Epidemiological and clinical study of cases of endemic pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris in a reference center in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Abstract Background: Pemphigus constitutes a group of autoimmune bullous diseases. A reduction in the incidence of endemic pemphigus foliaceus and an increase in pemphigus vulgaris has been described, but there are no studies in Minas Gerais that address the subject. Objective: To describe the epidemiological and clinical profile of patients with pemphigus treated at the Dermatology Service of a public University Hospital in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was carried out of cases of endemic pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris, for a period of six months. A questionnaire was filled out with epidemiological and clinical data on the disease. Results: A total of 122 patients were included in the study, 64 with endemic pemphigus foliaceus and 58 with pemphigus vulgaris. When comparing patients with endemic pemphigus foliaceus and those with pemphigus vulgaris, a statistical difference was observed between the median age of initial disease manifestation (p = 0.001), patient occupation (p = 0.010), area of residence (p = 0.000), forests (p = 0.000) and rivers/streams close to the dwelling (p = 0.001) and the number of systemic medications required to control the disease (p = 0.002). When comparing patients with endemic pemphigus foliaceus to those evaluated in a study carried out at the same service in 2008, there was a statistical difference in the area of residence (p = 0.030). Study limitations: The assessed population comes from a tertiary care service that is not a reference for the entire state. Conclusions: Patients with endemic pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris maintain statistically significant differences regarding their main variables in the literature, such as age and area of residence. Historically, there has been a reduction in cases of endemic pemphigus foliaceus and an increase in cases of pemphigus vulgaris in this population.

Hipoacusia en el síndrome de Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Hearing loss in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome: case report and literature review

El síndrome de Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) es una rara enfermedad granulomatosa multisistémica caracterizada por aparición de panuveítis grave bilateral y desprendimiento seroso de retina; puede acompañarse de un amplio espectro de síntomas extraoculares como los auditivos, y la afección más frecuente es la hipoacusia neurosensorial. Su etiología se reconoce como respuesta autoinmune mediada por células T contra antígenos de melanocitos presentes en coroides, meninges, cóclea y piel. Asimismo, factores genéticos del huésped se han identificado como predisponentes para su aparición, y es la presencia del alelo HLA-DR4, en particular el subtipo HLA-DRB1 0405, el más estudiado hasta la fecha. El tratamiento se basa en administración de corticosteroides sistémicos en dosis altas, sin embargo, es escasa la evidencia que evalúa específicamente la eficacia de estos medicamentos sobre sus manifestaciones audiovestibulares. Este artículo expone un caso de síndrome de VKH con compromiso auditivo concomitante y realiza una breve revisión narrativa de la literatura.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKHS) is a rare multisystemic granulomatous disease, characterized by severe bilateral panuveitis and serous retinal detachment; it can be associated with a wide spectrum of extraocular symptoms, such as auditory symptoms, and the most common condition is sensorineural hearing loss. Its etio-logy is recognized as a T-cell-mediated autoimmune response against melanocyte antigens present in the choroid, meninges, cochlea, and skin. Likewise, host genetic factors have been identified as predisposing for its development, specifically the pre-sence of the HLA-DR4 allele, the HLA-DRB1 0405 subtype is the most studied up to date. Treatment is based on the administration of high doses of systemic corticos-teroids, however, there is not much evidence that specifically evaluates the efficacy of these medications on their audiovestibular manifestations. This article presents a clinical case of VKH syndrome with concomitant hearing impairment and carries out a short narrative review of the literature.

Clinical profile of vitiligo patients and relationship with immuno-inflammatory markers

Abstract Background Vitiligo is the most common pigmentary disorder and is considered a chronic, cumulative, multifactorial disease. The crucial role of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes and the IFNγ/CXCL10 axis has been demonstrated in its pathogenesis. Objective To evaluate the clinical profile and immuno-inflammatory markers in patients with vitiligo in a reference medical center. Methods Cross-sectional study in which all patients with vitiligo seen at the medical center the from 2019 to 2022 were evaluated, to outline the clinical profile. Moreover, cardiovascular risk biomarkers (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and C-reactive protein levels) were measured, as well as cytokines and chemokines (TNFα, IFNγ, IL10, IL15 and CXCL10) in the serum of a subgroup of 30 patients. Results There was a predominance of females, with a mean age of 43 years. Most were phototypes IV or V (71.3%), without comorbidities (77.55%), and without a family history of vitiligo (70.41%). Higher levels of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein, and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines were documented in vitiligo patients when compared to the control group (non-significant). As relevant data, the highest values of CXCL10 were detected in patients with vitiligo versus controls, as well as in patients with disease of shorter duration (p < 0.05). Study limitations The number of assessed patients was small due to recruitment difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion The present data contribute to confirming the relevant role of the IFNγ/CXCL10 axis in the pathogenesis of vitiligo, highlighting CXCL10 as a possible activity marker.

Cutting-edge issues in sympathetic ophthalmia approach and six case reports: a T cell-mediated autoimmune response / As questões de ponta na abordagem da oftalmia simpática e 6 relatos de caso: uma resposta autoimune mediada por células T

ABSTRACT Sympathetic ophthalmia is a rare and potentially devastating bilateral diffuse granulomatous panuveitis. It is caused by surgical or non-surgical eye injuries and is an uncommon and serious complication of trauma. It is diagnosed clinically and supported by imaging examinations such as ocular ultrasonography and optical coherence tomography. Its treatment consists of immunosuppressive therapy with steroids and sometimes steroid-sparing drugs, such as cyclosporine, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and mycophenolate mofetil. Fast and effective management with systemic immunosuppressive agents allows for disease control and achievement of good visual acuity in the sympathizing eye. By contrast, enucleation should be considered only in situations where the injured eye has no light perception or in the presence of severe trauma. In addition to a bibliographic review of this topic, we report six cases involving different immunosuppressive and surgical treatment modalities.

