Résumé
Resumen En la investigación cualitativa, el análisis y la interpretación de los datos es una tarea de difícil manejo, incluso para los investigadores más experimentados. Si bien existen muchas técnicas disponibles para llevar a cabo el análisis de datos cualitativos, algunos autores relevantes del área proponen que es posible identificar un núcleo básico sin necesidad de hacer coincidir las distintas perspectivas del método cualitativo. Hacer foco en esta comunalidad permitirá hacer más comprensible la tarea de análisis para los investigadores noveles. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es mostrar en qué consiste este núcleo básico de análisis, dando cuenta de los pasos necesarios para llevarlo a cabo. Además, se revisan técnicas concretas para la detección de temas, se presentan ejemplos haciendo uso del software Atlas.ti, y se muestran las formas posibles de presentación de los resultados.
Abstract Within the research process, the analysis of the data emerges as one of the most important steps. In qualitative research, the analysis of data is a difficult task for even the most experienced researchers and often brings up many doubts about the way to implement it. It is therefore necessary to have material that facilitates the analysis process. Even though there are numerous manuals that focus on the analysis of qualitative data, researchers often can be confused with the large number of names that this type of analysis receives (e.g. Thematic Analysis, Content Analysis) or with the various qualitative methods (e.g. Phenomenology, Grounded Theory) that are available. Each of these qualitative approaches presents a particular language to detail the research process, which makes it difficult to recognize common aspects shared by these methods. Recently, the American Psychological Association has emphasized the need to identify, within the various qualitative methods and procedures, shared standards for reporting this type of work. In agreement with the above, several qualitative researchers have pointed out that beyond the aforementioned diversity it is possible to identify a basic core with regard to qualitative analysis, without having to match the different perspectives of the qualitative method, such as Grounded Theory, Ethnography ore Phenomenology. Focusing on this communality will facilitate a simpler and clearer approach to the data analysis process. The analysis process mainly involves 1) data condensation, and 2) presentation of results. Following this line, the present manuscript aims to: (a) develop what the basic core of data analysis consists of, (b) show the necessary steps to carry out this analysis process, (c) review specific techniques for the detection of categories, (d) present examples using the Atlas.ti software, and (e) show the possible ways of presenting the results. Researchers have realized the importance of having methodological works that facilitate the analysis of qualitative data, and allow answering the question: What does qualitative analysis look like in practice?. The development of this type of work pretends on the one hand to facilitate the understanding of the process of qualitative data analysis and, on the other hand, serve to shape better and in a more standard way which was the data analysis procedure applied in the respective investigations. This material should be taken as a first step in the understanding of the process, and it should not be understood that the qualitative analysis is reduced only to what is developed in this article. For example, in the first level grouping step or first coding cycle, the researcher can make use of 25 different types or forms of coding (e.g., live coding). Even so, the development of works such as the present manuscript is intended to facilitate the understanding and reporting the process of qualitative data analysis. Beyond the name with which the researcher calls the analysis procedure carried out, it is relevant to report in his works the basic steps (i.e. Identification, First and Second Level of Categorization), and the specific techniques used to detect categories or topics (e.g. repetition or similarities). Likewise, it is advisable to follow the guidelines recently published by the APA for the publication of qualitative research. We hope that this material will be useful especially for new researchers who need an introductory text to carry out the qualitative data analysis.
Résumé
Las publicaciones sobre la epidemiología de Giardia en humanos de Argentina se hallan dispersas en numerosas fuentes de información, lo que dificulta su acceso y visibilidad para la comunidad científica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un análisis bibliométrico cuantitativo de la producción científica sobre Giardia en humanos de Argentina durante el período 1995-2014. El volumen de publicaciones científicas hallado fue igual a 112 (36 artículos, 73 comunicaciones y 3 tesis). La distribución idiomática mostró un predominio del español. Los artículos fueron publicados en 25 revistas de América, Europa y Asia. Este estudio bibliométrico demostró un incremento del volumen de publicaciones sobre Giardia en Argentina durante los últimos 20 años. Los artículos mostraron un índice de colaboración entre investigadores similar a la bibliografía. El índice de institucionalidad fue elevado para instituciones nacionales, e inexistente para la colaboración internacional. La utilización de indicadores bibliométricos permite contar con una herramienta sólida para el diagnóstico y prospección de las actividades de investigación sobre epidemiología de Giardia y contribuye a la difusión y visibilidad de la información relativa a la producción científica desarrollada en Argentina.
