A study to Assess the Effects of Antiperspirant Aluminium Nitrate

This present study was aimed to observe under the research grade compound light microscope thehisto-toxicological effects manifested post-application of 10% and 20% solutions of aluminium nitratethat was topically applied onto the outermost surface of the ear integument of 24 Albino rabbitstreated daily. The animals were then divided into two groups comprising of 12 experimental and 12controls. Initially right sided test areas were excised of the experimental and control animals after 15days of application to observe immediate effects, whereas the left sided test areas of the animalswere kept for another month without any further treatment and then excised on day 45 to elucidateits delayed effects. The results revealed histological features of a thickened epidermis withhyperkeratosis, acanthosis and the presence of epidermal micro-abscesses. The dermis showedfeatures of edema, increase in vascularity, decrease in sweat and sebaceous glands and infiltration ofinflammatory cells.It was significantly noted that the histological features were far more severelymanifested in the integument applied with 20% w/v solution as compared to that applied with 10% w/v solution. However these changes persisted in a moderate form following discontinuation of aluminiumnitrate application.

Microneedle radiofrequency for minimally invasive interventional treatment of bromhidrosis for 31 patients / 中华整形外科杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the safety and efficacy of microneedle radiofrequency for minimally invasive interventional treatment of bromhidrosis.@*Methods@#From March 2016 to June 2017, Thirty-one bromhidrosis patients were treated with microneedle radiofrequency equipment (Bodytite armpits). Clinical follow up was then evaluated with Park standard.@*Results@#Six to twelve months after surgery (average 8.58 months), malodor were totally eliminated in thirty patients. One patient with residual malodor was cured by second operation. There were no significant scars in all patients. Five patients were observed with mild pigmentation.@*Conclusions@#The microneedle radiofrequency treatment is a simple, efficient and safe method for minimally invasive interventional treatment of bromhidrosi.

Comparison of Clinical Effects and Complications of Two Kinds Apocrine Pruning Surgical Incision in Treatment of Bromhidrosis / 医学研究杂志

Objective To observe the clinical curative effect and complications of different surgical incision in the treatment of bromhidrosis and to explore the best surgical method.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 352 patients with bromhidrosis from January 2011 to May 2017 and observed the long-term effects of different surgical methods.One surgical methods was apocrine pruning through the micro linear incision,another was apocrine pruning through the micro spindle incision.Then observation data was statistically analyzed.Results 190 cases were treated with micro linear incision method.The median incision healing time was 11.6d,healing time was 11.2-±0.6d,the incision of 170 cases were primary healed,primary healing rate was 89.5％.188 cases were cured for the long-term curative effect(98.9％),2 cases were markedly improved (1.1％).162 cases were treated with micro spindle incision method.The median incision healing time was 18.5d,healing time was 18.3 ± 0.4d,the incision of 125 cases were primary healed,primary healing rate was 77.2％,158 cases were cured for the long-term curative effect(97.5％),4 cases were markedly improved (2.5％).Apocrine sweat glands pruning through the micro linear incision and the micro spindle incision both can achieve good effect.The curative effect has no statistical difference.Whereas after the operation that apocrine sweat glands pruning through the micro linear incision,the wound healed faster,the rate of primary healing is higher,the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion It is the preferred surgical method of apocrine sweat glands pruning through the micro linear incision for the treatment of bromhidrosis.

Clinical effects of needle free (INJEX30) versus traditional injection of botulinum toxin A for bromhidrosis / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of bromhidrosis with botulinum toxin A by needle free injection.Methods A total of 40 patients with bromhidrosis were collected and divided into needle free group and needle group.A comparative study was carried out in those subjects.Patients in needle free group received needle free injection of botulinum toxin A by INJEX30;Needle group received traditional injection by 26 G needles.Results In needle free group,16 cases were cured,3 cases were effective,1 case was ineffective,no significant pain,hematomas or necrosis were found.In needle group,15 cases were cured,4 cases were effective,and 1 case was ineffective;localized hematoma occurred in 2 cases.And cases in group needle experienced pain more intensely than cases in needle free group.Conclusions The INJEX30 improves the security,comfort and therapy compliance of botulinum toxin A injection in the bromhidrosis patients,with similar efficacy with traditional injection.