RESUMO A oftalmia simpática consiste em uma panuveíte granulomatosa bilateral rara e potencialmente devastadora, ocorrendo geralmente após trauma ocular cirúrgico ou não cirúrgico. O diagnóstico é baseado em aspectos clínicos e apoiado por exames de imagem, como ultrassonografia ocular e tomografia de coerência óptica. O tratamento consiste em terapia imunossupressora com esteróides e, eventualmente, drogas poupadoras de esteróides, como ciclosporina, azatioprina, ciclofosfamida e micofonato de mofetila. O manejo rápido e eficaz com agentes imunossupressores sistêmicos permite o controle da doença e a obtenção de boa acuidade visual no olho simpatizante. A enucleação, por outro lado, poderia ser considerada apenas em situações em que o olho lesado não tem percepção luminosa ou há trauma grave. Além de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, foi relatada uma série de 6 casos com diferentes modalidades de tratamento imunossupressor e cirúrgico.

Autoimmunity-related LINC01934 and AP002954.4 lncRNA polymorphisms may be effective in pediatric celiac disease: a case-control study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Various studies have reported that certain long non-coding RNA levels are unusually low in the intestines of celiac disease patients, suggesting that this may be associated with the inflammation observed in celiac disease. Despite these studies, the research aimed at uncovering the potential role of long non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases like celiac disease remains insufficient. Therefore, in this study, we plan to assess long non-coding RNA polymorphisms associated with autoimmunity in children diagnosed with celiac disease according to the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition criteria. METHODS: DNA was isolated from paraffin tissue samples of 88 pediatric celiac disease patients and 74 healthy pediatric individuals. Single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping of five long non-coding RNA polymorphisms associated with autoimmunity (LINC01934-rs1018326, IL18RAP-rs917997, AP002954.4-rs10892258, UQCRC2P1-rs6441961, and HCG14 rs3135316) was conducted using the TaqMan single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assays with the LightCycler 480. RESULTS: In our study, the genotypic and allelic frequency distribution of LINC01934-rs1018326 and AP002954.4-rs10892258 polymorphisms was found to be statistically significant in the comparison between the two groups (p<0.05). According to the multiple genetic model analyses, the LINC01934-rs1018326 polymorphism was observed to confer a 1.14-fold risk in the recessive model and a 1.2-fold risk in the additive model for pediatric celiac disease. Similarly, the AP002954.4-rs10892258 polymorphism was found to pose a 1.40-fold risk in the dominant model and a 1.7-fold risk in the additive model. CONCLUSION: Our study results draw attention to the LINC01934-rs1018326 and AP002954.4-rs10892258 polymorphisms in celiac disease and suggest that these polymorphisms may be associated with inflammation in autoimmune diseases like celiac disease.

Assessment of serum granulysin and cathepsin-L levels in vitiligo patients

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Cellular and humoral immunity plays a role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. T lymphocytes and natural killer cells involved in cellular immunity carry out their cytotoxic activities through perforin/granzyme-dependent granule exocytosis, in which granulysin and cathepsin-L are also involved. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of serum granulysin and cathepsin-L in the etiopathogenesis of vitiligo and their association with disease activity and severity. METHODS: This randomized, prospective case-control study was conducted with 46 vitiligo patients admitted to the hospital for vitiligo between January and November 2021 and 46 healthy volunteers of similar age and gender. Serum levels of granulysin and cathepsin-L were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS: The mean serum levels of granulysin and cathepsin-L were statistically significantly higher in vitiligo patients compared with the control group (p=0.048 and p=0.024, respectively). There was no statistically significant correlation between serum granulysin and serum cathepsin-L levels and disease severity in the patient group (r=0.30, p=0.062 and r=0.268, p=0.071, respectively). Disease activity also showed no significant association with serum granulysin and cathepsin-L levels (p=0.986 and p=0.962, respectively). CONCLUSION: Although granulysin and cathepsin-L are molecules involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo, the use of these molecules may not be helpful in assessing disease activity and severity. It may be helpful to conduct comprehensive and prospective studies to find new molecules to fill the gap in this area.

Biomarcadores na urticária crônica: qual o seu papel? / Biomarkers of chronic urticaria: what are their role?

A urticária é uma doença com comprometimento universal, e debilitante para a maioria dos pacientes. Caracteriza-se pela ocorrência de episódios de urticas, angioedema ou ambos, determinados pela ativação de mastócitos e outras células inflamatórias com a liberação de vários mediadores. Apresenta etiologia complexa com fenótipos e terapias bem específicas. A urticária crônica possui evolução recorrente e imprevisível, podendo estender-se por anos. Caracteristicamente possui maior prevalência no sexo feminino, com pico de ocorrência entre 20 e 40 anos. A doença pode ser diferenciada pela gravidade, impacto na qualidade de vida do paciente e resposta terapêutica. Biomarcador é uma característica clínica ou laboratorial mensurável de algum estado ou condição biológica, o qual pode influenciar ou prever a incidência de desfecho ou doença. O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma revisão dos principais biomarcadores promissores e com melhor evidência relacionados à duração, atividade da doença e resposta terapêutica.

Urticaria is a disease of global importance that can be debilitating for most patients. It is characterized by episodes of wheals, angioedema, or both, determined by the activation of mast cells and other inflammatory cells with the release of several mediators. The etiology is complex, involving specific phenotypes and therapies. Chronic urticaria has a recurrent and unpredictable course that can last for years. The prevalence is typically higher in females, with a peak incidence between 20 and 40 years of age. The disease can be classified by severity, impact on quality of life, and therapeutic response. A biomarker is a measurable clinical or laboratory characteristic of a biological state or condition that can influence or predict the incidence of outcome or disease. This study provides a review of the main biomarkers considered promising and with the best evidence related to duration, disease activity, and therapeutic response.

