Effect of refining and pressing temperature on chemical attributes of canola oil produced in Chile

The consumption of vegetable oils is common in our daily diet. Rapeseed oil (canola oil) is the third most consumed edible oil in the world, followed by palm and soybean oils in terms of production. Rapeseed oil has a low proportion of saturated fatty acids, while it is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, as well as in healthy compounds such as phenols, tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, and fat-soluble vitamins. However, processing technologies affect the content and functional activities of bioactive compounds in the oil. Aim: To assess any potential effect of hot or cold pressing and a refining process on the nutritional value and the profile of several bioactive compounds in canola oils produced in Chile. Methods: Canola oils were characterized regarding their fatty acid profile, phytosterol and tocopherol composition, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity, according to the mode of extraction (cold or hot pressed) and before and after bWeing subjected to a refining process. Results: Fatty acid profiles were not significantly different in any of the analyzed canola oils. Refining but not temperature extraction led to a sharp decrease of phytosterols and tocopherols. Hot pressing significantly increased the amount of total phenols (3.1 times) and the antioxidant activity measured by ORAC (3.1 times) and DPPH (8.3 times) compared to the cold extraction. However, phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity decreased after refining. Conclusions: Refining processes should be adjusted to reduce the loss of bioactive compounds in the oil.

El consumo de aceites vegetales es habitual en nuestra dieta diaria. El aceite de colza (aceite de canola) es el tercer aceite comestible más consumido en el mundo, seguido por los aceites de palma y soja en términos de producción. El aceite de colza tiene una baja proporción de ácidos grasos saturados, mientras que es rico en ácidos grasos insaturados, así como en compuestos liposolubles saludables como fenoles, tocoferoles, fitoesteroles, carotenoides y vitaminas. Sin embargo, las tecnologías de procesamiento afectan el contenido y las actividades funcionales de los compuestos bioactivos en el aceite. Objetivo: Evaluar cualquier efecto potencial del prensado en caliente o en frío y un proceso de refinación sobre el valor nutricional y el perfil de varios compuestos bioactivos en los aceites de canola producidos en Chile. Métodos: Los aceites de canola se caracterizaron en cuanto a su perfil de ácidos grasos, composición de fitoesteroles y tocoferoles, contenido de fenoles totales y actividad antioxidante, según el modo de extracción (prensado en frío o en caliente) y antes y después de ser sometidos a un proceso de refinación. Resultados: Los perfiles de ácidos grasos no fueron significativamente diferentes en ninguno de los aceites de canola analizados. La refinación, pero no la extracción en caliente, condujo a una fuerte disminución de los fitoesteroles y tocoferoles. El prensado en caliente aumentó significativamente la cantidad de fenoles totales (3,1 veces) y la actividad antioxidante medida por ORAC (3,1 veces) y DPPH (8,3 veces) en comparación con la extracción en frío. Sin embargo, la concentración de fenoles y la capacidad antioxidante disminuyeron después del refinado. Conclusión: Los procesos de refinación deben ajustarse para reducir la pérdida de compuestos bioactivos en el aceite.

Optimisation of biodegradation conditions for waste canola oil by cold-adapted Rhodococcus sp. AQ5-07 from Antarctica

BACKGROUND: The potential waste canola oil-degrading ability of the cold-adapted Antarctic bacterial strain Rhodococcus sp. AQ5-07 was evaluated. Globally, increasing waste from food industries generates serious anthropogenic environmental risks that can threaten terrestrial and aquatic organisms and communities. The removal of oils such as canola oil from the environment and wastewater using biological approaches is desirable as the thermal process of oil degradation is expensive and ineffective. RESULTS: Rhodococcus sp. AQ5-07 was found to have high canola oil-degrading ability. Physico-cultural conditions influencing its activity were studied using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and statistical optimisation approaches. Considerable degradation (78.60%) of 3% oil was achieved by this bacterium when incubated with 1.0 g/L ammonium sulphate, 0.3 g/L yeast extract, pH 7.5 and 10% inoculum at 10°C over a 72-h incubation period. Optimisation of the medium conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) resulted in a 9.01% increase in oil degradation (87.61%) when supplemented with 3.5% canola oil, 1.05 g/L ammonium sulphate, 0.28g/L yeast extract, pH 7.5 and 10% inoculum at 12.5°C over the same incubation period. The bacterium was able to tolerate an oil concentration of up to 4.0%, after which decreased bacterial growth and oil degradation were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These features make this strain worthy of examination for practical bioremediation of lipid-rich contaminated sites. This is the first report of any waste catering oil degradation by bacteria originating from Antarctica.