The scientific literature on Giardia epidemiology in humans from Argentina is scattered in numerous sources, making it difficult to access them and provide visibility to the scientific community. The aim of this study was to perform a quantitative bibliometric analysis of the scientific production on Giardia in humans from Argentina during the 1995-2014 period. The volume of scientific literature was 112 (36 articles, 73 communications, and 3 theses). The language distribution showed a predominance of Spanish. The articles were published in 25 journals from America, Europe and Asia. This bibliometric study showed an increased volume of publications on Giardia in Argentina during the last 20 years. The articles showed a Collaboration Index between researchers similar to the literature. The institutional Index was elevated for national institutions and non-existent for international collaboration. The use of bibliometric indicators can provide a solid tool for the diagnosis and survey of the research on epidemiology of Giardia, and it contributes to the dissemination and visibility of information on the scientific production developed in Argentina.
A literatura sobre a epidemiologia da Giárdia em seres humanos da Argentina estão espalhados em inúmeras fontes de informação, tornando difícil seu acesso e visibilidade para a comunidade científica. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise bibliométrica quantitativa da produção científica sobre Giárdia em seres humanos da Argentina durante o período 1995-2014. O volume de publicações científicas encontrado foi igual a 112 (36 artigos, 73 comunicações e 3 teses). A distribuição idiomática mostrou uma predominância do espanhol. Os artigos foram publicados em 25 revistas da América, Europa e Ásia. Este estudo bibliométrico mostrou um aumento do volume de publicações sobre Giárdia na Argentina durante os últimos 20 anos. Os artigos apresentaram um índice de colaboração entre pesquisadores semelhante à bibliografia. O índice de institucionalidade foi elevado para instituições nacionais, e inexistente para a colaboração internacional. A utilização de indicadores bibliométricos permite contar com uma ferramenta sólida para o diagnóstico e levantamento das atividades de pesquisa sobre epidemiologia da Giárdia e contribui para a divulgação e visibilidade das informações sobre a produção científica desenvolvida na Argentina.
Sujets)
Bibliométrie , Giardia/parasitologie , Études d'évaluation comme sujet , Argentine/épidémiologie , Comportement coopératif , LittératureRésumé
Objective To explore the relationship between mutations in basic core promoter (BCP) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and familial clustering of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Guangxi. Methods 153 pairs of members with HBsAg-positive were selected and matched from HCC high-incidence families and carcinoma-free families in Guangxi. The BCP genes were amplified and sequenced. Results The hotspot sites of the previous five mutations in BCP were T1762, A1764, G1775, V1753, G1803. In univariant analysis, HBV DNA≥105 copies/mL, T1762, A1764 and V1753 mutations were associated with the HCC high-incidence (P <0.05). The multivariate logistic analysis showed that HBV DNA≥105 copies/mL and A1764 were independent risk factors for it. Conclusion HBV DNA level, the mutations in BCP showed correlations with familial clustering of HCC in Guangxi.
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Objective To investigate the association of primary liver cancer(PLC)with the mutations of HBV precore and basic core promoter(BCP)genes.Methods The serum markers of hepatitis B and the quantities of serum HBV DNA were detected in 144 HBsAg-positive PLC patients.The precore and BCP gene mutations in patients with HBeAg-negtive and HBV DNA-positive were detected by real-time PCR.One hundred and twenty chronic hepatitis B(CHB)patients were randomly selected to serve as the conol.Results There were 46(3 1.94%)patients with HBeAg-positive and 98(68.06%)patients with HBeAg-negative.In 98 HBeAg-negative patients,56(57.14%)were HBV DNA-positive,in which 43 (76.79%)were with precore 1896 gene mutations,50(89.29%)were with BCP1762/1764 gene mutations.and 38(67.86%)were with both gene mutations.Precore 1896 and BCP1762/1764 gene mutation rates in PLC patients were much higher than those in CHB patients(χ2=9.36 and 5.77,P＜0.05).Conclusion PLC may be associated with the mutations of HBV precore anti BCP genes.