Papel inmunomodulador de la vitamina D y los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 en trastornos autoinmunes: Revisión de la Literatura / Immunomodulatory role of vitamin D and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in autoinmune disorders: Literature Review

Los trastornos autoinmunes representan una familia de al menos 80 condiciones diferentes que surgen de una respuesta aberrante del sistema inmunológico resultando finalmente en la destrucción de tejidos y órganos específicos del cuerpo. Es importante destacar que durante las últimas tres décadas los estudios epidemiológicos han proporcionado evidencia de un aumento constante en la incidencia y prevalencia de trastornos autoinmunes. En los últimos años, varios estudios han demostrado que la vitamina D y los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPs) omega-3 ejercen propiedades inmunomoduladoras y antiinflamatorias sinérgicas que pueden aprovecharse positivamente para la prevención y el tratamiento de trastornos autoinmunes. En este sentido, el reciente ensayo clínico denominado VITAL (ensayo de vitamina D y omega 3); un estudio a gran escala, aleatorizado, doble ciego, controlado con placebo encontró que la suplementación conjunta de vitamina D y AGPs omega-3 (VIDOM) puede reducir la incidencia de enfermedades autoinmunes. En esta revisión de la literatura, resumimos los mecanismos moleculares detrás de las propiedades inmunomoduladoras y antiinflamatorias de la vitamina D y los AGPs omega-3, así como la posible interacción bidireccional entre el metabolismo de la vitamina D y el metabolismo de los AGPs omega-3 que justifica la co- suplementación VIDOM en trastornos autoinmunes(AU)

Autoimmune disorders represent a family of at least 80 different conditions that arise from an aberrant immune system response, which ultimately results in the destruction of specific body tissues and organs. It is important to highlight that during the last three decades epidemiological studies have provided evidence of a steady increase in the incidence and prevalence of autoimmune disorders. In recent years, several studies have shown that vitamin D and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exert synergistic immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties that can be positively harnessed for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune disorders. In this sense, the recent clinical trial called VITAL (Vitamin D and Omega 3 trial) - a large, randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study - found that co-supplementation of vitamin D and omega-3 PUFAs (VIDOM) can reduce the incidence of autoimmune diseases. In this literature review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms behind the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of vitamin D and omega-3 PUFAs, as well as the possible bidirectional interaction between vitamin D metabolism and omega-3 PUFA metabolism that justifies VIDOM co- supplementation in autoimmune disorders(AU)

Presencia de autoanticuerpos anti islotes pancreáticos en diabetes tipo 1 durante la edad pediátrica / Presence of anti-pancreatic islet autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes in children

En la Diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) la pérdida de células ß pancreáticas es consecuencia de un proceso de autoinmunidad que cursa con la presencia de autoanticuerpos anti-islotes pancreáticos (AAPs). Estos AAPs son marcadores útiles para la clasificación de la enfermedad. En un centro pediátrico de tercer nivel se analizó la frecuencia de presentación de GADA, IA-2A, ZnT8A e IAA en un grupo con reciente debut entre enero 2018 y agosto 2021 (n= 90). Además, se investigó la frecuencia de presentación y relación de los AAPs con la edad, sexo y tiempo de evolución en pacientes en seguimiento (n= 240). En el grupo de debut se obtuvo positividad de GADA, IA-2A, ZnT8A y IAA en 77,8; 60; 62 y 47,8% de los pacientes respectivamente, un 4% no presentó AAPs. El 95,6% de los pacientes presentaron al menos un AAPs positivo. La frecuencia de IAA en el grupo en debut fue mayor en menores de 5 años. En el grupo en seguimiento el 75,2% resultaron GADA positivo (85,7% en mujeres y 62,8% en varones) p<0,05. IA-2A y ZnT8A fueron positivos en 45 y 51.7% respectivamente. El 91% presentaron al menos un AAP positivo. En este grupo se evidenció una menor positividad en función del tiempo de evolución. Se pudo determinar la frecuencia de presentación de los AAPs en un grupo en debut y la relación con la edad, sexo y tiempo de evolución en pacientes en seguimiento. La determinación de APPs facilita la correcta clasificación y elección de la terapia adecuada (AU)

In type 1 diabetes (DM1) the loss of pancreatic ß-cells is a consequence of an autoimmune process that results in the presence of pancreatic anti-islet autoantibodies (PAAs). PAAs are useful markers for the classification of the disease. The frequency of presentation of GADA, IA-2A, ZnT8A, and IAA in a group with recent debut seen between January 2018 and August 2021 (n= 90) was analyzed in a tertiary pediatric center. In addition, we investigated the frequency of presentation and association of PAAs with age, sex, and time of evolution in patients in follow-up (n= 240). In the debut group, GADA, IA2A, ZnT8A, and IAA positivity was found in 77.8, 60, 62, and 47.8% of patients, respectively; no PAAs were observed in 4% of the patients. Overall, 95.6% presented at least one positive PAA. The frequency of IAA in the debut group was higher in children younger than 5 years. In the follow-up group, 75.2% were GADA positive (85.7% of females and 62.8% of males) p<0.05. IA-2A and ZnT8A were positive in 45 and 51.7% respectively. Ninety-one percent presented with at least one positive PAA. In this group, a lower positivity was evidenced as a function of the time of evolution. The frequency of presentation of PAAs in a debut group and the relationship with age, sex, and time of evolution in patients in follow-up was demonstrated. The assessment of PAAs facilitates the correct classification and choice of adequate therapy (AU)

Uso adecuado de las pruebas de laboratorio para la evaluación de la función tiroidea en pediatría / Appropriate use of laboratory tests for evaluation of thyroid function in pediatrics