Effect of immune-enhancing enteral nutrition formula enriched with plant-derived n-3 fatty acids on natural killer cell activity in rehabilitation patients

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Enteral nutrition formulas with immune-enhancing nutrients, such as n-3 fatty acids, may manage patients' nutritional status and pathophysiological processes. The aim of our study was to investigate natural killer (NK) cell activity alterations and related cytokine changes resulting from feeding with soybean oil-containing enteral nutrition formula (control group) and plant-derived n-3 fatty acid-enriched enteral nutrition formula. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Subjects participated for 14 consecutive days and consumed enteral formula containing canola and flaxseed oil (n3EN, test group) in nonsurgical patients hospitalized for rehabilitation. Blood samples were collected on the first day and 14 days after the consumption of each formula daily, and anthropometric parameters were collected. Hematology and biochemical values were analyzed, and NK cell activities and serum cytokine concentration were measured. A total of sixty subjects were included in the analysis, excluding dropouts. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in biochemical parameters. The n3EN group's NK cell activities at effector:tumor cell ratios of 10:1, 5:1, 2.5:1 and 0.625:1 were significantly higher than those of the control group after two weeks (P < 0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences in serum cytokine interleukin (IL)-12, interferon-γ, IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α values between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this study elucidates the beneficial effects of plant-derived n-3 fatty acid supplementation in enteral formula on NK cell activity.

Seminal parameters and sexual behavior on farm rabbits provided with a diet supplemented with canola oil at the start of puberty / Parámetros seminales y conducta sexual en conejos de granja con dieta suplementada con aceite de canola al inicio de la pubertad

SUMMARY: In order to evaluate the effect on sexual behavior and spermatic parameters of white New Zealand rabbits, at the onset of puberty, they were fed a standard diet supplemented with canola oil (obesogenic). Two groups were formed; one of which received daily 180 g of a standard commercial diet supplemented with 13 ml of canola oil during 12 weeks, while the second group (control) were fed daily 180 g of only the standard commercial diet. Starting at 20-weeks of age, seminal volume, en masse and individual sperm motility, and sperm concentration per mm3 were measured from each individual, as well as the behaviors olfactory exploration, chinning, and first and second attempt at mounting were assessed. No significant differences were found between groups in terms of seminal volume, and en masse and individual sperm motility count and percentage (P>0.05). In relation to sexual behavior, the group fed with supplemental canola oil showed reduced the response time to females in the sexual behaviors of chinning, olfactory exploration, and first and second attempt at mounting when compared to the control group (P<0.01). The data indicate that the addition of canola oil to a standard rabbit diet at the start of puberty and continued for 12 weeks increases the body mass index and reduces the response time in sexual behaviors such as olfactory exploration, chinning, and second attempt at mounting when interacting with female stimulus. Nevertheless, the seminal parameters did not show any modification. Other studies are needed to show the benefits or disadvantages of the addition of varying inclusion percentages of other vegetable oils, to evaluate their effects on reproductive efficiency in breeder male rabbits.

