Causas Múltiplas de Morte Associadas à Parada Cardiorrespiratória Pediátrica de 1996 a 2019 no Brasil / Multiple Causes of Death Associated with Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Arrest from 1996 to 2019 in Brazil

Resumo Fundamento: Em pediatria, a parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) está associada a alta mortalidade e graves sequelas neurológicas. Informações sobre as causas e mecanismos de morte abaixo de 20 anos poderiam fornecer subsídios teóricos para a melhoria da saúde de crianças e adolescentes. Objetivos: Realizar uma análise populacional das taxas de mortalidade por causas primárias e múltiplas de morte abaixo de 20 anos, em ambos os sexos, no período de 1996 a 2019, no Brasil, e identificar a frequência com que a PCR foi registrada nas declarações de óbito (DOs) desses indivíduos e os locais de ocorrência dos óbitos, a fim de promover estratégias para melhorar a prevenção de mortes. Método: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais de óbitos em indivíduos menores de 20 anos, no período de 1996 a 2019, avaliando as taxas de mortalidade (TMs) e a mortalidade proporcional (MP) por causa básica de morte. Foram analisados os percentuais de PCR registrados em qualquer linha da DO e o local de ocorrência dos óbitos. Foram calculadas as TMs por 100 mil habitantes e a MP por causa básica de morte nos menores de 20 anos segundo sexo e faixa etária, os percentuais de óbito por causas básicas por faixa etária quando a PCR foi descrita em qualquer linha das Partes I e II da DO, e o percentual de óbitos por causas básicas segundo o local de ocorrência. Os dados foram retirados do DATASUS, IBGE e SINASC. Resultados: De 1996 a 2019, ocorreram 2.151.716 óbitos de menores de 20 anos, no Brasil, gerando uma taxa de mortalidade de 134,38 por 100 mil habitantes. A taxa de óbito foi maior entre os recém-nascidos do sexo masculino. Do total de óbitos, 249.334 (11,6%) tiveram PCR registrada em qualquer linha da DO. Especificamente, a PCR foi registrada 49.178 vezes na DO na faixa etária entre 1 e 4 anos e em 88.116 vezes entre 29 e 365 dias, correspondendo, respectivamente, a 26% e 22% dos óbitos nessas faixas etárias. Essas duas faixas etárias apresentaram as maiores taxas de PCR registradas em qualquer linha da DO. As principais causas básicas de óbito quando a PCR foi registrada na sequência de óbitos foram doenças respiratórias, hematológicas e neoplásicas. Conclusão: As causas perinatais e externas foram as principais causas de morte, com maior TM nos menores de 20 anos no Brasil de 1996 a 2019. Quando consideradas as causas múltiplas de morte, as principais causas primárias associadas à PCR foram as doenças respiratórias, hematológicas e neoplásicas. A maioria dos óbitos ocorreu no ambiente hospitalar. Melhor compreensão da sequência de eventos nesses óbitos e melhorias nas estratégias de ensino em ressuscitação cardiopulmonar pediátrica são necessárias.

Abstract Background: In pediatrics, cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is associated with high mortality and severe neurologic sequelae. Information on the causes and mechanisms of death below the age of 20 years could provide theoretical support for health improvement among children and adolescents. Objectives: To conduct a population analysis of mortality rates due to primary and multiple causes of death below the age of 20 years in both sexes from 1996 to 2019 in Brazil, and identify the frequency in which CPA was recorded in the death certificates (DCs) of these individuals and the locations where the deaths occurred, in order to promote strategies to improve the prevention of deaths. Method: Ecological time-series study of deaths below the age of 20 years from 1996 to 2019, evaluating the mortality rates (MRs) and proportional mortality (PM) by primary cause of death. We analyzed the percentages of CPA recorded in any line of the DC and the location where the deaths occurred. We calculated the MRs per 100,000 inhabitants and the PM by primary cause of death under the age of 20 years according to sex and age group, the percentages of death from primary causes by age group when CPA was described in any line of Parts I and II of the DC, and the percentage of deaths from primary causes according to their location of occurrence. We retrieved the data from DATASUS, IBGE, and SINASC. Results: From 1996 to 2019, there were 2,151,716 deaths below the age of 20 years in Brazil, yielding a mortality rate of 134.38 per 100,000 inhabitants. The death rate was highest among male neonates. Of all deaths, 249,334 (11.6%) had CPA recorded in any line of the DC. Specifically, CPA was recorded in 49,178 DCs between the ages of 1 and 4 years and in 88,116 of those between the ages of 29 and 365 days, corresponding, respectively, to 26% and 22% of the deaths in these age groups. These two age groups had the highest rates of CPA recorded in any line of the DC. The main primary causes of death when CPA was recorded in the sequence of death were respiratory, hematologic, and neoplastic diseases. Conclusion: Perinatal and external causes were the primary causes of death, with highest MRs under the age of 20 years in Brazil from 1996 to 2019. When multiple causes of death were considered, the main primary causes associated with CPA were respiratory, hematologic, and neoplastic diseases. Most deaths occurred in the hospital environment. Better understanding of the sequence of events in these deaths and improvements in teaching strategies in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation are needed.