Las pruebas de función tiroidea (PFT) son esenciales para el diagnóstico preciso y el seguimiento eficaz de la disfunción tiroidea. Existe un incremento progresivo y estable de los pedidos de PFT, incluso se han incorporado las mismas a los exámenes de salud anuales en niños sanos. Representan más del 60% de las pruebas realizadas en el laboratorio de endocrinología, tanto en adultos como en los laboratorios especializados en pediatría. Para hacer un uso eficiente de las PFT, antes de solicitarlas debemos preguntarnos… ¿Para quién? ¿Cuándo solicitarlas? ¿Qué pruebas solicitar? ¿Cómo solicitarlas? y ¿Cómo interpretar correctamente los resultados? Un resultado anormal en las PFT no siempre implica patología tiroidea asociada. Las PFT tienen importante variabilidad intra e interindividual lo que hace más compleja su correcta interpretación. La pesquisa de enfermedad tiroidea neonatal es un importante aporte a la prevención de la deficiencia mental en la infancia, su aplicación obligatoria posibilita un diagnóstico temprano, para asegurar su éxito debe considerarse en el marco de un programa integral de detección con estrategias de confirmación, tratamiento temprano y seguimiento a corto, mediano y largo plazo. No debe hacerse un uso indiscriminado de la prueba de estímulo con TRH en el diagnóstico de la patología tiroidea. En pediatría la estrategia de tamiz de enfermedad tiroidea es conveniente realizarla mediante la medición de por lo menos TSH y T4 libre e incluir la determinación de ATPO en grupos de riesgo, a diferencia de la determinación aislada de TSH como es recomendado en adultos. (AU)

Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are essential for accurate diagnosis and effective monitoring of thyroid dysfunction. There is a progressive and steady increase in requests for TFTs, and they have even been incorporated into annual health examinations in healthy children. They represent more than 60% of the tests performed in the endocrinology laboratory, both in adults and in specialized pediatric laboratories. To efficiently use TFTs, before requesting them we should ask ourselves... For whom? When to request them? Which tests to request? How to request them? and How to correctly interpret the results? An abnormal TFT result does not always imply thyroid disease. TFTs have significant intra- and inter-individual variability, which makes their correct interpretation more complex. Screening for newborn thyroid disease is an important contribution to the prevention of intellectual disability in childhood and its mandatory use enables early diagnosis; however, to ensure the test to be successful, it should be considered within the framework of a comprehensive screening program with strategies for confirmation, early treatment, and short-, medium-, and long-term follow-up. The TRH stimulation test in the diagnosis of thyroid disease should not be used indiscriminately. In children, the screening strategy for thyroid disease should be performed by measuring at least TSH and free T4 and include the measurement of TPO-ab in risk groups, as opposed to the isolated measurement of TSH as recommended in adults. (AU)

Relación entre COVID-19 con el desarrollo de enfermedades autoinmunes / Relationship of COVID-19 with the development of autoimmune diseases / Relação da COVID-19 com o desenvolvimento de doenças autoimunes

En la actualidad existe un gran número personas diagnoticadas con SARS-CoV-2, llamando la atención la aparición de algunas enfermedades de origen autoinmunes post exposición a esta infección. Se cree que su asociación está dada por mecanismos que incluyen el mimetismo molecular, los autoanticuerpos y la estimulación de la señalización inflamatoria. Objetivo. Identificar la relación entre COVID-19 con el desarrollo de enfermedades autoinmunes. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura, donde, se utilizó buscadores científicos en la siguiente base de datos: Pubmed, Cocharne, Scielo y Science Direct. La búsqueda de información estuvo comprendida entre 2020 al 2022, se utilizaron palabras claves y algoritmo de búsqueda con la combinación de términos: "COVID-19", "enfermedades autoinmunes", "autoinmunidad", además de esto se utilizaron operadores booleanos "And", "Or" y "Not" con la finalidad de obtener mejores resultados en la brusquedad. Conclusión. Los principales mecanismos involucrados en el desarrollo de autoinmunidad posterior a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 incluye el mimetismo molecular, la presencia de autoanticuerpos y la tormenta de citoquinas propias de la infección por COVID-19. Las enfermedades de carácter autoinmune con las que se estableció relación directa: Síndrome de Guillan-Barré, Encefalitis autoinmune, Enfermedad de Graves, Tiroiditis de Hashimoto, Purpura trombocitopenica autoinmune y Vasculitis, además también se consideró la Enfermedad similar a Kawasaki - like, Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico, mismas que aún necesitan de más estudios para establecer con exactitud su mecanismo de acciones con relación a la infección de SARS-CoV-2.

Currently there are a large number of people diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2, drawing attention to the appearance of some diseases of autoimmune origin after exposure to this infection. It is believed that their association is given by mechanisms that include molecular mimicry, autoantibodies and stimulation of inflammatory signaling. Objective. To identify the relationship between COVID-19 and the development of autoimmune diseases. Methodology. A systematic review of the literature was carried out, using scientific search engines in the following database: Pubmed, Cocharne, Scielo and Science Direct. The information search was carried out from 2020 to 2022, using keywords and search algorithm with the combination of terms: "COVID-19", "autoimmune diseases", "autoimmunity", in addition to this, Boolean operators "And", "Or" and "Not" were used in order to obtain better results in the abruptness. Conclusion. The main mechanisms involved in the development of autoimmunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection include molecular mimicry, the presence of autoantibodies and the cytokine storm characteristic of COVID-19 infection. The autoimmune diseases with which a direct relationship was established are: Guillan-Barre syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura and vasculitis, in addition to Kawasaki-like disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, which still need further studies to establish their exact mechanism of action in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Atualmente, há um grande número de pessoas diagnosticadas com SARS-CoV-2, o que chama a atenção para o surgimento de algumas doenças autoimunes após a exposição a essa infecção. Acredita-se que sua associação se deva a mecanismos que incluem mimetismo molecular, autoanticorpos e estimulação da sinalização inflamatória. Objetivo. Identificar a relação entre a COVID-19 e o desenvolvimento de doenças autoimunes. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura, usando mecanismos de busca científica no seguinte banco de dados: Pubmed, Cocharne, Scielo e Science Direct. A busca de informações foi realizada entre 2020 e 2022, foram utilizadas palavras-chave e algoritmo de busca com a combinação dos termos: "COVID-19", "autoimmune diseases", "autoimmunity", e também foram utilizados os operadores booleanos "And", "Or" e "Not" para obter melhores resultados na rapidez. Conclusão. Os principais mecanismos envolvidos no desenvolvimento da autoimunidade após a infecção por SARS-CoV-2 incluem mimetismo molecular, a presença de autoanticorpos e a tempestade de citocinas da infecção por COVID-19. As doenças autoimunes com as quais foi estabelecida uma relação direta são: síndrome de Guillan-Barré, encefalite autoimune, doença de Graves, tireoidite de Hashimoto, púrpura trombocitopênica autoimune e vasculite, bem como doença semelhante à Kawasaki, lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, que ainda precisam de mais estudos para estabelecer seu mecanismo exato de ação em relação à infecção por SARS-CoV-2.