RESUMEN: Con el propósito de evaluar en conejos Nueva Zelanda blanca de granja el efecto de una dieta estándar suplementada con aceite de canola (obesogénica) sobre el comportamiento sexual y los parámetros espermáticos al inicio de la pubertad, se formaron dos grupos. Un grupo recibió una dieta consistente de 180 g al día de una dieta estándar comercial adicionada con 13 ml de aceite de canola durante 12 semanas y al otro grupo (testigo) se le suministró 180 g por día de la misma dieta estándar sin aceite de canola. A partir de las 20 semanas de edad en cada individuo se midió el volumen seminal, la motilidad espermática en masa e individual, la concentración espermática por mm3 y se evaluaron la conducta de: exploración olfatoria, frotamiento del mentón (Chinning), primer intento de monta y segundo intento de monta. En las variables volumen seminal, conteo y porcentaje de motilidad espermática en masa e individual no hubo diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos (P>0,05). Con respecto al comportamiento sexual, el grupo suplementado con aceite vegetal presentó menor tiempo de respuesta a la hembra estímulo en las conductas de frotamiento del mentón, exploración olfatoria y segundo intento de monta con respecto al grupo testigo (P<0,01). Los datos obtenidos indican que la adición de aceite de canola a la dieta estándar de conejos al inicio de la pubertad durante 12 semanas aumenta el índice de masa corporal de los individuos y disminuye el tiempo de respuesta en las conductas de exploración olfatoria, de frotamiento del mentón y de segundo intento de monta al interaccionar con la hembra estímulo. Sin embargo, no modificó los parámetros seminales evaluados. Es necesario realizar otros estudios con el fin de evaluar en conejos sementales el beneficio o desventaja sobre su eficiencia reproductiva al utilizar diferentes porcentajes de inclusión en la dieta de otros aceites vegetales.

Características produtivas, carcaça, cortes e resposta imune humoral de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes fontes de óleo e vitamina E / Productive and humoral immune response of broilers fed with different sources of oil and vitamin E

A adição de óleos na dieta de frangos de corte proporciona muitas vantagens, visto que, dependendo do perfil de ácidos graxos, pode melhorar o desempenho e atuar como estimulante do sistema imune. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características produtivas, o rendimento de carcaça, os cortes e a resposta imune humoral de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes fontes de óleos e vitamina E. Foram utilizados 312 pintainhos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb com um dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com oito repetições compostas de 13 aves por parcela experimental. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram em óleo de soja, óleo de canola e óleo de canola mais adição de vitamina E. As variáveis analisadas foram ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça, cortes comerciais e resposta imune humoral. Os resultados obtidos mostram que houve diferença significativa no desempenho somente na fase pré-inicial, quando as aves que receberam o tratamento com óleo de canola e vitamina E apresentaram piores ganhos de peso. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para as outras variáveis analisadas. Conclui-se que a utilização de diferentes fontes lipídicas associadas ou não à vitamina E não afeta as características produtivas de carcaça, cortes e resposta imune humoral em frangos de corte em relação ao uso de óleo de soja.(AU)

Oil inclusion in poultry diets provides many advantages and according to the fatty acid profile it is possible to achieve performance improvement as well as immune system stimulation. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate productive performance, carcass and cuts yields and also the humoral immune response of broilers consuming diets formulated with different oil sources and vitamin E. A total of 312 one-day old male Cobb was distributed, in a completely randomized design, in three treatments with eight replications of 13 birds. The experimental treatments were the diets that had different oil source as follows: soybean oil, canola oil and canola oils with vitamin E. The analyzed parameters were weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass and cut yields and humoral immune response. For the treatment with canola oil and vitamin E a reduction on weight gain during the pre-starter stage was observed. For the other evaluated parameters, no significant differences were observed. In conclusion, the use of canola oil or canola oil with added vitamin E does not affect the productive performance, carcass and cut yields and humoral immune response in broiler chicken in relation soybean oil use.(AU)

Perfil de ácidos grasos en aceites de cocina de mayor venta en Medellín-Colombia / Profile of fatty acids in the most sold cooking oils in Medellin-Colombia

