1, based on network pharmacological analysis. In conclusion, 1H NMR metabolomic techniques were combined with network pharmacology to compare and evaluate the quality of Hengshan ARs, and further associate the fatigue relieve with the regulation of taurine metabolism. This provides a theoretical basis for the resource utilization of Hengshan ARs and the development of anti-fatigue-related products. The animal experiments in this study followed the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanxi University and passed the ethical review of animal experiments (Approval No. SXULL2021028).
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Renal fibrosis, the final pathological outcome of end-stage chronic kidney diseases, is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT), and extracellular matrix deposition. It belongs to the categories of edema, ischuria, anuria and vomiting, and consumptive disease in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with the key pathogenesis of Qi deficiency and blood stasis and the primary treatment principle of replenishing Qi and activating blood. Astragali Radix-Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma mainly contains astragalosides, polysaccharides, calycosin, salvianolic acid, and tanshinone, with the effect of tonifying Qi and activating blood. Studies have shown that this herb pair and its active components can delay the progress of renal fibrosis by regulating multiple signaling pathways. With consideration to the pathogenesis of Qi deficiency and blood stasis, this article reviews the research progress in the mitigation of renal fibrosis by Astragali Radix-Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma from the aspects of protecting glomerular filtration barrier, inhibiting EMT and mesangial cell proliferation, improving renal hemodynamics, and protecting renal function. Furthermore, the mechanisms were summarized. Specifically, Astragali Radix-Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and its effective components can improve mitochondrial function and fatty acid metabolism, alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy disorders, and inhibit immune inflammation and oxidative stress by regulating nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/PTEN-induced kinase 1 (Pink1), Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)/nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB), miR-21/Smad7/transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), Wnt/β-catenin, long non-coding RNA-taurine up-regulated gene 1 (lncRNA-TUG1)/tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5 (TRAF5), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1)/cell division cycle protein 42 (CDC42), Ras homolog (Rho)/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator l alpha (PGC-1α), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). This review aims to provide references for the relevant research, give play to the role of Astragali Radix-Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and provide guidance for the clinical treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Fibrosis refers to the final outcome of damage in multiple-type tissue and the imbalance of tissue repair especially in the process of chronic inflammatory response diseases.Fibrosis can occur in various organ tissues.Its continuous progression may lead to organ dysfunction and failure,which is a huge threat to human health.Traditional Chinese medicine has significant therapeutic effects in preventing and treating fibrosis.Due to its characteristics of multiple components,pathways,and targets,it has become a hot research topic in the field of fibrosis.Astragali Radix,a Chinese medicinal for supplementing qi,is the root of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus Hisao or Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.It has the effects of replenishing qi and elevating yang,generating fluid and nourishing blood,expelling toxin and draining pus,astringing sore and promoting granulation.It has found that Astragali Radix contains many chemical components such as polysaccharides,saponins,and flavonoids,which have good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.Astragali Radix can effectively intervene in the fibrosis process of multiple organ tissues such as the heart,kidney,liver,and lung.Therefore,this article reviews the anti-fibrotic effects and mechanisms of Astragali Radix and its chemical components,hoping to provide ideas and references for the development and utilization of Astragali Radix.
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This study aims to investigate the mechanism of Astragali Radix-Curcumae Rhizoma(HQEZ) in the treatment of gastric cancer based on network pharmacology. Further, the SGC7901 cell model of gastric cancer was employed to validate the efficacy and key targets of the herb pair. Firstly, the CCK-8 assay was employed to evaluate the direct effect of HQEZ on the proliferation of gastric cancer SGC7901 cells. Then, network pharmacology methods were employed to investigate the active ingredients, key targets, and key signaling pathways involved in the treatment of gastric cancer with HQEZ. The results showed that HQEZ contained 18 potential active ingredients, such as quercetin, naringenin, and curcumin. The results of gene ontology(GO) functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment suggested that the main targets of HQEZ in treating gastric cancer were involved in the regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) activity, cysteine-type endopeptidase activity, and negative regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity. The hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1) signaling pathway, ATP-binding cassette(ABC) transporters, cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of xenobiotics, p53 signaling pathway, and cell apoptosis were key signaling pathways of HQEZ in treating gastric cancer. The cell experiments demonstrated that HQEZ significantly downregulated the expression of ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1(ABCB1), epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), phosphorylated serine/threonine kinase(p-AKT), hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha(HIF1A), B-cell lymphoma 2(BCL2), breast cancer susceptibility protein 1(BRCA1), DNA polymerase theta(POLH), ribonucleotide reductase M1(RRM1), and excision repair cross-complementation group 1(ERCC1), and upregulated the expression of tumor protein P53(TP53) and cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase(CAPS3). Finally, a multivariate COX regression model was adopted to study the relationship between gene expression and clinical information data of gastric cancer patients in the TCGA database, which demonstrated that the key targets of HQEZ were associated with the poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients. Further feature selection using the LASSO algorithm showed that EGFR, HIF1A, TP53, POLH, RRM1, and ERCC1 were closely associated with the survival of gastric can-cer patients. In conclusion, HQEZ regulates the expression of genes involved in DNA repair, survival, and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells via multiple targets and pathways, assisting the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Humains , Tumeurs de l'estomac/génétique , Protéine p53 suppresseur de tumeur , Pharmacologie des réseaux , Récepteurs ErbB , Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases , Sérine , Adénosine triphosphate , Simulation de docking moléculaire , Médicaments issus de plantes chinoises/pharmacologieRÉSUMÉ
This study aimed to provide data support for resource utilization of the stems and leaves of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus(SLAM) by analyzing and evaluating the chemical constituents. The crude protein, crude fiber, and soluble saccharide of SLAM were analyzed by Kjeldahl method, filtration method, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, respectively. The nucleosides, amino acids, flavonoids, and saponins of SLAM were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(UPLC-TQ-MS). Combined with principal component analysis(PCA), the quality difference of resource components of SLAM was comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that the average content of crude protein, crude fiber, total polysaccharide, and redu-cing sugar in SLAM was 5.11%, 30.33%, 11.03 mg·g~(-1), and 31.90 mg·g~(-1), respectively. Six nucleosides, 15 amino acids, 22 flavonoids, and one saponin were detected, with an average content of 1.49 mg·g~(-1), 6.00 mg·g~(-1), 1.86 mg·g~(-1), and 35.67 μg·g~(-1), respectively. The content of various types of chemical components in SLAM differed greatly in different harvesting periods and growing years. The results of PCA showed that the quality of SLAM produced in Ningxia was superior. The results can provide references for the utilization of SLAM.
Sujet(s)
Astragalus membranaceus/composition chimique , Chromatographie gazeuse-spectrométrie de masse , Flavonoïdes/analyse , Feuilles de plante/composition chimique , Acides aminés , Saponines/analyseRÉSUMÉ
Objective: Astragali Radix (AR) is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) for tonic, which can be divided into wild-simulated and cultivated AR according to its cultivation method. However, whether cultivated AR can replace wild-simulated AR has always been a concern. Methods: In this study, a rapid, highly sensitive and specific analytical method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) was developed to quantitatively measure 12 chemical constituents of AR in the different cultivation methods. Results: AR samples were analyzed with a good linear regression relationship (R
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Through consulting the ancient herbal medicine, prescription books and medical books, combined with modern relevant literature, standards and other information, this paper made a textual research on the name, origin, producing areas, harvesting and processing methods of Astragali Radix according to different historical development periods, providing a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing Astragali Radix. According to the textual research, the original name of Astragali Radix is Huangqi, and "Qi" originally refers to the medicinal material Zhimu. Some people began to mistake it for Huangqi in the Ming dynasty, and then gradually used Astragali Radix as a medicinal material. The mainstream basis of Astragali Radix can be determined as the dried roots of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus or A. membranaceus. In different historical periods, A. floridus, A. chrysopterus, A. emestii and other plants of Astragalus or even non-Astragalus were used as local Astragali Radix. The earliest production areas of Astragali Radix were Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Gansu, and then gradually expanded to the northeast. Since the Song dynasty, Mianqi in Shanxi province has been regarded as the genuine variety. In the Qing dynasty, besides Shanxi province, Inner Mongolia was also regarded as a genuine place. In the Republic of China, Huangqi produced in northeast China was praised highly. It is mainly produced in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, northeast and other provinces. The main commodity is cultivated products, and the quality of wild imitation cultivation in Datong and Xinzhou is better than other places. There are many processing methods of Huangqi recorded in the materia medica and prescription books, most of which are raw products, and honey processing is the mainstream of processed products. Based on the current situation of resource cultivation and production, 11 famous classical formulas in The Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas (The First Batch) containing Huangqi suggested that all use A. membranaceus var. mongholicus, especially those from Datong and Xinzhou in Shanxi Province. In addition to honey processing of Qingxin Lianziyin, it is suggested to use raw products for other formulas.