Controversias en el uso de la vitamina D como preventivo de la esclerosis múltiple. Revisión de la literatura / Controversies in the use of vitamin D as a preventive of multiple sclerosis. Literature review

La esclerosis múltiple (EM) es una enfermedad desmielinizante que afecta el sistema nervioso central. A pesar de los avances en materia de diagnóstico y tratamiento, se desconocen aún muchos aspectos de su etiopatogenia y fisiopatología. La EM es una de las principales causas de discapacidad neurológica y, por los elevados costos de los tratamientos inmunomoduladores e inmunosupresores, tiene un gran impacto económico en la salud pública. Por ello, se intentaron diversos tratamientos preventivos, como la utilización de la vitamina D. Debido a la acción de la vitamina D sobre el sistema inmune, ha sido prescripta en sujetos de riesgo. Sin embargo, hasta el momento actual, los estudios sobre sus efectos no resultaron concluyentes y persisten las dudas acerca de sus posibles beneficios en materia de prevención. El objetivo de la presente revisión bibliográfica es realizar una puesta al día y destacar los aspectos controversiales en relación al uso de la vitamina D como tratamiento preventivo de la esclerosis múltiple. (AU)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, many aspects of its etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology remain unknown. MS is one of the main causes of neurological disability and, due to the high costs of modern immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive treatments, it has a great economic impact on public health. Therefore, numerous efforts have been made in the search for preventive treatments. For this reason, various preventive treatments were tried, such as the use of vitamin D. Due to its action on the immune system, it has been used in subjects at ME risk. However, these studies have been inconclusive to date, and its possible benefits in terms of prevention are still being questioned. The objective of this bibliographic review is to update and highlight the controversial aspects in relation to the use of vitamin D as a preventive treatment of multiple sclerosis. (AU)

Artrite reativa pós-COVID-19: relato de caso / Reactive arthritis after COVID-19: a case report

As complicações associadas à COVID-19 incluem insuficiência renal, miocardite, eventos trombóticos e retinite. No entanto, outras manifestações, como a artrite reativa, também parecem estar atreladas a este vírus e precisam ser mais bem investigadas. O caso relatado se refere a uma paciente de 32 anos, do sexo feminino, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), que desenvolveu um quadro de artrite reativa após 5 dias da manifestação de sintomas gripais. Foram realizados exames laboratoriais, GeneXpert para COVID-19 e punção do líquido sinovial. Observou-se GeneXpert positivo para COVID-19, aumento nos marcadores inflamatórios, marcadores sorológicos de autoimunidade não reagentes e cultura negativa no líquido sinovial. Esses resultados descartam artrite séptica, bem como artrite reumatoide, passando a ser considerado o quadro de artrite pós-infecciosa decorrente do SARS-CoV-2.

Complications associated with COVID-19 include renal failure, myocarditis, thrombotic events, and retinitis. However, other manifestations, such as reactive arthritis, also seem to be associated with infection and require further investigation. We report the case of a 32-year-old woman in Rio de Janeiro, RJ who developed reactive arthritis 5 days after the onset of flulike symptoms. Laboratory tests, GeneXpert for COVID-19, and synovial fluid puncture were performed. Positive GeneXpert results for COVID-19, increased inflammatory markers, non-reactive serological markers of autoimmunity, and negative culture in synovial fluid were observed. These results ruled out both septic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, leading to a diagnosis of postinfectious arthritis resulting from SARS-CoV-2.

Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA), medical treatment of severe systemic compromise: case report

Case description: A 42-year-old woman with severe pulmonary and mediastinal inflammatory involvement, secondary to infiltration of a silicone-related allogenic material with systemic migration. Clinical findings: The patient developed esophageal and bronchial stenosis, recurrent infections, malnutrition, and respiratory deterioration, making surgical removal of the allogenic material impossible. Treatment and outcome: Clinical and radiological improvement was achieved after treatment with multiple intravenous and oral immunomodulators. Clinical relevance: Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) is a heterogeneous disease resulting from exposure to allogenic substances in a susceptible subject. These substances cause autoimmune or autoinflammatory phenomena. Since ASIA was described ten years ago, its diagnostic criteria are still under discussion, with an uncertain prognosis. The ideal therapy is based on eliminating the causative substance, but this is not always possible. Therefore, it is necessary to start an immunomodulatory treatment, using it in this patient, a scheme that had not been previously reported in the literature.

