Motor skills assessments: support for a general motor factor for the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 / Avaliação de habilidades motoras: suporte a um fator motor geral para o Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 e o Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2

Abstract Objective To evaluate the construct validity and model-based reliability of general and specific contributions of the subscales of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2) when evaluating motor skills across a range of psychiatric disorders. Methods Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and bifactor analysis were conducted on BOT-2 data from 187 elementary school students (grades 1 to 6) (mean age: 113 ± 20 months; boys: n = 117, 62.56%) and on MABC-2 data from 127 elementary school students (grade 1) (mean age: 76 ± 2 months; boys: n = 58, 45.67%). Results The results of the CFA fit the data for multidimensionality for the BOT-2 and presented poor fit indices for the MABC-2. For both tests, the bifactor model showed that the reliability of the subscales was poor. Conclusions The BOT-2 exhibited factorial validity with a multidimensional structure among the current samples, but the MABC-2 showed poor fit indices, insufficient to confirm its multidimensional structure. For both tests, most of the reliable variance came from a general motor factor (M-factor), therefore the scoring and reporting of subscale scores were not justified for both tests.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a validade de construto e a confiabilidade das subescalas do Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) e do Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2) com base em modelos das contribuições gerais e específicas ao avaliar habilidades motoras em transtornos psiquiátricos. Métodos Foram realizadas análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) e análise bifatorial em dados de 187 escolares do primeiro ao sexto ano do ensino fundamental (idade média: 113 ± 20 meses; meninos: n = 117, 62,56%) que foram avaliados com o BOT-2, e em dados de 127 escolares do primeiro ano do ensino fundamental (idade média: 76 ± 2 meses; meninos: n = 58, 45,67%) avaliados com o MABC-2. Resultados Os resultados da AFC apresentaram índices de ajuste satisfatórios de multidimensionalidade para o BOT-2 e apresentaram índices de ajuste insatisfatórios para o MABC-2. Para ambos os testes, o modelo bifatorial mostrou que a confiabilidade das subescalas era ruim. Conclusão O BOT-2 apresentou validade fatorial com uma estrutura multidimensional entre as amostras utilizadas, mas o MABC-2 apresentou índices de ajuste insatisfatórios, insuficientes para confirmar sua estrutura multidimensional. Para ambos os testes, a maior parte da variância confiável veio de um fator motor geral (fator-M), portanto, a pontuação e o relato dos escores das subescalas não se justificaram para ambos os testes.

Motor Function in School-Aged Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Korea

OBJECTIVE: Motor function critically influences daily activities and academic performance. We compared motor function in school-aged children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) to that of normal children. METHODS: Participants were 58 children with ADHD [51 males, 7 females; mean age 9 years 6 months+/-2 years 0 months (SD)] and 70 normal controls [56 males, 14 females; mean age 9 years 2 months+/-1 years 7 months (SD)]. We assessed motor function with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition. RESULTS: The ADHD group had a significantly lower total motor composite score (t=-9.32, p<0.001) than that of the control group. Standard scores of four motor-area composites such as fine manual control (t=-3.76, p<0.001), manual coordination (t=-6.87, p<0.001), body coordination (t=-7.14, p<0.001), and strength and agility (t=-8.54, p<0.1) were significantly lower in the ADHD group than those in the control group. Among the subtests, scores on fine motor precision, fine motor integration, manual dexterity, bilateral coordination, balance, running speed and agility, and strength were significantly lower in the ADHD group than those in the controls, whereas upper-limb coordination was not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION: School-aged children with ADHD in Korea had significantly lower motor function compared to that of controls. Thus, it is suggested that appropriate target intervention for motor function is important in children with motor impairment in addition to pharmacotherapy or psychosocial therapy for improving the core symptoms.

Motor Function in School-Aged Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Korea

OBJECTIVE: Motor function critically influences daily activities and academic performance. We compared motor function in school-aged children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) to that of normal children. METHODS: Participants were 58 children with ADHD [51 males, 7 females; mean age 9 years 6 months+/-2 years 0 months (SD)] and 70 normal controls [56 males, 14 females; mean age 9 years 2 months+/-1 years 7 months (SD)]. We assessed motor function with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition. RESULTS: The ADHD group had a significantly lower total motor composite score (t=-9.32, p<0.001) than that of the control group. Standard scores of four motor-area composites such as fine manual control (t=-3.76, p<0.001), manual coordination (t=-6.87, p<0.001), body coordination (t=-7.14, p<0.001), and strength and agility (t=-8.54, p<0.1) were significantly lower in the ADHD group than those in the control group. Among the subtests, scores on fine motor precision, fine motor integration, manual dexterity, bilateral coordination, balance, running speed and agility, and strength were significantly lower in the ADHD group than those in the controls, whereas upper-limb coordination was not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION: School-aged children with ADHD in Korea had significantly lower motor function compared to that of controls. Thus, it is suggested that appropriate target intervention for motor function is important in children with motor impairment in addition to pharmacotherapy or psychosocial therapy for improving the core symptoms.