Antecedentes: el perfil de ácidos grasos en los aceites de cocina tiene repercusiones en la salud humana. Objetivo: determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos de algunos aceites de empleo casero, previo uso. Materiales y métodos: se seleccionaron 14 marcas comerciales de aceites (oliva, canola, girasol y mezclas de aceites) según las ventas reportadas en un hipermercado de Medellín- Colombia. El perfil de ácidos grasos se determinó por cromatografía de gases y se analizaron las diferencias entre los tipos de aceites. Resultados: comparando los tipos de aceites presentó mayor porcentaje de ácidos grasos saturados la mezcla de aceites (16,9±1,5%) (p=0,02), de monoinsaturados, oliva (78,1±0,4%) y canola (62,4±0,7%) (p=0,01) y de poliinsaturados, mezclas (54,7±2,4%) y girasol (52,4±5,2) (p=0,02). En todos los aceites los ácidos grasos predominantes fueron: de saturados el palmítico, de monoinsaturados el oleico y de poliinsaturados el linoleico. El aceite de canola mostró mayor aporte de α-linolénico (8,1±1,5%) (p=0,04), mayor relación insaturados/ saturados (12,0±0,1%) (p=0,02) y menor linoleico/linolénico (2,4±0,4%) (p=0,02). El aporte de trans varió entre 0,9±0,9 y 1,8±1,3% sin diferencias significativas (p=0,17). Conclusiones: el aceite con mejor perfil de ácidos grasos, por el mayor aporte de α-linolénico, mayor relación insaturados/ saturados y menor linoleico/linolénico fue el de canola.

Background: Fatty acids profile in cooking oils has repercussions on human health. Objective: To determine fatty acids profile in cooking oils used at home, before frying. Materials and methods: 14 different commercial oil brands (from olive, canola, sunflower oil, and mixtures) were selected according to sells reported by a hypermarket in Medellín-Colombia. Fatty acids profile was determined by gas chromatography and differences between oils were analyses. Results: Compared with other brands, mixture oils had the highest percentage of saturated fatty acid (16,9±1,5%) (p=0,02); olive and canola oils the highest percentage of monounsaturated, 78,1±0,4% and 62,4±0,7% respectively(p=0,01); mixtureandsunflower oils hadthe highest percentage of polyunsaturated, 54,7±2, 4% and 52,4±5,2 respectively (p=0,02). Palmitic (saturated), oleic (monounsaturated), and linoleic acids (polyunsaturated) were the predominant fatty acids found in all oils. Canola oil had the highest content of α-linolenic acid (8, 1±1,5%) (p=0,04), the biggest relation between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids (12,0±0,1%) (p=0,02), and the lowest relation between linoleic and linolenic acid (2,4±0,4%) (p=0,02). Range of trans fatty acid content was 0,9±0,9 to 1,8±1,3% without differences between brands (p=0,17). Conclusions: Canola oils had the best fatty acid profile based on: α-linolenic content, unsaturated/saturated ratio and linoleic/ linolenic acid ratio.

Lard and/or canola oil-rich diets induce penile morphological alterations in a rat model

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of dietary lipid quantity and/or quality on penis morphology in adult rats. METHODS: Thirty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: normal lipid diet (NL), high-fat diet rich in saturated fatty acids (HF-S), high-fat diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (HF-P), and high-fat diet rich in saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (HF-SP). Blood samples were collected and the penises were removed for histomorphometrical and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: All high-fat diets promoted an increase in the body mass (p<0.0001). The HF-S and HF-SP groups presented hyperglycemia (p=0.0060), hyperinsulinemia (p=0.0030), and hypercholesterolemia (p=0.0020). Concerning the penis, the high-fat diets led to an increase in the collagen fibers (p<0.0001) and smooth muscle cell density area (p=0.0027), and a decline in the sinusoidal space density area (p<0.0001) and corpus cavernosum cell proliferation (p=0.0003). CONCLUSION: Diets rich in saturated and/or polyunsaturated fatty acids promoted overweight and induced penile changes in rodent models, which may lead to the development of erectile dysfunction. .