Descripción del caso: Mujer de 42 años con compromiso inflamatorio pulmonar y mediastinal severo, secundario a infiltración de un material alogénico relacionado con la silicona con migración sistémica. Hallazgos clínicos: La paciente desarrolló estenosis esofágica y bronquial, infecciones recurrentes, desnutrición y deterioro respiratorio, imposibilitando la extracción quirúrgica del material alogénico. Tratamiento y resultado: Mejoría clínica y radiológica lograda tras un tratamiento con múltiples inmunomoduladores intravenosos y orales. Relevancia clínica: El síndrome autoinmune / inflamatorio inducido por adyuvantes (ASIA) es una enfermedad heterogénea que resulta de la exposición a sustancias alógenas en un sujeto con susceptibilidad genética. Estas sustancias inducen fenómenos autoinmunitarios o autoinflamatorios. Desde que ASIA fue descrito hace 10 años, sus criterios diagnósticos continúan en discusión, con un pronóstico incierto. El tratamiento idóneo se basa en eliminar la sustancia causante, pero no siempre es posible, por lo cual se hace necesario iniciar un tratamiento inmunomodulador, empleándose en esta paciente un esquema que no había sido reportado previamente en la literatura.

A cross-sectional study to know the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a persistent autoimmune disease, the pathogenesis of which remains elusive. Autoimmune factors may be a cause of SLE and thyroid dysfunction. Many studies have revealed that the prevalence of thyroid disorder is higher in SLE patients than in the general population. SLE is a multisystem and hypothyroidism is an organ specific autoimmune disorder and can occur successively or simultaneously. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the prevalence of thyroid disorder in patients with SLE. Materials and Methods: Patients admitted with definite clinical features of SLE and Antinuclear Antibodies positive, in medicine ward and healthy blood donors are taken as control. Sample was tested by fully automated analyzer. Results: Subclinical hypothyroidism was found in 24% of study group and 8% of control group which is statistically significant. Central and secondary hyperthyroidism was found in 10% of study group and 12% of control group but it was statistically insignificant. Several studies have documented an association between SLE and other autoimmune diseases such as Sjogren’s syndrome, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and antiphospholipid syndrome. Subclinical hypothyroidism was higher than another thyroid dysfunction such as primary, central, and subclinical hypothyroidism was found to be higher in frequency, probably depicting the slow destructive process which is pathognomic of autoimmune thyroiditis. Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism was more prevalent in SLE than that of overt hypothyroidism as compared with general population.

Enfermedades autoinmunes asociadas a inmunodeficiencias primarias / Autoimmune diseases associated with primary immunodeficiencies

Introducción: Las enfermedades y manifestaciones autoinmunes ocupan el segundo lugar de las enfermedades por inmunodeficiencia primaria, después de las infecciones. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de las enfermedades autoinmunes en los pacientes con inmunodeficiencias primarias. Métodos: Se realizó estudio de caso control en el servicio de Alergia e Inmunología de Bayamo, Granma entre los años 2013 y 2022. El grupo de estudio fue de 38 pacientes con diagnóstico de inmunodeficiencia primaria y el grupo control de 76 pacientes sin compromiso del sistema inmune. Se empleó el programa estadístico SPSS 25, las frecuencias absolutas y relativas, odds ratio y Chi cuadrado. Resultados: Las manifestaciones sugerentes de autoinmunidad en los pacientes con inmunodeficiencias primarias fue 39,47 % y en los controles 3,95 %, OR = 15,869 y p= 0,000. Las más frecuentes fueron: dolor monoarticular en 6 pacientes (33,33 %); poliartralgia, dermatitis y alopecia en 3 casos (16,67 %) cada uno; dolor en la columna vertebral y nódulos subcutáneos, un paciente (5,56 %) cada uno. Las enfermedades autoinmunes asociadas a inmunodeficiencias primarias fueron: enfermedad celiaca (30,71 %), vitíligo (23,07 %), fibromialgia (15,38 %), eritema nodoso, la gastritis eosinofílica, anemia perniciosa y vasculitis con 7,69 % cada uno. Conclusiones: Las manifestaciones y enfermedades autoinmunes prevalecieron en pacientes con inmunodeficiencias primarias; en ambos casos fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes mayores de 18 años de edad. Las inmunodeficiencias más frecuentemente asociadas a los trastornos autoinmunes fueron las deficiencias predominantemente de anticuerpos y los defectos desregulatorios.

Introduction: Autoimmune diseases are in second place, after infections to suspect primary immunodeficiency diseases. Objective: To determine the behavior of autoimmune diseases in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. Methods: A case control study was carried out in the allergy and immunology service of Bayamo, Granma between 2013 and 2022. The universe was studied as a whole, the study group with 38 patients diagnosed with primary immunodeficiency and the control group with 76 patients without immune system compromise. The SPSS 25 statistical program, absolute and relative frequencies, odds ratio and chi-square were used. Results: The manifestations suggestive of autoimmunity in patients with PID was 39.47% and in controls 3.95%, OR = 15.869 and p = 0.000 and the most frequent were: monoarticular pain in 6 patients (33.33%), polyarthralgia, dermatitis and alopecia with 3 cases (16.67%) each one, pain in dorsal spine and subcutaneous nodule, one patient (5.56%) each one. Immune diseases associated with PID were: celiac disease (30.71%), vitiligo (23.07%), fibromyalgia (15.38%), erythema nodosum, eosinophilic gastritis, pernicious anemia and vasculitis with 7.69% each. Conclusions: Autoimmune manifestations and diseases prevailed in patients with PID, in both cases were more frequent in patients older than 18 years. The immunodeficiencies most frequently associated with autoimmune disorders were those of antibodies and those with some dysregulation component.

Is there an association between endometriosis and thyroid autoimmunity?

