Intra- and inter-annual variation in a seagrass meadow on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica: 2009-2015 / Variación intra e inter anual en una pradera de pastos marinos en la costa caribeña de Costa Rica: 2009-2015

Abstract Seagrass beds are an important ecosystem on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. At Cahuita National Park (CNP) a seagrass bed at Perezoso has been monitored continually since 1999 within the CARICOMP program. Thalassia testudinum is the dominant seagrass species, in some cases mixed with Syringodium filiforme. The results from the 2009 to 2015 monitoring period are presented here, and contrasted with data before 2009. Total (above and below ground tissue) mean biomass of T. testudinum was higher (1 255.4 ± 146.0 gm-2) than biomass before 2009, with an increasing tendency. However, productivity (1.5±0.59 gm-2d-1) and turnover rate (4.3 ± 1.22 %d-1) were lower than previous monitoring periods. In this period, mean leaf area diminished considerably (4.9 ± 2.30 m2), but leaf area index (LAI) increased (1.9 ± 0.80 m2leafm-2) in comparison to prior monitoring. Productivity, density, turnover rate, LAI and biomass showed intra-annual variations; while mean biomass of T. testudinum did not vary significantly among years. No correlations were found between water salinity, temperature and clarity with seagrass measurements. However, most seagrass parameters were strongly correlated with precipitation. These results highlight the effect of external environmental agents acting on the ecosystem. CNP presents a long-term stable seagrass meadow. However, there are indirect signals, such as high biomass and above-ground biomass proportion, along with low productivity and LAI, which point to a nutrient increment in Perezoso's seagrass bed. To continue protecting this seagrass bed, it is necessary to improve monitoring methods, and seagrass beds should be included in national conservation policies and monitoring programs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1149-1161. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resumen Los lechos de pastos marinos son un ecosistema importante en la costa caribeña de Costa Rica. En el Parque Nacional Cahuita (PNC), un lecho de pastos marinos en Perezoso ha sido monitoreado continuamente desde 1999 dentro del programa CARICOMP. Thalassia testudinum es la especie dominante, en algunos casos mezclada con Syringodium filiforme. Se presentan los resultados del período de monitoreo del 2009 al 2015. La biomasa promedio de T. testudinum fue mayor (1 255.4 ± 146.0 gm-2) que la biomasa antes de 2009, mostrando una tendencia creciente. Sin embargo, la productividad (1.5 ± 0.59 gm-2d-1) y la tasa de recambio (4.3 ± 1.22 %d-1) fueron inferiores a los períodos de monitoreo previos. En este período, el área foliar media disminuyó considerablemente (4.9 ± 2.30 m2), pero el Índice de Área Foliar (LAI) aumentó (1.9 ± 0.80 m2 hoja m-2) en comparación con el monitoreo previo. El promedio de la productividad, la densidad, la tasa de recambio, el LAI y la biomasa mostraron variaciones intra-anuales, mientras que la biomasa promedio de T. testudinum no varió significativamente entre los años, lo que representa un período estable. Ningún parámetro del agua de mar (salinidad, temperatura o turbiedad) se correlacionó con los parámetros del pasto marino. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los parámetros del pasto marino estaban fuertemente correlacionados con la precipitación. Estos resultados ponen en evidencia el efecto de factores ambientales externos sobre el ecosistema. El PNC tiene condiciones estables a largo plazo en las que se establece el pasto marino sin que haya evidencia de pérdida de biomasa. Sin embargo, hay señales indirectas; como el aumento de la biomasa y de la proporción de biomasa sobre el sustrato, así como una baja productividad y LAI; que apuntan a un incremento de nutrientes en el lecho de pastos marinos de Perezoso. Para continuar protegiendo este lecho marino, es necesario mejorar la calidad del agua y los métodos de monitoreo, además de incluir a estos hábitats en las políticas nacionales de conservación.

