Résumé
Abstract Emotional dysregulation (ED) is related to problems in understanding, perceiving, and regulating emotions. The aim is to find the psychometric properties of an instrument that measures ED and classifies the high/low ED group membership with the least possible error. For statistical purposes (factor analysis), two independent samples of males and females (n1 = 476) and (n2 = 562) were obtained, with ages sample 1 (15 -19 years; M= 15.8; SD=0.71) and sample 2 (15-19 years; M=15.6; SD= 0.69). Three factors were formed by sex, males with 14 items and females with 13 items, each loading on a single factor (total α=0.71 - 0.78 ɷ =0.67- 0.79 females; α= 0.70 - 0.79 ɷ=0.73 - 0.75 males) and good fit indices. In sum, a validated cut version instrument (DERSR-B), a risk screening instrument, was obtained.
Resumen La desregulación emocional (DE) se relaciona con problemas para comprender, percibir y regular las emociones. Determinar las propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento que mide DE y que clasifica con el menor error posible la pertenencia de grupo alto/bajo de DE se propuso como el objetivo de este estudio. Para propósitos estadísticos (análisis factoriales) se obtuvieron dos muestras independientes de hombres y mujeres (n1 = 476) y (n2 = 562) respectivamente, con edades para muestra 1 (15-19 años; M= 15.8; DE= 0.71) y muestra 2 (15-19 años; M=15.6; DE= 0.69). Se obtuvieron tres factores por sexo, hombres con 14 ítems y mujeres con 13 ítems cada uno cargando en un solo, un único factor (total α =0.71 - 0.78 ɷ =0.67- 0.79 mujeres; α=0.70 - 0.79 ɷ=0.73-0.75 hombres) y con índices de ajuste aceptables. Se obtuvo un instrumento válido en versión corta de detección rápida de riesgo de Desregulación Emocional (DERSR-B).
Résumé
Resumo Introdução: A redução de escalas visa a redução da quantidade de itens, mantendo-se suas qualidades psicométricas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo a redução da versão brasileira da escala de compra por impulso de Rook e Fisher. Método: Participaram do estudo 1173 brasileiros, sendo 868 mulheres e 305 homens com a média de idade de 24.8 anos e desvio-padrão de 12.7. Todos os participantes foram contatados via redes sociais ou e-mail. A pesquisa foi dividida em três estudos. Resultados: No primeiro estudo, a estrutura unifatorial do instrumento foi corroborada, uma vez que a análise paralela sugeriu a retenção de um fator e os índices de ajuste foram acima de .95. Foram selecionados quatro itens para comporem a versão reduzida. O segundo estudo analisou a estrutura interna e as cargas fatoriais da escala reduzida por meio da análise fatorial exploratória e da análise fatorial confirmatória. Os resultados da análise fatorial exploratória foram semelhantes aos do estudo 1 e a análise fatorial confirmatória também apresentou índices de ajuste acima de .90. No terceiro estudo foram realizadas correlações para verificar o grau de diferença das correlações entre a escala reduzida e a original. Foram obtidas evidências de validade preditiva com as escalas de materialismo, consumo de status e propensão ao endividamento. Ainda, realizou-se uma análise fatorial confirmatória multigrupo que verificou a invariância do instrumento entre homens e mulheres. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a escala reduzida de compra por impulso, 4-CI, é considerada adequada para a mensuração desse construto.
Abstract Introduction: Scale reduction aims the reduction of the number of the items maintaining its psychometric properties. The goal of this study was to reduce the Brazilian version of Rook and Fisher's impulsive buying scale. Method: Participants were 1173 Brazilians, in which 868 were women and 305 were men with mean of age of 24.8 years old and a standard deviation of 12.7. All participants were recruited via social media or e-mail. The research was split in three. Results: In the first study, the unifactorial structure was supported, once the parallel analysis suggested the retention of one factor, and the fit indexes were superior to .95. Four items were selected to form the reduced version. The second study analyzed the internal structure and the factorial loadings of the reduced scale through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The results from the exploratory factor analysis were similar to those of study 1 and the confirmatory factor analysis also showed fit indexes above .90. In the third study, correlation analysis were run to verify the disparities between the reduced and the original scale. Predictive validity evidence was gathered with the materialism, consumption by status, and propension to indebtedness. Still, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis verified the instrument invariance between men and women. Conclusion: It is concluded that the reduced impulsive buying scale, 4-CI, is considered adequate to the measurement of this construct.
Résumé
Objective To study the quality of life and its influential factors among HIV positive population. Methods Quality of life was evaluated among 2608 HIV positive population by WHOQOL (Chinese Version) to calculate the total and four domains' scores of quality of life. Multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the relationship between the factors and the scores of the four domains and the total score of quality of life. Results Physical,psychological,social,environmental and the total scores of the HIV positive population were 12.96±1.94,11.79± 1.19,13.79±2.44,12.40±1.93 and 51.02±6.03,respectively. Females had a higher scores than males in the four domains and the total score of quality of life. Through a multiple linear regression model,we found that the influential factors would include gender,age,occupation,family conflict and appetite etc. Conclusion People living with HIV had higher scores in social domain,but lower scores in psychological domain,suggesting that psychological intervention should he strengthened.