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that non-uterine endometrial implants can express thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors, thus inducing the formation of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin. We aimed to compare the autoantibody positivity in patients with and without endometriosis and to determine whether there is a difference in the incidence of thyroid diseases. METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted on 102 women who had been operated on for benign gynecological diseases. Cases enrolling in the study were divided into two groups: the study group with endometriosis (n=51) and the control group without endometriosis (n=51). The blood tests for thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin, and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody levels were checked. RESULTS: The mean thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin level was found to be higher in the endometriosis group than in the control group. However, this difference was not statistically significant. No significant difference was detected between endometriosis and control groups in terms of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. The mean fT4 value (0.97±0.13 ng/dL) of the endometriosis patients was found to be significantly lower than the control group (1.08±0.21 ng/dL) (p=0.002; p<0.05). The mean anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody value of cases with bilateral endometrioma (82.21±252.29 IU/mL) was significantly higher than cases with unilateral endometrioma (15.81±83.13 IU/mL) (p=0.028; p<0.05). There is a positive and significant relationship between the size of endometriosis and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody values (p=0.011; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study points to an association between endometrioma diameter and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody values which can be a stepping stone for new studies evaluating this hypothesis further.

Anticuerpos Anti Ro 52/Ro 60 y su correlación clínica- serológica. Estudio descriptivo unicéntrico

Introducción: La interpretación de los diversos anticuerpos vinculados a las Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas (EAS) es un reto clínico. Entre los anticuerpos específicos, los anti Ro son los de mayor frecuencia. Se asocian a un fenotipo clínico, relacionados tanto a manifestaciones clínicas diversas como a EAS establecidas. Metodología : Estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal, realizado en Hospital Maciel (Montevideo, Uruguay). Resultados: Se enrolaron 70 pacientes, la mayoría de sexo femenino. 60 pacientes (85%) presentaron Ro52, 40 (57%) Ro60 y 31 (44%) ambos anticuerpos. Del total de los pacientes que tuvieron Ro positivo en 59 (93%) se evidenciaron manifestaciones clínicas. Las más frecuentes fueron: fotosensibilidad 26 (42%); Raynaud 18 (30%); xerostomía 26 (42%), xeroftalmia 25 (41%), enfermedad pulmonar intersticial 10 (15%), nefropatía 20 (32%), y manifestaciones hematológicas 16 (23%). En 59 casos (86%) se diagnosticó una enfermedad autoinmune. Las más frecuentes fueron Síndrome de Sjögren 26 (41%), Lupus eritematoso sistémico 26 (41%), Artritis reumatoidea 14 (22%), Esclerosis sistémica 10 (16%), Hepatopatías autoinmunes 10 (14%). Se evidenciaron otros autoanticuerpos positivos en el 68 (97%) de los casos. El ANA fue positivo en 67 pacientes (95%). La proporción de pacientes con Ro60 positivo fue significativamente mayor en pacientes que presentaron fotosensibilidad (p 0.006), Lupus cutáneo agudo (p 0.003), manifestaciones articulares (p 0.031) y nefropatía (p 0.016). La positividad de ambos Ro52/60 fue significativamente mayor en pacientes con manifestaciones musculares (p 0.028) y nefropatía (p 0.047). En cuanto al tipo de enfermedad autoinmune se evidenció una proporción significativa de pacientes con Ro60 y LES (p 0.004), así como de ambos anticuerpos y ES (p 0.04). Hubo mayor proporción de pacientes con Ro60 y anti SCL 70 (p 0.008) que aquellos que no lo presentaban, así mismo sucede con Ro60 y el FR (p 0.018); y Ro 52/60 con anti La (p 0.049) y anti SCL 70 (p 0.027). Conclusiones: Los anticuerpos específicos Ro52/60 son frecuentes, predominando el Ro52. La mayoría de los pacientes que presentan positividad tienen una enfermedad autoinmune de base, observándose también en pacientes con patología oncológica. Conocer sus asociaciones es de suma importancia dado que presentan un rol diagnóstico, pronostico, y ayudan a predecir el fenotipo clínico.

Introduction: The interpretation of the various antibodies linked to systemic autoimmune diseases is a clinical challenge. Among the specific antibodies, anti Ro are the most frequent. They are associated with a clinical phenotype, related to both diverse clinical manifestations and established SAD. Methodology: descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study carried out at the Maciel Hospital, Montevideo, Uruguay. Results: 70 patients were enrolled, most of them female. 60 patients (85%) presented Ro52, 40 (57%) Ro60 and 31 (44%) both antibodies. Of the total number of patients who had positive Ro in 59 (93%) clinical manifestations were evidenced. The most frequent were: photosensitivity 26 (42%); Raynaud 18 (30%); Xerostomia 26 (42%), Xerophthalmia 25 (41%), interstitial lung disease 10 (15%), nephropathy 20 (32%), and hematological manifestations 16 (23%). In 59 cases (86%) an autoimmune disease was diagnosed. The most frequent were: Sjögrens syndrome 26 (41%), systemic lupus erythematosus 26 (41%), rheumatoid arthritis 14 (22%), systemic sclerosis 10 (16%), autoimmune liver diseases 10 (14%). Other positive autoantibodies were found in 68 (97%) of the cases. ANA was positive in 67 patients (95%). The proportion of patients with positive Ro60 was significantly higher in patients with photosensitivity (p: 0.006), acute cutaneous lupus (p: 0.003), joint manifestations (p: 0.031), and nephropathy (p: 0.016). The positivity of both Ro52/60 was significantly higher in patients with muscular manifestations (p 0.028) and nephropathy (p 0.047). Regarding the type of autoimmune disease, there was a significant proportion of patients with Ro60 and SLE (p 0.004), as well as both antibodies and SE (p 0.04). There was a higher proportion of patients with Ro60 and anti SCL 70 (p 0.008) than those who did not, the same happens with Ro60 and RF (p 0.018); and Ro 52/60 with anti La (p 0.049) and anti SCL 70 (p 0.027). Conclusions: Ro52/60 specific antibodies are frequent, predominating Ro52. Most of the patients who present positivity have an underlying autoimmune disease, which is also observed in patients with oncological pathology. Knowing their associations is of the utmost importance given that they present a diagnostic and prognostic role, and help to predict the clinical phenotype.