Monitoring coral reefs, seagrasses and mangroves in Costa Rica (CARICOMP)

The coral reefs, seagrasses and mangroves from the Costa Rican Caribbean coast have been monitored since 1999 using the CARICOMP protocol. Live coral cover at Meager Shoal reef bank (7 to 10m depth) at the Parque Nacional Cahuita (National Park), increased from 13.3% in 1999, to 28.2% in 2003, but decreased during the next 5 years to around 17.5%. Algal cover increased significantly since 2003 from 36.6% to 61.3% in 2008. The density of Diadema antillarum oscillated between 2 and 7ind/m2, while Echinometra viridis decreased significantly from 20 to 0.6ind/m2. Compared to other CARICOMP sites, live coral cover, fish diversity and density, and sea urchin density were low, and algal cover was intermediate. The seagrass site, also in the Parque Nacional Cahuita, is dominated by Thalassia testudinum and showed an intermediate productivity (2.7±1.15 g/m2/d) and biomass (822.8±391.84 g/m2) compared to other CARICOMP sites. Coral reefs and seagrasses at the Parque Nacional Cahuita continue to be impacted by high sediment loads from terrestrial origin. The mangrove forest at Gandoca, within the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo (National Wildlife Refuge), surrounds a lagoon and it is dominated by the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle. Productivity and flower production peak was in July. Biomass (14kg/m2) and density (9.0±0.58 trees/100m2) in Gandoca were relatively low compared to other CARICOMP sites, while productivity in July in Costa Rica (4g/m2/d) was intermediate, similar to most CARICOMP sites. This mangrove is expanding and has low human impact thus far. Management actions should be taken to protect and preserve these important coastal ecosystems. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (Suppl. 3): 1-22. Epub 2010 October 01.

Los arrecifes coralinos, pastos marinos y manglares de la costa Caribe de Costa Rica han sido monitoreados desde 1999 siguiendo el protocolo de CARICOMP. La cobertura de coral vivo en el arrecife de Meager Shoal (7 a 10m de profundidad) en el Parque Nacional Cahuita, aumentó de 13.3% en 1999, a 28.2% en 2003, pero después bajó, por los siguientes 5 años, a aproximadamente 17.5%; la cobertura de algas aumentó significativamente de 36.6% en 2003 a 61.3% en 2008. La densidad de Diadema antillarum osciló entre 2 y 7 ind/m2 mientras que Echinometra viridis decreció significativamente de 20 a 0.6 ind/m2. Comparado con otros sitios CARICOMP, la cobertura de coral vivo, diversidad y densidad de peces, y densidades de erizos de mar fueron bajas y la cobertura algal intermedia. El sitio de pastos marinos, también en el Parque Nacional Cahuita, está dominado por Thalassia testudinum y tiene una productividad (2.7±1.15g/m2/d) y biomasa (822.8±391.84g/m2) intermedia comparado a otros sitios CARICOMP. Los arrecifes coralinos y pastos marinos en el Parque Nacional Cahuita continúan siendo impactados por sedimentos terrígenos. El bosque de manglar en Laguna Gandoca, dentro del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo, está bordeado por una laguna y predomina el mangle rojo, Rhizophora mangle. El pico de productividad y producción de flores fue en julio. La biomasa (14 kg/m2) y densidad (9.0±0.58 árboles/100 m2) en Gandoca fueron relativamente bajas comparadas con otros sitios CARICOMP, mientras que la productividad en julio en Costa Rica (4g/m2/d) fue intermedia, similar a la mayoría de los sitios CARICOMP. Este manglar se está expandiendo y tiene muy poco impacto humano hasta ahora. Se deben tomar acciones de manejo para proteger y preservar estos importantes ecosistemas costeros.