Résumé
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Summary: Depression is a mental health condition with a high prevalence in the population, low rates of detection in the health system, and a significant influence in the quality of life of individuals, affecting their family and social contexts. Because of this, research focusing on the development of instruments to measure depression has been an active area of research with a growing development in the Latin American context. In this paper, we present a brief version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CESD-20), and analyze its psychometric properties, factorial structure, and construct validity in a sample of Spanish adult population. Our aim is to provide researchers and professionals of Spanish-speaking countries with an instrument that allows to obtain relevant information about the mental health of individuals in a reliable and efficient way. The CESD-20 was originally designed to evaluate the severity of depressive symptomatology in adult population and has shown excellent properties among both adult and adolescent populations. The CESD evaluates depressed mood, positive affect, somatic and retarded activity and negative perception of interpersonal relationships during the last week. There is extensive literature about the factorial structure of the original instrument. In this sense, there is a general agreement among researches about the usefulness of using a summed up score of the 20 items to reflect depressive symptomatology. This global score is used as an indicator of the individual risk of developing clinic depression rather than to classify depressed individuals. The Spanish version of the original CESD-20 has been consistently validated in different populations, but so far a brief version in this language has not been avaliable to researchers. In this study we explore the internal consistency and factorial structure of a 7-item version (CESD-7), as well as its construct validity. To analyze the construct validity of the CESD-7 we explore the relationships of the scale scores with two variables of the physiological and social context, respectively. On the one hand, we explore the relationship between health perceptions and both the original and brief versions of the CESD. On the other hand, we analyze the relationship between social integration and the two versions of the CESD. There is extensive empirical evidence about the relationship of depression with physical health and social integration. In this sense, there is a general agreement as to the association between poor health conditions and higher levels of depression over time. Likewise, the levels of social integration have been traditionally regarded as antecedents of depression. Therefore, we expect that both the original and brief versions of the CESD would be negatively associated with physical health and social integration. Moreover, the statistical relationships among these constructs would not be different when analyzed with the original or brief versions of the CESD. This would indicate that the brief version might be used as a substitute of the long one. Method: Participants For this study we used data from a two-wave panel design with repeated measures in a community sample of Spanish adult population. In the first panel, 1051 participants of both sexes with ages ranging from 18 to 80 years completed the questionnaires. Participants in this panel were selected from a cross-section of representative neighbourhoods from a one million metropolitan area (Valencia, Spain). Participants completed questionnaires refering to their mental health, physical health, and social integration. Age, sex, educational level, and household income of participants were also coded. After six months, almost 75% (N = 740) of the respondents completed the same questionnaires in the second panel. Attrition analyses between respondents and drop-outs showed nonsignificant differences in socio-demographic variables. A 54% of the respondents were women. The mean age was 39 years. Average educational level was high school (full-time education until 18 years) and average household income was 21500 euros (26000 US dollars, approximately). Instruments Original version of the CESD (CESD-20). The original Spanish version of the CESD-20 used in this paper was adapted by the authors in previous works. Previous research with the CESD-20 scores of the translated version showed a high degree of internal consistency and construct validity. Brief version of the CESD (CESD-7). Based on the available literature, we selected seven items that showed the highest validity to classify cases of depression. Items for the revised measure included dysphoric mood (items 3, 6, and 18), motivation (item 7), concentration (item 5), loss of pleasure (item 16), and poor sleep (item 11 ). As indicated above, we also measured health perceptions and social integration to further analyze the construct validity of this brief scale. Two instruments were selected: Health Perception. We used the General Health Perception Questionaire developed by Davies and Ware to obtain information about the health status as appraised by the individual. The GHPQ includes 29 items with five category responses ranging from totally disagree to totally agree (e. g., "My health condition is excellent") that provides a global score with higher scores indicating better health perceptions. Social Integration. To measure social integration we used the Social Integration in the Community Scale. This is a five-item scale that measures the sense of belonging and/or identification to a community or neighbourhood (e.g., "I feel identified with my community"). A higher score represents a higher level of social integration. Results: Results showed that the CESD-7 can be described as undidimensional and that this one-factor structure remains mostly invariant after six months. Internal consistency was adequate (α' ≥ .82) in both panels. As for the validity of the brief version, we estimated several regression models for both the CESD-20 and CESD-7 as dependent variables. Predictors in these equations were: previous levels of depression, socio-demographic variables, physical health and social integration. Results showed a moderate relationship between measures of depression across time (CESD-20, β = 0.12, p < .001; CESD-7, β = 0.13, p < .001), and also that the CESD-20 and CESD-7 scores in panel two were significantly associated with sex, social integration, and physical health almost with the same strength for both versions. Also, non-significant associations were found for age, educational level, and household income for both versions. These results suggested that using the CESD-7 instead of the CESD-20 did not substantially change the results of linear regression models. Discussion. The results of this study indicate that the brief version of the CESD (CESD-7) has an adequate reliability and validity and that this brief measure is virtually equivalent to the original version (CESD-20) when used as a dependent variable in several linear regression models. Thus, both the original and brief versions scores were negatively and significantly associated with previous levels of good health conditions (perceived health) and social integration even after controlling for previous levels of depression in panel 1. There is extensive research showing that women report more depressive symptomatology than men. Also, physical health has been related with depression. Regarding social integration, there is also a vast array of empirical evidence relating it to the mental health of the individual. In our study, we found these expected associations both for the original CESD-20 and the brief version (CESD-7). According to the results obtained in this study, we encourage researchers to use this brief measure of depression when survey space is limited or a fast and reliable measure of depression is needed.