A Prospective, Long-Term Follow-Up Study of 1,444 nm Nd:YAG Laser: A New Modality for Treating Axillary Bromhidrosis

BACKGROUND: Surgery for bromhidrosis has a high risk of complications such as hematoma and necrosis. New nonsurgical methods may reduce the burden on surgery and the risks for the patient. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and side-effects of the 1,444 nm Nd:YAG interstitial laser for treating axillary bromhidrosis. METHODS: Eighteen bromhidrosis patients were treated with a 1,444 nm Nd:YAG laser at Korea University Ansan Hospital. The post-treatment follow-up was 6 months. After the procedure, we confirmed apocrine gland destruction through histopathological examination. At each follow-up, we measured the severity of the remaining odor, postoperative pain, degree of mobility restriction, and overall satisfaction. RESULTS: After 180 days of follow-up, malodor elimination was good in 20 axillae, fair in 12 axillae, and poor in four axillae. At the end point of the study, 14 patients were totally satisfied with the laser treatment, three patients were partially satisfied, and one patient was disatisfied. Pain and limitation of mobility were significantly reduced within 1 week post-operatively, and were almost resolved within 4 weeks post-operatively. A histopathological examination revealed decreased density and significant alterations to the apocrine glands. CONCLUSION: Subdermal coagulation treatment with a 1,444 nm Nd:YAG interstitial laser may be a less invasive and effective therapy for axillary bromhidrosis.

Subdermal Coagulation Treatment of Axillary Bromhidrosis by 1,444 nm Nd:YAG Laser: A Comparison with Surgical Treatment

Bromhidrosis is a disease presenting as malodor caused by interaction between the discharge of apocrine glands and bacteria. The main therapeutic modalities are applying topical agents, liposuction surgery, and elective surgery. Among these, elective surgery is reported to be most effective. However, the efficiency largely depends on surgical technique. Additionally, other side effects, such as hematoma and scarring, are occasionally reported. Currently, CO2 laser and 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser therapy are used, but as the wavelength is not specific to apocrine glands, these laser therapies have certain limitations. Recently, a 1,444 nm wavelength Accusculpt(TM) laser (LutronicCorp., Seoul, Korea) has been developed which is now commonly used for facial fat plasty and laser liposuction therapy. The use of this laser for bromhidrosis therapy targeting apocrine sweat glands is currently being discussed. Still, no studies on practical clinical use and side effects of this 1,444 nm wavelength laser have been published. In this report, we treated one bromhidrosis patient with 1,444 nm wavelength Accusculpt(TM) laser therapy on one side while conventional surgery was performed on the other side using a modified Inaba's method. We compared the efficacy of this laser therapy to the surgical modality by measuring malodor severity and overall satisfaction by questionnaire. We also checked for other complications and recurrence for 12 months after the treatment. This patient was largely satisfied as it has a much shorter down time with the same therapeutic outcome. As subdermal coagulation treatment by 1,444 nm Nd:YAG laser may be less invasive but effective therapy, we would like to recommend this modality as a possible treatment option.

Comparison of clinical efficacy between minimally invasive simple liposuction and dissection and excision of subcutaneous tissue on axillary osmidrosis / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To explore a more efficient surgical method to cure axillary osmidrosis through a comparative study on results from two surgical treatments of axillary osmidrosis in the armpit area.Methods 72 patients were randomized into two groups,in which 36 patients (group A) with micro-incision simple liposuction and 36 patients (group B) with dissection and excision of subcutaneous tissue from axillary folds.The clinical outcomes in the two groups were comparatively analyzed,based on surgery time,effect,complications,scarring and recovery time.Results The total efficiency of axillary osmidrosis treatment was 100％ after 6-12 months clinical follow-up towards two groups.There was no significantly statistical difference on the effect of both groups.Micro-incision simple liposuction was obviously superior to dissection and excision of subcutaneous tissue from axillary folds based on surgery time,complications,recovery time,scarring and armpit hair survival rate.The two groups were significantly different (P＜0.05).Conclusions Minimally invasive simple liposuction,as a treatment for axillary osmidrosis is a method with more effectiveness and reliability.It is a more acceptable approach to patients in view of safety and convenience,smaller and invisible scarring,fewer complications,and less recovery time.