Adhesion-preventing properties of 4% icodextrin and canola oil: a comparative experimental study

OBJECTIVE: Postsurgical abdominal adhesions are common, serious postoperative complications. The present study compared the usefulness of 4% icodextrin and canola oil in preventing postoperative peritoneal adhesions. METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups. Following a laparotomy, a serosal abrasion was made by brushing the cecum, and 3 mL of 0.9% NaCl, 4% icodextrin, or 3 mL of canola oil were intraperitoneally administered for the control, icodextrin, and canola oil groups, respectively. The abdomen was then closed. All of the rats were sacrificed at day 10. Macroscopic, histopathological, and biochemical evaluations were performed. The results were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA tests. RESULTS: Macroscopic analyses revealed that both canola oil and 4% icodextrin reduced adhesion formation, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.17). The histopathological examinations revealed no significant differences in terms of giant cell, lymphocyte/plasmocyte, neutrophil, ICAM1, or PECAM1 scores. However, both canola oil and 4% icodextrin significantly reduced fibrosis (p = 0.025). In the canola oil group, the histiocytic reactions were significantly increased (p = 0.001), and the hydroxyproline levels were significantly lower than those in the other groups (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, canola oil was determined to be superior to 4% icodextrin in lowering hydroxyproline levels and increasing histiocytic reactions. Considering these results, we believe that canola oil is a promising agent for preventing adhesion formation.

Impacto da dieta hiperlipídica contendo óleo de canola ou de soja no desenvolvimento da adiposidade abdominal e estrutura óssea / Impact of high-fat diet containing canola oil or soybean in the development of abdominal adiposity and bone structure

A baixa relação de ômega-6/ômega-3 esta relacionada com propriedades benéficas para a saúde óssea. No entanto, a dieta rica nestes compostos pode levar a obesidade. Adipócitos e osteoblastos derivam de células progenitoras comuns, e o consumo de óleo de canola pode ter ação adipogênica e osteogênica. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a adiposidade abdominal, insulina e estrutura óssea em ratos tratados com dieta contendo baixa relação ômega-6/ômega-3, proveniente do óleo de canola. Após desmame, os ratos foram divididos em grupos alimentados com dieta normocalórica: Controle (S) e experimental (C), contendo 7m1/100g de óleo de soja ou de canola e grupos tratados com dieta rica em lipídios: Controle (7S) ou hiperlipídico contendo 19m1/100g de óleo de soja (19S) ou de canola (19C), até completarem 60 dias de idade. Os dados foram significativos com P<0,05. No primeiro modelo, o grupo C apresentou redução de: Massa e área do adipócito intra-abdominal; Colesterol; Insulina; Densidade mineral (DMO) e massa óssea total e na coluna vertebral; Massa do fêmur; Espessura da diáfise; DMO do fêmur e das vértebras lombares e radiodensidade da cabeça do fêmur. No segundo modelo, os grupos 19S e 19C apresentaram maior ingestão calórica, densidade corporal, massa de gordura intra-abdominal, e maior massa e comprimento do fêmur e da coluna lombar. O grupo 19S apresentou maior área e menor número de adipócitos da região retroperitoneal. Glicose e a insulina foram aumentadas no grupo 19C vs. 7S. A tomografia do fêmur revelou maior radiodensidade na região proximal e da coluna lombar, no grupo 19C. Sugerimos que a quantidade e o tipo de lipídio consumido, após o desmame, induzem não somente o desenvolvimento corporal e os depósitos de gordura, além de afetarem a resistência insulínica e a saúde óssea

The lower ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with healthy bone properties. However, fat diets can induce obesity. Adipocytes and osteoblasts derive from a common progenitor, and canola oil intake may have an adipogenic and osteogenic effect. Our objective was to evaluate the intra-abdominal adiposity, insulin and bone growth in rats fed diet containing lower ratio of omega-6 to omega-3, provided in canola oil. After weaning, rats were divided into groups fed with normocaloric diet: control (S) and experimental (C), containing 7 m1/100g soybean or canola oil, respectively and groups fed with fat diet: control (7S) or fat diets containing 19 m1/100g soybean oil (19S) or canola oil (19C), until they 60 days old. Differences were considered significant with P<0,05. In normocaloric diet model, C group showed a significant reduction in: Intra-abdominal fat mass; Area of adipocyte; Cholesterol; Insulin; Total body and spine bone mineral content and bone area; Femur mass; Width of the diaphysis; Femur and lumbar vertebrae bone mineral density and radiodensity of femoral head. To high-fat diet model, 19S and 19C groups showed higher energy intake, body density growth, intra-abdominal fat mass and higher femur mass and, lumbar vertebrae mass and length. 19S showed higher area and lower number of retroperitoneal adipocytes. Glucose and insulin were significantly increased in 19C compared to 7S group. Computed tomography of femur revealed higher radiodensity in proximal femoral epiphysis and lumbar vertebrae of 19C. We suggest that the amount and the source of fat used in the diet, after weaning, induce not only the body and fat depots growth, besides affecting the insulin resistance and the bone health