Introdução: A interpretação dos vários anticorpos ligados a doenças autoimunes sistêmicas é um desafio clínico. Dentre os anticorpos específicos, os anti Ro são os mais frequentes. Eles estão associados a um fenótipo clínico, relacionado tanto a várias manifestações clínicas quanto a EAS estabelecido. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, observacional, transversal, realizado no Hospital Maciel, Montevidéu, Uruguai. Resultados: foram incluídos 70 pacientes, a maioria do sexo feminino. 60 pacientes (85%) apresentaram Ro52, 40 (57%) Ro60 e 31 (44%) ambos os anticorpos. Do total de pacientes que apresentaram Ro positivo em 59 (93%) manifestações clínicas foram evidenciadas. Os mais frequentes foram: fotossensibilidade 26 (42%); Raynaud 18 (30%); Xerostomia 26 (42%), Xeroftalmia 25 (41%), doença pulmonar intersticial 10 (15%), nefropatia 20 (32%) e manifestações hematológicas 16 (23%). Em 59 casos (86%) foi diagnosticada doença autoimune. As mais frequentes foram: síndrome de Sjögren 26 (41%), lúpus eritematoso sistêmico 26 (41%), artrite reumatoide 14 (22%), esclerose sistêmica 10 (16%), hepatopatias autoimunes 10 (14%). Outros autoanticorpos positivos foram encontrados em 68 (97%) dos casos. O ANA foi positivo em 67 pacientes (95%). A proporção de pacientes com Ro60 positiva foi significativamente maior em pacientes com fotossensibilidade (p: 0,006), lúpus cutâneo agudo (p: 0,003), manifestações articulares (p: 0,031) e nefropatia (p: 0,016). A positividade de ambos Ro52/60 foi significativamente maior em pacientes com manifestações musculares (p 0,028) e nefropatia (p 0,047). Em relação ao tipo de doença autoimune, houve proporção significativa de pacientes com Ro60 e LES (p 0,004), assim como anticorpos e SE (p 0,04). Houve maior proporção de pacientes com Ro60 e anti SCL 70 (p 0,008) do que aqueles que não apresentaram, o mesmo ocorre com Ro60 e RF (p 0,018); e Ro 52/60 com anti La (p 0,049) e anti SCL 70 (p 0,027). Conclusões: Anticorpos específicos Ro52/60 são frequentes, predominando Ro52. A maioria dos pacientes que apresentam positividade tem uma doença autoimune de base, também observada em pacientes com patologia oncológica. Conhecer suas associações é de extrema importância, pois têm papel diagnóstico e prognóstico, além de ajudar a predizer o fenótipo clínico.

Pathogenesis of aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder / 中华神经科杂志

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by the involvement of the optic nerve and spinal cord. The main clinical features are optic neuritis, acute myelitis, and area postrema syndrome. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG-positive patients accounted for the majority and compared with AQP4-IgG-negative patients, the clinical symptoms were more severe, the recurrence was more frequent, and the disability rate was higher. The pathogenesis of AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD is still not clear. This article reviews the research progress of the pathogenesis of AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD.

Efficacy of montelukast sodium combined with methylprednisolone in the treatment of allergic purpura in children and its effects on inflammatory factors and immune function / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of montelukast sodium combined with methylprednisolone in the treatment of pediatric allergic purpura and its effects on inflammatory factors and immune function.Methods:A total of 94 children with allergic purpura who received treatment in Taizhou Women and Children's Hospital and Taizhou Hospital Medical Center (Group) Enze Hospital from March 2019 to March 2021 were included in this study. They were randomly divided into observation and control groups ( n = 47/group). The control group was treated with methylprednisolone. The observation group was treated with montelukast sodium combined with methylprednisolone. The course of treatment was 2 weeks in both groups. Efficacy and changes in inflammatory factors and immune function post-treatment relative to those pre-treatment were compared between the two groups. Results:Total response rate in the observation group [93.62% (44/47)] was significantly higher than that in the control group [74.47% (35/47), Z = 2.15, P < 0.05)]. After treatment, interleukin (IL-4), IL-6, and IL-18 levels in each group were significantly decreased compared with those before treatment ( tobservation group = 21.19, 22.26, 27.20, tcontrol group = 11.10, 13.21, 14.86, all P < 0.05). After treatment, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8 levels in the observation group were (48.98 ± 5.21) ng/L, (34.10 ± 6.42) ng/L, and (53.29 ± 5.67) ng/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than (65.38 ± 7.08) ng/L, (47.83 ± 4.71) ng/L, (67.83 ± 7.10) ng/L in the control group ( t = 12.79, 11.82, 10.97, all P < 0.05). After treatment, CD3 +, CD4 +, and CD4 +/CD8 + in each group were significantly increased compared with those before treatment ( tobservation group = 14.27, 14.41, 17.61, tcontrol group = 6.90, 5.12, 7.40, all P < 0.05). After treatment, CD3 +, CD4 +, and CD4 +/CD8 + in the observation group were (68.94 ± 2.89)%, (39.94 ± 2.15)%, and (1.79 ± 0.13), respectively, which were significantly higher than (63.86 ± 3.28)%, (35.65 ± 2.31)%, and (1.53 ± 0.16) in the control group ( t = 7.96, 9.32, 8.64, all P < 0.05). After treatment, serum IgG and IgM levels in each group were significantly decreased compared with those before treatment ( tobservation group = 21.00, 7.99, tcontrol group = 8.38, 5.76, both P < 0.05). After treatment, serum IgG and IgM levels in the observation group were (1.43 ± 0.19) g/L and (9.74 ± 0.78) g/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than (1.95 ± 0.37) g/L and (10.89 ± 0.85) g/L in the control group ( t = 8.57, 6.83, both P < 0.05). Conclusion:Montelukast sodium combined with methylprednisolone is highly effective on allergic purpura in children. The combined therapy can reduce inflammatory responses and improve immune function in children.