Conhecimento dos profissionais intra-hospitalares acerca do suporte básico de vida em uma parada cardiorrespiratória / In-hospital professionals' knowledge about basic life support in cardiac arrest / Conocimiento de los profesionales intrahospitalarios sobre el soporte vital básico en la parada cardíaca

Objetivo: avaliar o efeito da intervenção educativa no conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem sobre o suporte básico de vida para o atendimento à parada cardiorrespiratória de adultos no ambiente intra-hospitalar. Método: estudo transversal com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 25 profissionais de enfermagem em dois hospitais de região oeste de Santa Catarina - Brasil. Avaliou-se por meio da aplicação de um pré-teste, intervenção educativa e pós-teste. Resultados: houve aumento significativo no conhecimento dos profissionais. O hospital A obteve a média de acertos de 7,23 no pré-teste, elevando para 11,33 no pós-teste, com valor de p ≤ 0,0001. Já o hospital B pontuou 6,07 no pré-teste, progredindo para 11,15 no pós-teste, valor de p ≤ 0,0006. Conclusão: a intervenção realizada demonstrou ser uma estratégia eficaz, visto que os resultados pré-teste demostravam déficit significativo de conhecimento, e após a intervenção educativa, mostraram melhoria na maioria dos itens avaliados em relação ao atendimento específico.

Objective: to evaluate the effect of an educational intervention on the nursing team's knowledge about basic life support for adult cardiac arrest care in the in-hospital environment. Method: cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, carried out with 25 nursing professionals in two hospitals in the western region of Santa Catarina - Brazil. A pre-test, educational intervention and post-test were applied. Results: there was a significant increase in the professionals' knowledge. Hospital A had a mean score of 7.23 in the pre-test, increasing to 11.33 in the post-test, with p-value ≤ 0.0001. Hospital B scored 6.07 in the pre-test, increasing to 11.15 in the post-test, p-value ≤ 0.0006. Conclusion: the intervention proved to be an effective strategy, since the pre-test results showed significant knowledge deficit, and after the educational intervention, showed improvement in most of the items evaluated in relation to specific care.

Objetivos:evaluar el efecto de una intervención educativa en el conocimiento del equipo de enfermería sobre el soporte vital básico para la atención del paro cardíaco del adulto en el ambiente intrahospitalario. Método: estudio transversal con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado con 25 profesionales de enfermería en dos hospitales de la región oeste de Santa Catarina - Brasil. Se aplicó un pre-test, una intervención educativa y un post-test. Resultados: hubo un aumento significativo de los conocimientos de los profesionales. El Hospital A obtuvo una puntuación media de 7,23 en el pre-test, aumentando a 11,33 en el post-test, con valor p ≤ 0,0001. El Hospital B obtuvo una puntuación de 6,07 en el pre-test, aumentando a 11,15 en el post-test, con valor p ≤ 0,0006. Conclusión: una intervención realizada demostró ser una estrategia eficaz, visto que os resultados previos demostraron un déficit significativo de conhecimento, y después de una intervención educativa, mostraron una mejoría na maioria dos itens avaliados em relação ao atendimento específico.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the prone position: a systematic review of case series/reports / Reanimação cardiopulmonar em posição prona: uma revisão sistemática de séries/relatos de casos