Dietas hiperlipídicas alteram citocinas inflamatórias, adipocinas, tecido adiposo e fígado em camundongos / Fat diets alter inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, adipose tissue and liver in mice

As dietas ricas em lipídios saturados provocam efeitos deletérios no metabolismo de glicose, secreção de adipocinas e inflamação, entretanto, outros tipos de lipídios podem modular de forma diferenciada tais efeitos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito de diferentes dietas hiperlipídicas no metabolismo de carboidratos, lipídios, no tecido adiposo e no fígado. Camundongos machos C57BL/6 foram divididos em 5 grupos (n=10/grupo): animais que receberam dieta controle (standart chow, SC, 10% de lipídios, grupo controle) e animais que receberam diferentes dietas hiperlipídicas (High-fat, HF, 60% de lipídios): à base de banha de porco (lard, grupo HF-L), à base de óleo de oliva (olive oil, grupo HF-O), à base de óleo de girassol (sunflower oil, grupo HF-S) e à base de óleo de canola (canola oil, grupo HF-Ca).Os animais foram alimentados com as dietas experimentas por 10 semanas. Diariamente a ingestão alimentar era verificada e semanalmente a massa corporal foi aferida. A glicose de jejum e o teste intraperitoneal de tolerância a insulina (TITI) foram realizados uma semana antes da eutanásia. No dia da eutanásia o sangue foi coletado, o tecido adiposo e o fígado dissecados e pesados. A insulina, leptina, adiponectina, resistina, fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNFα), interleucina-6 (IL-6), proteína quimiotática de monócitos-1 (MCP-1) e inibidor do ativador de plasminogênio-1 (PAI-1) foram dosadas por ELISA. Com os dados de insulina e glicose foi calculado o índice HOMA-IR. Os animais dos grupos HF-L e HF-O apresentaram os maiores valores de insulina, resistina, leptina e HOMA-IR em comparação aos outros grupos (P < 0,0001)...

Diets rich in saturated fat have a deleterious effect on glucose metabolism, adipokine release and inflammation. However, other lipid sources may modulate these parameters differently. Thus, the aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of high-fat diets from different sources on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, adipose tissue and liver. Male C57BL/6 mice were allocated into 5 groups (n=10/group): standard chow fed mice (SC, 10% lipid, control group), and mice fed with high-fat diets (HF, 60% lipids) as follow: lard (HF-L), olive oil (HF-O), sunflower oil (HF-S), and canola oil (HF-C). Diets were offered for 10 weeks. Food intake was recorded daily and body mass weekly. One week before euthanasia, fasting glucose and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT) were assessed. At euthanasia, blood was collected, and the liver and adipose tissue were weighed. Insulin, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, tumoral necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interlekin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were measured by an Elisa assay. The HOMA-IR index was calculated based on fasting glucose and insulin. Insulin, resistin, leptin and HOMA-IR were higher in HF-L and HF-O groups compared with the remainder groups (P < 0.0001). IL-6 was higher in the HF-L group compared with the other groups (P < 0.0005), whereas adiponectin levels were the lowest (P < 0.0001)...

