Effects of moxibustion of "biaoben acupoint combination" on heart rate variability, atrial natriuretic peptide in the model rats of IBS-D complicated with anxiety / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the effects on the heart rate variability (HRV) and the expression of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the model rats of irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea (IBS-D) rats complicated with anxiety between moxibustion of "biaoben acupoint combination" and that of "conventional acupoint combination".@*METHODS@#Of 50 healthy SPF female SD rats, aged 3 months, 8 rats were selected randomly as a blank group, and the rest rats were prepared to be the model of IBS-D complicated with anxiety. Twenty-four rats after successfully modeled were randomized into a model group, a conventional acupoint combination group (convention group) and a biaoben acupoint combination group (biaoben group), 8 rats in each one. In the convention group, moxibustion was delivered at "Tianshu" (ST 25), "Zusanli"(ST 36) and "Shangjuxu"(ST 37); and in the biaoben group, moxibustion was applied to "Neiguan" (PC 6), "Zusanli" (ST 36), and "Guanyuan" (CV 4). One session of moxibustion took 20 min, once daily, for 14 days in total. Before and after intervention, the body mass and fecal moisture content were compared in the rats of each group; using abdominal wall withdrawal reflex, the visceral hypersensitivity was evaluated; with elevated plus maze (EPM) and light-dark box (LDB), the anxiety conditions were assessed. After intervention, HRV was compared among groups, the ultrastructure of intestinal mucosa was observed under the transmission electron microscope in the rats of each group, and ANP expression in the myocardial tissue was detected using Western blot method and immunofluorescence.@*RESULTS@#Before the intervention, compared with the blank group, the body mass and visceral pain threshold of rats were reduced in the model group, the convention group and the biaoben group (P<0.05), fecal moisture content and AWR scores (at the dilatation pressure of 40, 60 and 80 mm Hg, 1 mm Hg ≈ 0.133 kPa) were elevated (P<0.05); and time in the open arm, the open arm entry number and the total movement distance (EPM), the time spent in the light compartment, the number of dark to light transitions and the total transition distance (LDB) were decreased (P<0.05). After the intervention, compared with the blank group, in the model group, the body mass, visceral pain threshold, standard diviation of NN intervals (SDNN) and root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) were dropped (P<0.05), fecal moisture content, AWR scores (the dilation pressures of 40, 60 and 80 mm Hg), LF/HF and ANP expression were increased (P<0.05), the time in open arm, the open arm entry number and the total movement distance (EPM), the time spent in the light compartment, the number of dark to light transitions and the total transition distance (LDB) were decreased (P<0.05). When compared with the model group, in the convention group and the biaoben group, the body mass, visceral pain threshold, SDNN and RMSSD were increased (P<0.05), fecal moisture content, AWR scores (the dilation pressures of 60 and 80 mm Hg), LF/HF and ANP expression were dropped (P<0.05), the time in open arm, the open arm entry number and the total movement distance (EPM), the time spent in the light compartment, the number of dark to light transitions and the total transition distance (LDB) were increased (P<0.05). In the biaoben group, compared with the convention group, the body mass, visceral pain threshold, SDNN and RMSSD were elevated (P<0.05), fecal moisture content, AWR score (the dilation pressure of 80 mm Hg), LF/HF and ANP expression were decreased (P<0.05), the time in open arm, the open arm entry number and the total movement distance (EPM), the time spent in the light compartment, the number of dark to light transitions and the total transition distance (LDB) were increased (P<0.05). The epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa showed a normal morphology in the blank group, the tight junction of the cells was disrupted and the junction was loose in the model group; the tight junction was imperfect in the convention group, but it was intact in the biaoben group.@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with the conventional acupoint combination, moxibustion of biaoben acupoint combination is more effective on the symptoms of IBS-D complicated with anxiety in the model rats. The effect mechanism may be related to attenuating anxiety-like negative emotions, positively regulating HRV, stabilizing IBS-D intestinal mucosal barrier and down-regulating the expression of ANP in myocardium.

Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP) on pulmonary melanoma metastasis in ANP knockout mice and C57BL／6J mice / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To investigate the role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in lung metastasis of melanoma. Methods Melanoma B16F10 cells were intravenously injected into ANP knockout mice and C57BL／6J mice. After three weeks, the mice were sacrificed, and the lungs were removed, embedded, and examined by pathology using HE staining. The numbers of metastatic foci on the lung surface and micrometastatic foci in the lung tissues were counted. Results The ANP knockout mice displayed fewer metastatic foci on the lung surface and less micrometastatic foci in the lung tissues of ANP knockout mice than in the C57BL／6J mice. Conclusions ANP deletion significantly suppresses the metastasis of melanoma in the lung of mice.

Meta-analysis about Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Among the topics studied in physiology and aging, a hormone has been drawing attention from the scientificcommunity: the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP). The ANP, which is produced by the cardiac atria, hasdemonstrated decisive action in endocrine mechanisms of action inhibiting sodium reabsorption in nephrons,revealing a direct influence on physiological mechanisms linked to aging and chronic stress.The overall objectiveof this study was to assess and analyze scientific literature on the ANP in the Pubmed database from 2010 to2012. 30 articles were collected, verifying authorship and gender division of species, instruments and typesof research. The results showed that the research of multiple authorship appeared mostly with 99.1%, being51.8% of male authorship, 17.9% of female authorship and 29.5% of publications not identified. Researchwith only one author appears with 0.8% in total. As the types of species used, it was observed 50.3% of theworks with humans, 40% with animals and 6.7% mixed (animal / human). As to the instruments used, thebiochemical markers were the ones that stood out, with 30%, followed by label arterial pressure with 12, 2%,drugs, with 11.1% and microscopic studies with 10%. In the typology of research, biochemical research appearsfirst, with 33.3%, followed by research morphophysiological/biochemical research, with 30%, Physiological/ biochemical, with 26.7%, Physiological with 6.7% and Morphophysiological with 3.3%. We can concludethat the publications about the hormone ANP are still little explored when the focus is aging. In the analyzedpublications, there is important information about the physiological and biochemical role of ANP as well ason their molecular composition.

Pathophysiology of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn / 소아과

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn(PPHN) is a disorder characterized by persistence of the pattern of fetal circulation after birth due to a sustained elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance. The two primary events in the pathophysiology of neonatal pulmonary hypertension are hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction(HPV) and hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling(HPR). Chronic hypoxemia may cause increased muscularity of the pulmonary arteries and extension of the muscularity to more distal arteries. The mechanisms underlying neonatal hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling are complex and multifactorial, requiring the involvement of endothelial, vascular smooth muscle, and adventitial cells. Endothelin-1(ET-1) has strong vasoactive properties, and acts via two different receptors, ETA and ETB. In pulmonary artery, ETA receptors mediate vasoconstriction and are found on vascular smooth muscle cells, while ETB receptors that are mostly located on endothelial cells mediate vasodilation by NO and prostacyclin release. eNOS derived NO is an important mediator of pulmonary vascular response to chronic hypoxia. Atrial natriuretic peptides(ANP) plays an important role in the regulation of pulmonary arterial pressure. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release is increased in hypoxic pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells, and hence may be involved in hypoxic pulmonary artery remodeling and edema. Retinol is essential for fetal lung morphogenesis and subsequent normal neonatal lung growth and maturation. ATP-sensitive potassium channels may be involved in the later stage of hypoxia. Activation of these channels may counteract the vasoconstrictive effect of hypoxia.

Immunohistochemical study on ANP in the atria of sudden manhood death syndrome / 中国法医学杂志

For the purpose of diagnosis of sudden manhood death syndrome, immu- nohistochemical study of ANP was performed in right atria of 10 cases of sudden manhood death syndrome (SMDS) and 10 cases of noncardiac death controls with LSAB-method. It was found that the ANP granulus in right atria of SMDS were obviously depleted, compared with that in the control groups. The results showed that depletion of ANP granules in atria plays an important role in the causes of death of SMDS. This experiment also provides a new approach for studying the causes of SMDS.