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The occurrence and development of malignant tumors seriously affect the survival time and quality of life of people all over the world, and finding proper treatment methods has been a focus for doctors. Especially in recent years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has developed and attracted the attention of doctors and patients. From the perspective of TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment, deficiency and stasis are the most fundamental causes of malignant tumors, and supplementing deficiency and removing stasis can be regarded as the basic criteria of TCM treatment of malignant tumors. TCM prescriptions can treat diseases by means of multiple components and multiple targets, with the characteristics of slight side effect and high efficacy, safety and cost performance, as well as easiness to be accepted and taken. As a classic recipe for invigorating Qi and generating blood, Danggui Buxuetang consists of Astragali Radix -Angelicae Sinensis Radix 5∶1. It has excellent effects in anti-tumor, bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy, immune function decline, anemia, heart and cerebral vessels protection, blood deficiency-led fever, diabetes, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-fatigue, anti-radiation, myocardial ischemia alleviation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, liver damage, etc. In addition, with many active anti-tumor ingredients, Danggui Buxuetang can exert anti-tumor effects via acting on multiple targets in different binding sites. However, there has been a lack of reviews on the role of Danggui Buxuetang in malignant tumors so far. Therefore, in this paper, the functions of Danggui Buxuetang in malignant tumors were reviewed. Besides, molecular docking technology was used to analyze the main active anti-tumor ingredients and action targets of Danggui Buxuetang.
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ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of herbal pair Astragali Radix-Puerariae Lobatae Radix (AR-PLR) against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on network pharmacology and experimental verification. MethodThe active ingredients and targets of AR and PLR were retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). The related targets of T2DM were retrieved from disease databases and the common targets of drugs and diseases were extracted. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was analyzed and constructed by STRING and the network topology of key targets was analyzed by Cytoscape 3.7.1. Then gene ontology(GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG) enrichment analyses of core targets were carried out by DAVID to explore its possible molecular mechanism. The T2DM model was induced in rats by the high-fat diet combined with tail intravenous injection of streptozocin. The rats were divided into a normal group,a model group,a metformin group,and high-,medium- and low-dose AR-PLR groups. After four weeks of intragastric administration,the serum levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS),fasting insulin(FINS),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterin(LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterin (HDL-C),interleukin-6(IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) of rats in each group were measured. The protein expression of insulin receptor substrate-2(IRS-2),phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K),protein kinase B(Akt), and forkhead box transcription factor O1(FoxO1) in rat liver was detected by Western blot. ResultA total of 131 core targets of AR-PLR in the treatment of T2DM were screened out by network pharmacology, where Akt1,mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1),TNF-α,and IL-6 were critical. As revealed by KEGG enrichment analysis, AR-PLR exerted the hypoglycemic effect mainly through the PI3K/Akt,TNF, and FoxO signaling pathways. Compared with the model group,the high- and medium-dose AR-PLR groups showed reduced FBS and FINS levels and increased glycogen level (P<0.05,P<0.01),all the AR-PLR groups showed decreased levels of AST,ALT,TG, and LDL-C (P<0.05,P<0.01), the high- and low-dose AR-PLR groups showed decreased TC levels (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the high- and medium-dose AR-PLR groups showed reduced levels of IL-6 and TNF-α(P<0.05,P<0.01), and the high-dose AR-PLR group showed increased expression of IRS-2, Akt, p-Akt, PI3K, and p-PI3K, and decreased expression of FoxO1 protein(P<0.05). ConclusionAR-PLR has the characteristics of multi-component,Multi-target and multi-pathway in the treatment of T2DM. This herbal pair may regulate the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway through IL-6, TNF-α, and other targets to affect insulin resistance, glycogen synthesis, gluconeogenesis, glucose transport, inflammation, immune response, and other processes, thereby treating T2DM.
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ObjectiveA feedforward control model for dry granulation of polysaccharide components was established to guide the adjustment and optimization of critical process parameters (CPPs) in the design space, so as to reduce the impact of fluctuations in raw materials properties on the quality of medicines. MethodTaking Astragali Radix extract powder as the model drug, the design space of dry granulation CPPs was determined by Box-Behnken design. Astragali Radix mixed powder with different powder properties were prepared by mixture design, the variance inflation factor (VIF) was used to diagnose the multicollinearity of the powder properties, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract the characteristic data of the model. Radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) was used to establish a feedforward control model for reflecting the relationship between the powder properties of polysaccharide components, dry granulation CPPs and one-time molding rate. ResultThe design space for dry granulation CPPs of polysaccharide components was 16-35 Hz for feeding speed, 10-23 Hz for roller speed, and 10-46 kg·cm-2 for roller pressure. The established RBFNN feedforward control model had a good predictive effect on the one-time molding rate of dry granulation of polysaccharide components, which could be used to guide the adjustment and optimization of CPPs in the design space, the relative error was 0.38%-6.73%, and the average relative error was 3.42%. ConclusionThe established feedforward control model can well reflect the relationship between the powder properties of the polysaccharide components, the dry granulation CPPs and the one-time molding rate of the granules, which can be used to guide the adjustment and optimization of CPPs in the design space, reduce the impact of material property fluctuation on product quality, and provide ideas for promoting the quality of traditional Chinese medicine from passive control to active control.