Abdominal adiposity, insulin and bone quality in young male rats fed a high-fat diet containing soybean or canola oil

OBJECTIVES: A low ratio of omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with healthy bone properties. However, fatty diets can induce obesity. Our objective was to evaluate intra-abdominal adiposity, insulin, and bone growth in rats fed a high-fat diet containing low ratios of omega-6/omega-3 provided in canola oil. METHODS: After weaning, rats were grouped and fed either a control diet (7S), a high-fat diet containing soybean oil (19S) or a high-fat diet of canola oil (19C) until they were 60 days old. Differences were considered to be significant if p<0.05. RESULTS: After 60 days, the 19S and 19C groups showed more energy intake, body density growth and intraabdominal fat mass. However, the 19S group had a higher area (200 percent) and a lower number (44 percent) of adipocytes, while the 7S and 19C groups did not differ. The serum concentrations of glucose and insulin and the insulin resistance index were significantly increased in the 19C group (15 percent, 56 percent, and 78 percent, respectively) compared to the 7S group. Bone measurements of the 19S and 19C groups showed a higher femur mass (25 percent) and a higher lumbar vertebrae mass (11 percent) and length (5 percent). Computed tomography analysis revealed more radiodensity in the proximal femoral epiphysis and lumbar vertebrae of 19C group compared to the 7S and 19S groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the amount and source of fat used in the diet after weaning increase body growth and fat depots and affect insulin resistance and, consequently, bone health.

Manipulation of the fatty acids composition of poultry meat and giblets by dietary inclusion of two oil sources and conjugated linoleic acid / Mudança na composição de ácidos graxos das vísceras e da carne de aves tratadas com uma dieta contendo ácido linoléico conjugado e duas fontes de óleo

The effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in association with two vegetable oil sources on the fatty acids of meat and giblets of broiler chickens was evaluated. Two hundred 21-day-old broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized factorial design 2 x 5 (two oil sources, soybean or canola oil; and five levels of CLA, 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0g/kg). The addition of CLA to the diet resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in CLA deposition in the analyzed tissues. CLA supplementation also reduced (P<0.05) the rate of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids in thigh, breast, heart, and gizzard. There was interaction of CLA x oil source (P<0.05). The intake of soybean oil, associated with increasing CLA, resulted in an increase in lipid deposition in edible portions as observed by an increase in the overall content of fatty acids, including CLA, while the use of canola oil, associated with increasing CLA in the diet, resulted in a decrease in lipid content in edible portions, specifically regarding that of saturated fat (P<0.05) in breast meat and liver and in the content of monounsaturated fatty acids (P<0.05) in thigh, breast, liver, and gizzard.

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) associado com duas fontes de óleo na dieta de frangos de corte sobre a composição de ácidos graxos das vísceras e da carne de aves. Duzentos frangos de corte, machos, com 21 dias de idade, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 5 (duas fontes de óleo, soja e canola e cinco níveis de CLA, 0,0, 2,5, 5,0, 7,5 e 10,0g/kg). A adição de CLA na dieta resultou em aumento (P<0,05) de sua deposição na carne e nas vísceras de aves. Foi observado decréscimo (P<0,05) na taxa de poliinsaturados:saturados nas carnes da coxa e do peito, no coração e na moela com a suplementação de CLA. Houve interação (P<0,05) CLA x fonte de óleo. O uso de teores crescentes de CLA na dieta contendo óleo de soja na dieta resultou em aumento (P<0,05) no conteúdo lipídico. O contrário foi verificado com a utilização de óleo de canola, especificamente no conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados (P<0,05) na carne do peito e no fígado e de monoinsaturados (P<0,05) nas carnes do peito e da coxa, fígado e moela.

Alimentação de fêmeas de jundiá com fontes lipídicas e sua relação com o desenvolvimento embrionário e larval / Use of lipid sources on feeding jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) and its relation with embryo and larval development