Monitoreo de pastos marinos en Perezoso, Cahuita, Costa Rica (sitio CARICOMP) / Seagrass monitoring at Perezoso, Cahuita, Costa Rica (CARICOMP site)

The seagrass of Perezoso (Cahuita National Park, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica) was monitored using the CARICOMP protocol. Productivity (2.7 +/- 1.15 g/m2/d; n=74) was intermediate, compared to other Caribbean sites. Total biomass was intermediate to high (750-1500 g/m2) at most CARICOMP sites (Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico and Venezuela) including Costa Rica (822.8 +/- 391.84 g/m2; n=32). Turnover rates were high (5.5 +/- 1.36%; n=74) compared to what was found in March and August at other sites. Shoot densities average 725 shoots/m2, in the Caribbean region, while in Costa Rica the value was higher (1184 +/- 335.5 shoots/m2). Average leaf length and width in the entire region were 14.4 cm and 10.6 mm, respectively, similar to what we found, but leaf area index average 3.4 m2 m(-2), higher than what was found in Costa Rica (0.92 m2 m(-2)). At Cahuita, seagrass productivity was significantly lower in March 2005 compared with the previous six years, and biomass has decreased with time. Seagrass productivity and biomass are being affected by the maximum temperatures, which increased by almost 10 degrees C from 1999 to 2005, and show a high negative correlation. Turnover rate and temperature were not correlated. Recreational boating, swimming and nutrient loading from deforested lands in the coast, the upstream rivers and local pollution are potential sources of impact to the seagrass beds at Cahuita.

Monitoreo del arrecife coralino Meager Shoal, Parque Nacional Cahuita, Costa Rica (sitio CARICOMP) / Monitoring of the Meager Shoal coral reef, Cahuita National Park, Costa Rica (CARICOMP site)

The coral reefs at Cahuita National Park, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, specifically at the CARICOMP site Meager Shoal, have been monitored since 1999. Complete data sets from 2000 and 2004 have shown that live coral cover has increased less than 3 % (from 15 to 17 %), but non-coralline algae cover has increased much (63 to 74 %) and coralline algae cover has decreased (17 to 5 %) significantly. The proportion of affected colonies by diseases, injuries and bleaching decreased from 24 % in 2000 to 10 % in 2004, but the difference was not statistically significant. Densities of the urchin Diadema antillarum increased, and are probably help to maintain the macroalgae biomass low, while those of Echinometra viridis decreased significantly. The coral reef at Cahuita National Park continues to be impacted by chronic terrigenous sediments and does not show a significant recovery since the late 1970's.

Los arrecifes coralinos del Parque Nacional Cahuita, en la costa Caribe de Costa Rica, específicamente en el sitio CARICOMP llamado Meager Shoal, han sido monitoreados desde 1999. Bases de datos completas de los años 2000 y 2004, muestran que la cobertura de coral viva se mantuvo baja con un aumento menor al 3 % (15-17 %), pero la cobertura de algas no coralinas aumentó mucho (63-74 %) y la cobertura de algas coralinas disminuyó significativamente (17-5 %) (p<.05). La proporción de colonias coralinas afectadas por enfermedades, blanqueamiento y otros daños disminuyó de 24 % en el 2000 a 10 % en el 2004, pero la diferencia no resultó significativa. Las densidades de Diadema antillarum aumentaron mientras que las de Echinometra viridis disminuyeron significativamente. El arrecife coralino del Parque Nacional Cahuita continúa siendo afectado por sedimentos terrígenos y no presenta una recuperación significativa desde finales de los años 70.

Biomass, productivity and density of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum at three sites in Cahuita National Park, Costa Rica

The basic ecology of seagrass beds was investigated by comparing biomass, productivity and density of Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass) at three sites: Puerto Vargas, Punta Cahuita and Rio Perezoso, in Cahuita National Park, Limón, Costa Rica, over a two month period (March-April 1999). Above ground biomass, density, and productivity were highest in the Puerto Vargas site while Punta Cahuita had the least non-green above ground biomass was significantly lower in total biomass than Puerto Vargas. Punta Cahuita was distinguished by the largest grain size, a very hard substrate, and shallower water. Rio Perezoso, on the other hand, had extremely fine sediment and lower salinity, while Puerto Vargas was intermediate both in sediment size and environmental conditions. It appears, therefore, that higher biomass and productivity result from a combination of moderate environmental characteristics and an intermediate sediment size.