Trasplante de microbiota fecal: una revisión / Fecal Microbial Transplantation: A Review

Resumen La microbiota intestinal sana se define a partir de la presencia de grupos de microorganismos que potencian el metabolismo del huésped. Estos microorganismos le confieren resistencia ante las infecciones, así como ante procesos inflamatorios y frente al desarrollo de neoplasias o autoinmunidad. Además, favorecen las funciones endocrinas y colaboran con la función neurológica a través del eje intestino-cerebro. Por otro lado, el trasplante de microbiota fecal consiste en la introducción de una suspensión de materia fecal de un donante sano en el tracto gastrointestinal de otra persona, que generalmente es un paciente que presenta una patología concreta. Esto se realiza con el fin de manipular la composición de la microbiota del destinatario y contribuir al tratamiento de su problema. El concepto de trasplante de microbiota fecal rompe con la consideración tradicional de las bacterias como elementos dañinos y presta atención a las que, probablemente, son las más subvaloradas de las excretas del cuerpo humano: las heces. En efecto, se ha evidenciado su alta eficacia y el procedimiento es reconocido por el número de pacientes a los que ha ayudado, que se puede ya cifrar en miles. El objetivo de esta revisión de literatura fue describir aspectos básicos para comprender el trasplante de microbiota fecal enfocado al tratamiento de infecciones producidas por Clostridioides difficile.

Abstract Gut microbiota is defined as healthy when there are groups of microorganisms that enhance the host's metabolism, confer resistance to infections, inflammatory processes, the development of malignancies or autoimmunity, promote endocrine functions and support neurological function through the so-called gut-brain axis. Fecal microbial transplantation is the transfer of fecal matter from a healthy donor into the gastrointestinal tract of another person, usually a patient with a specific pathology, to manipulate the composition of the recipient's microbiota and contribute to the treatment of his or her condition. The concept of fecal microbial transplantation breaks with the traditional thought of bacteria as harmful elements and draws attention to what is probably the most undervalued of the human body's excreta: feces. Its high efficiency has been demonstrated and the procedure is recognized by the many patients it has helped, which can already be counted in thousands. The objective of this literature review was to describe the basics of fecal microbial transplantation for the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections.

Efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for treating acute colitis in horses undergoing colic surgery / Eficácia do transplante de microbiota fecal no tratamento da colite aguda em equinos submetidos a cirurgia de cólica

The report describes the outcome of four horses treated with homologous faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for acute colitis. The horses developed diarrhoea and fever a few days after a laparotomy to treat gastrointestinal disease. Medical records were reviewed to identify the horses as well as to describe the primary intestinal disease, clinical findings, surgical intervention, FMT protocol, outcome and follow-up of each case. The principle of the efficacy of FMT is that restoration of a balanced nonpathogenic bacterial population may be the primary defence mechanism against colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the equine gastrointestinal tract. The FMT did not produce adverse reactions and was demonstrated to rapidly control diarrhoea and fever in all cases. A complete resolution of clinical sings was observed within 24 hours when horses were given a single FMT. Further clinical studies are necessary to determine the optimal preparation and to reinforce the efficacy of FMT for treating acute colitis following colic surgery. The technique has the potential to be an inexpensive, safe and highly efficient tool for the prevention and treatment of infectious gastrointestinal diseases in horses, preventing antimicrobial resistance.(AU)

O presente relato descreve a recuperação de 4 equinos tratados com transplante homólogo de microbiota fecal (TMF) para colite aguda. Os animais desenvolveram diarreia e febre alguns dias após serem submetidos a laparotomia para tratar obstruções intestinais. Os registros médicos foram revisados para identificar os equinos, bem como para descrever a doença intestinal primária, achados clínicos, detalhes da intervenção cirúrgica, protocolo do TMF, resultados e evolução de cada caso. O princípio da eficácia do TMF é que a restauração do equilíbrio de bactérias não patogênicas pode ser o principal mecanismo de defesa contra a colonização por bactérias patogênicas no trato gastrointestinal equino. O TMF não ocasionou reações adversas e demonstrou controlar rapidamente a diarreia e a febre em todos os casos. A resolução completa dos sinais clínicos foi observada dentro de 24 horas, sendo que os cavalos receberam um único TMF. Estudos clínicos adicionais são necessários para determinar a melhor técnica de preparação e para reforçar a eficácia do TMF no tratamento da colite aguda após cirurgia de cólica. A técnica tem potencial para ser uma ferramenta de baixo custo, segura e altamente eficiente para a prevenção e tratamento de doenças infecciosas gastrointestinais em equinos, evitando a resistência antimicrobiana.(AU)

Efecto de los probióticos en las condiciones periodontales / Effect of probiotics on periodontal conditions

Los probióticos se definen como microorganismos que, administrados en cantidades adecuadas, brindan un beneficio en la salud del huésped. El efecto del tratamiento con probióticos viene siendo estudiado extensamente en una diversidad de indicaciones sistémicas y desórdenes médicos. Recientemente existe un gran interés en el control probiótico contra las infecciones orales más comunes como la caries dental y la periodontitis, sin embargo, la información disponible sobre los efectos de probióticos en la salud periodontal y sus condiciones clínicas es aún limitada. La presente revisión describe el conocimiento actual en bacterioterapia con probióticos desde una perspectiva en la salud oral y periodontal.

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that administered in adequate amounts, bring beneficial effect on the health of the host. The effect of probiotic therapy has been studied extensively for a variety of systemic indications and medical disorders. Recently, there has been increasing interest in probiotic for the control of the most common oral infectious diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis. However, only limited information is available regarding the effect of probiotics on periodontal health and clinical conditions. This review describes current knowledge on probiotic bacterio therapy from the oral health and periodontal perspective.