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da alimentação de fêmeas de jundiá com diferentes fontes lipídicas no desenvolvimento embrionário e larval. Foram utilizadas 12 fêmeas de jundiá (peso inicial de 500g), distribuídas ao acaso em três tanques-rede (1m³), alimentadas durante 10 semanas. Foram utilizados três dietas contendo como fontes lipídicas: banha suína (BS), óleo de girassol (OG), óleo de canola (OC). No momento da eclosão, foram coletadas nas incubadoras amostras de dez (10) larvas. Uma amostra de pós-larvas foi coletada às 12, 24, 36 e 48 horas pós-eclosão para medição. Mais três amostras de pós-larvas de cada incubadora foram capturadas e criadas durante 14 dias (30 larvas L-1). O desempenho das fêmeas e o desenvolvimento larval não foram afetados pelas fontes lipídicas testadas. Conclui-se que a banha suína é tão eficiente quanto óleo de girassol e canola como fontes lipídicas para fêmeas reprodutoras de jundiá e proporcionam bom desenvolvimento embrionário e larval.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of feeding female South America catfish Rhamdia quelen with different lipids sources and their influence in embryo and larval stage. Twelve (12) female catfishes initial weight of 500g, distributed randomly among three (3) net-tanks and fed for ten (10) weeks were used. The female fishes were fed with three (3) different types of experimental diet containing lipid sources: Swine fat (BS), sunflower oil (OG) canola oil (OC). At hatch time, 10 larvae were collected from each net tank. One post larvae sample was collected at 12, 24, 36, 48 hours after hatch to verify measurement. Three samples were captured and raised in reuse water system during fourteen days (30 larvae L-1). The female reproductive performance and the larval development were not affected by the lipid sources tested. The data revealed that swine fat is as good as sunflower and canola oil as lipid sources for reproductive female catfishes and that they can provide excellent embryo and larval development.

Fontes e níveis de óleos na alimentação de carpa comum (Cyprinus carpio L.) na fase de crescimento / Sources and levels of oils in the feeding of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in the phase of growth

Testaram-se neste trabalho, quatro fontes de lipídios (algodão, canola, girassol e milho) e três níveis de inclusão (1, 3 e 5 por cento), na alimentação de carpas comum (Cyprinus carpio L.), incorporadas à dieta, na fase de engorda. Os peixes iniciaram com peso médio inicial de 26,6 ± 2,02g e comprimento médio inicial 11,2 ± 0,09cm respectivamente para os tratamentos. As dietas foram formuladas dentro dos critérios para a espécie e para o sistema de produção, com ingredientes onde a proteína bruta e a energia ficassem estabilizadas em 28 por cento e 2.800 kcal de energia metabolizável/kg de ração, e oferecida na quantidade de 1 por cento do peso vivo ao dia, reajustado a cada 30 dias, na forma peletizada. Cada parcela experimental contou com seis peixes e utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (4 fontes, 3 níveis) com 3 repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste F, ao nível de significância de 5 por cento e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. As variáveis peso médio final, comprimento médio final, conversão alimentar aparente e sobrevivência não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos testados (P>0,05). Conclui-se, com base nos dados obtidos, que todas fontes e níveis de lipídios utilizados são eficientes na alimentação, devendo, portanto ser utilizado aquele que tiver valor econômico menor no momento. Também se concluiu que os diferentes tipos de rações experimentais não interferiram significativamente nas características do rendimento de carcaça e rendimento de filé.

In this research four lipids sources (cotton, canola, sunflower, corn) and three inclusion levels (1, 3 and 5 percent) were tested in common carp feeding (Cyprinus carpio L.) incorporated to the diet in the fattening stage. The fishes had start medium weight of 26,6 ± 2,02g and start medium length of 11,2 ± 0,09cm. Diets were formulated inside the criteria to the species and to the production system with ingredients in wich gross protein and energy were kept stable in 28 percent and 2800kcal of metabolizable energy/kg of ration. Diets were offered in the quantity of 1 percent of living weight per day readjusted every 30 days in the peletized form. Each experimental parcel comprised six fishes and used an entirely ramdomized design, in factorial (4 sources, 3 levels and 3 repetitions). The data were submitted to variance analisys F test to significant level of 5 percent, and the mediums compared by the Tukey test. The variables final medium weight, final medium length, feed conversion ratio and survival, showed no significant differences between the tested treatments (P>0,05). Based on the collected data, all sources and lipids levels used are efficient in the feeding. Thus, the one with lower economical value should preferably be used.