Résumé
OBJECTIVE To study the correlation of hepatitis B virus(HBV)basic core promoter(BCP) mutation with the interleukins(IL-10,IL-12),tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-?,interferon(IFN)-?,as well as HBV DNA contents in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.METHODS(1) Project subject: 176 patients(chronic hepatitis B with mild,moderate and severe degree;liver cirrhosis,chronic fulminant and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)) with chronic hepatitis B virus infection were studied.(2) Project methods: ① The A to T mutation at nucleotide 1762 and G to A mutation at nucleotide 1764 were determined by the method of polymerase chain reaction(PCR) microplate hybridization ELISA in these patients.② The serum cytokines(IL-10,IL-12,TNF-? and IFN-?) of these patients were measured by specific-ELISA.RESULTS The serum levels of cytokines(IL-10(80.96?30.86 vs 72.11?24.19 mg/L),IL-12(41.33?15.10 vs 35.98?14.47 mg/L),TNF-?(56.04?27.05 vs 38.01?10.49 mg/L),IFN-?(19.81?12.29 vs 16.55?8.99 mg/L))and HBV DNA contents(108.2478?0.9826 vs 105.8876?1.4822copies/ml) in BCP mutant group were significantly higher than that in non-mutant group(P
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Objective To study association of hepatitis B virus(HBV) precore (pre c)/basic core promoter(BCP) mutations with the genotype or the progression of liver disease. Methods The serum samples from 148 patients with HBV-relative diseases were collected, including 31 asymptomatic carriers, 32 with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 40 with liver cirrhosis(LC) and 45 with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). The genes covering HBV pre c and BCP were amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). The PCR products were subjected to direct sequencing and the mutations in pre c 1896 and BCP 1762/1764 were determined by sequence analysis. HBV genotypes were also detected in the sera by restriction fragment length polymorphism based on S-gene PCR products. Results Of 148 serum samples of HBV, 128 were successfully genotyped and sequenced. There were 60 genotype B and 68 genotype C. The mutation in pre c (A1896) was significantly higher in genotype B than in genotype C (48.3% vs 29.34%, P
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Objective To investigate the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) basic core promoter(BCP)/precore(PreC) mutations and severity of liver dis ease. Methods In 113 patients chronically infected with HBV, do uble mutations in BCP(T1762/A1764) and PreC mutation(A1896) were determined by INNO-LiPA and HB V genotype was determined by S gene sequencing. Results Whether in all patients or in patients infected by single genotype C, compared with AsC, the prevalence of double mutations in BCP(T1762/A1764) was higher in patients with CHB, LC and HCC[(24.1% vs 2.8%,? 2=5.93, P0.05). Conclusions The doubl e mutations in BCP(T1762/A1764 ) may be related to progressive liver disease in patients with chronic HBV infec tion.
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Objective To investigate 1762T、1764A double position mutation in the Basic Core Promoter(BCP) of hepatitis B virus and reveal its relation to clinical symptoms and HBeAg phenotype. Methods microplate sandwich hybridization technique was used to detect BCP double position mutation. One common capture probe and one mutant specific detector probe as well as one wild type detector probe were synthesized and hybridized with amplified HBV DNA from the sera of hepatitis B patients. The results of hybridization were exhibited with ELISA. Results 147 hepatitis B patients who had been confirmed HBV DNA positive were screened. 51 patients were BCP double position mutation, 42 of which were BCP single position mutation and, 9 were mix mutation(both mutation and wild type were positive). BCP mutant was detected in 36 of 117 with chronic hepatitis and, 8 of which were mix mutants. Moreover, BCP mutant was detected in 7 of 30 with acute hepatitis in 25 of 78 with HBeAg positive were mutant and in 26 of 65 with HBeAg negative were mutant.Conclusions (1) The rate of BCP double position mutation in chronic hepatitis B patients is higher than that in acute hepatitis B patients. (2) BCP mutation may impair HBeAg expression. (3) PCR microplate sandwich hybridization ELISA is a sensitive and efficient method for detecting gene mutations.