Effect of Tiny Incision Blind-cut Suck-erasion on Unhairing and Preserving Armpit Hair in Treating Bromhidrosis / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective] To compare and analyse the clinical effect of tiny incision blind-cut suck-erasion on unhairing and preserving armpit hair in bromhidrosis.[Method] Select 429 cases of 851 sides in our hospital, divide them into treatment group(blind-cut suck-erasion+unhairing) 308 cases with 609 sides, and control group(blind-cut suck-erasion+preserving armpit hair) 121 cases with 242 sides. Make statistics and compare their complications in recent and forward stages, also the recurrence and residual of peculiar smel after 1 year. [Result] For the treatment group, 38 sides had the recent compli-cation of hematoncus, 30 sides had partly skin necrosis, 12 had bad cut cure, 70 had early slight hardening and contracture skin; for the forward complica-tions: 27 sides had focal slight scar, 3 severe scar, 23 focal subcutaneous sac lump with infection, 3 peculiar smel residual and recurrence. To the control one, for the recent complications, 11 sides had hematoncus, 9 partly skin necrosis, 5 bad cut cure, 13 early slight hardening and contracture skin; for for-ward complications, 8 sides had focal slight scar, 1 severe scar, 3 focal subcutaneous sac lump with infection, 38 peculiar smel residual and recurrence. By comparison, on early slight hardening and contracture skin and focal subcutaneous sac lump with infection, the treatment group was higher than control one;other complications had no difference of statistical meaning;on radical cure rate, the treatment group was obviously more than control one, with dif-ference of statistical meaning. [Conclusion] The tiny cut blind-cut suck-erasion is definite in treating bromhidrosis, the operation removes subcutaneous apocrine sweat gland, meanwhile removes the hair fol icle and sebaceous gland complexus, the therapy is very thorough, with better cure effect, less recur-rence, without increasing complications.

Efficacy and Safety of Suction-assisted Cartilage Shaver with Fibrin Glue in Treating Axillary Osmidrosis / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Axillary osmidrosis causes significant emotional distress and embarrassment. Although numerous surgical procedures have been developed for the treatment of axillary osmidrosis, there is no decisively effective one. OBJECTIVE: This paper is to assess the efficacy and safety of suction-assisted cartilage shaver with the use of fibrin glue to treat axillary osmidrosis. METHODS: 18 axillary osmidrosis patients were treated with suction-assisted cartilage shaver followed by injection of fibrin glue. The effectiveness of the treatment used in this study was evaluated by measurement of axillary malodor both pre- and postoperatively. Patient satisfaction was surveyed as well. RESULTS: The postoperative test demonstrated that there was remarkable decrease in axillary malodor. Of the 18 patients, 17 patients (94.4%) expressed positive satisfaction. Complications including postinflammatory hyper-pigmentation (27.8%), hematoma and skin necrosis (5.6%), scar (5.6%), infection (5.6%) and hidradenitis suppurativa (2.8%) were reported. CONCLUSION: The use of suction-assisted cartilage shaver with fibrin glue proved itself an effective and safe treatment for axillary ormidrosis.

Treatment of Axillary Osmidrosis with Power- Assisted Lipoplasty(PAL)

Axillary osmidrosis is caused by excessive apocrine gland secretion, which causes an unpleasant odor. Axillary osmidrosis causes difficulty in social activities and personal handicap. Many surgical procedures have been introduced for treatment of axillary osmidrosis. Most of them are based on the surgical excision of subcutaneous tissue including apocrine glands. However, these methods also have complications such as wide surgical scar, skin necrosis, hematoma, seroma. For this reason, developing a new treatment that is as effective as surgery but causes fewer complications is reasonable. We have used the technique of power-assisted lipoplasty(PAL) as a method of treatment for axillary osmidrosis. From July 2003 to June 2004, a total of 45 patients(26 men and 19 women) had been treated with this procedure for axillary osmidrosis. Forty patients(88.89 percent) had good results, and 2 patients(4.47 percent) had poor results. The power-assisted lipoplasty(PAL) for axillary osmidrosis has the advantages of a high success rate with minimal complications and rapid recovery for daily activity. Therefore, power-assisted lipoplasty(PAL) is a viable option for treatment of axillary osmidrosis.

Association between Skin Phenotype and Apocrine Bromhidrosis in Koreans / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of bromhidrosis is a clinical one, but the definition of "normal" odor is a poorly defined term. In the Asian population, the presence of even a faint odor is considered diagnostic. For the more exact evaluation, it is vital to study more findings associated with bromhidrosis. Recently, several studies have suggested possibility that the activity of sebaceous gland may be increased in patients with bromhidrosis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the differences of the seborrheic phenotypes and the measured serum level of facial skin surface between patients with bromhidrosis and the normal population. METHODS: Twenty patients who were diagnosed with bromhidrosis by nose smell test and age-matched twenty from the normal population were evaluated with regard to the presence of seborrheic skin phenotypes suggested by Ely. We also measured sebum level of facial skin by Sebumeter(R). RESULTS: The presence of some seborrheic skin phenotypes such as telangiectasia and square palm were increased significantly in the patients. In addition, objectively measured sebum of facial skin surface was relatively increased in the patients. CONCLUSION: We concluded that there is an association between apocrine bromhidrosis and seborrheic skin phenotype.