Influence of Intracerebroventricular Kallikrein and Lys-bradykinin on the Rabbit Renal Function / 대한신장학회잡지

The renal function is under regulatory influence of central nervous system, in which various neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems take part, and it has been known that kallikrein-kininogen- kinin system exists also in the brain, but its physiological role remains to be explored. This study was, therefore, undertaken to delineate the possible role of central kinin system in the regulation of renal function. Kallikrein given into a lateral ventricle(icv) of rabbit brain in doses ranging from 3 to 30 microgram/kg icv elicited increases in Na excretion and the fraction of filtered sodium excreted(FENa), as well as in urine flow rate. K excretion, however, did not parallel the Na excretion, but tended to decrease when the natriuresis reached its peak. Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration did not significantly change. Neither did free water reabsorption significantly change, but tended to decrease. The systemic blood pressure slightly increased. When 30 microgram/kg kallikrein was given intravenously, all the parameters of renal function and systemic blood pressure did not show any increase but decrease, primarily by decreased renal hemodynamics, resulting from transient hypotension. In experiments in which the plasma ANP was measured, the ANP level markedly increased, reaching more than 5 times the control value 25min after 30 microgram/kg icv, and lasting until the end of the experiment at 80min. The renal nerve activity increased with kallikrein, 30 microgram/kg icv, peaking at 1 min but it remained slightly increased until about 40 min, and then slightly declined. This indicates that the increased renal nerve activity may have antagonized or ameliorated the natriuretic effect of icv kallikrein. Lys-bradykinin(kallidin), a cleavage product from kallidinogen by kallikrein, when given icv in doses of 0.3 to 30 microgram/kg also produced increased Na excretion and diuresis. When CHA, a kallikrein inhibitor, was given icv in doses of 3-30 microgram/kg, elicited antidiuresis and antinatriuresis. However, pretreatment with CHA tended slightly to suppress the kallikrein effect. These results indicate that the central kallikrein- kinin system is involved in the central regulation of renal function, the activation of the system in the CNS resulting in increased natriuresis and diuresis, which are related to increased plasma ANP level, with the possible antagonistic effects of increased renal nerve activity.

Plasma Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Concentration after Birth in Low Birth Weight Neonates

PURPOSE: Atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP) is a hormone with diuretic and natriuretic properties that is released by the atrial stretch and plays an important role in sodium and volume homeostasis. We studied plasma ANP concentration and the influence of ANP on sodium balance after birth in low birth weight neonates on the basis of 34 wks gestational age when the nephrogenesis was completed. METHODS: Twenty low birth weight neonates without congenital heart disease, respiratory insufficiency, renal disease or sepsis born between June 1997 and December 1997 at Korea University Guro Hospital were enrolled in this study. Blood sampling for ANP was done at 6 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr, 3 days, 4 days and 10 days after birth. FENa was calculated by blood and urine electrolyte and creatinine. We analyzed the correlation of plasma ANP concentration and fractional Na excretion rate(FENa). RESULTS: Plasma ANP concentration of low birth weight neonates less than 34 wks was 63.67+/-12.94pg/ml at 6 hr after birth and peaked at 24 hr(110.67+/-6.34pg/ml). Thereafter, it gradually decreased and reached 42.43+/-21.89pg/ml at 10 days(P<0.05). Plasma ANP concentration of low birth weight neonates more than 34 wks was 25.50+/-8.22pg/ml at 6 hr after birth and peaked at 12hours(152.67+/-39.93pg/ml). Thereafter, it gradually decreased and reached 42.78+/-17.67pg/ml at 10 days(P<0.001). And plasma ANP concentration did not correlate significantly with FENa in low birth weight neonates less than 34 wks(r=0.02, P=0.09), but there was good correlation between plasma ANP and FENa in low birth weight neonates more than 34 wks(r=0.6, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: From the above results, it is concluded that ANP influences renal Na excretion after 34-week gestational age when the development of distal tubule, containing ANP receptors, is rapid and contributes to body fluid and Na homeostasis.