Abstract Introduction The prone position is frequently adopted for surgical or critically ill patients in intensive care. Cardiorespiratory arrest in these patients may pose an operational challenge, in which delays resulting from mobilization to the supine position culminate in worse outcomes. Objective To provide clinical insight based on the synthesis of evidence from reports or case series on reverse cardiopulmonary resuscitation (reverse CPR) in surgical patients or invasive ventilatory support in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Methods This is a systematic review of reports or case series in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases, in addition to a search of the gray literature. Case reports published in any language, reporting at least one case of prone cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients of any age and in any care context, were considered eligible. Results Thirteen studies of fourteen cases of successful reverse resuscitation were retrieved. Three patients died within 30 days, while the others survived without complications or neurological sequelae. Conclusion Despite limited evidence to support clinical decision-making, prone resuscitation appears to be a feasible alternative in exceptional circumstances, where patient mobilization may result in additional harm, delay or interrupt advanced life support (compressions, high-quality early chest surgery, and defibrillation) or incur occupational risks to the health team.

Resumo Introdução A posição prona é um procedimento frequente de cuidados intensivos para pacientes cirúrgicos ou doentes graves. A ocorrência de parada cardiorrespiratória nestes pacientes pode representar um desafio operacional, no qual atrasos relacionados à mobilização para decúbito dorsal implicam em piores desfechos. Objetivo Oferecer um insight clínico a partir da síntese das evidências oriundas de relatos ou séries de casos sobre a utilização de reanimação cardiopulmonar reversa em pacientes cirúrgicos ou em suporte ventilatório invasivo na síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo grave. Métodos Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de relatos ou séries de casos condu-zida nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Embase e Google Scholar, além de busca na literatura cinzenta. Foram considerados elegíveis relatos de caso publicados em qualquer idioma, que reportaram pelo menos um caso de reanimação cardiopulmonar em posição prona em pacientes de qualquer idade e em qualquer contexto de atendimento. Resultados Foram recuperados treze estudos que relataram quatorze casos de reanimação reversa bem-sucedidos. Três pacientes faleceram em um intervalo de 30 dias, enquanto os demais sobreviveram sem complicações ou sequelas neurológicas. Conclusão Apesar de evidências limitadas para suportar a tomada de decisão clínica, a reanimação em posição prona parece ser uma alternativa factível em circunstâncias excepcionais, nas quais a mobilização do paciente pode resultar em dano adicional, atrasar ou interromper o suporte avançado de vida (compressões torácicas precoces de alta qualidade e a desfibrilação) ou, ainda, incorrer em riscos ocupacionais à equipe de saúde.

Embolia de líquido amniótico asociada a paro cardiorrespiratorio recuperado y síndrome de Sheehan / Amniotic fluid embolism associated with recovered cardiac arrest and postpartum Sheehan's syndrome

Resumen La embolia de líquido amniótico es una condición catastrófica propia del embarazo que ocurre típicamente durante el parto o justo posterior a este, cuyo sustrato fisiopatológico no ha sido aclarado por completo. Se ha estimado, según cifras de los Estados Unidos, que su incidencia rondaría 1 por cada 12.953 partos, y en el Reino Unido 1 por cada 50.000 partos; sin embargo, estas cifras pueden ser imprecisas debido a que no existen una referencia ni un consenso respecto a los criterios diagnósticos, además de que el cuadro clínico se puede confundir con otras emergencias obstétricas. Se presenta el caso de una paciente sin antecedentes mórbidos que presenta un cuadro de embolia de líquido amniótico no fatal, caracterizado por un estado fetal no tranquilizador durante la inducción del trabajo de parto, seguido de un paro cardiorrespiratorio durante la cesárea de urgencia y la rápida y catastrófica aparición de signos clínicos de una coagulopatía de consumo grave. Se describen además las complicaciones posoperatorias y su manejo, entre ellas un síndrome de Sheehan y la aparición de convulsiones tónico-clónicas generalizadas con alteración de neuroimágenes.

Abstract Amniotic fluid embolism is a catastrophic pregnancy condition that typically occurs during or inmediately after delivery, and whose pathophysiological background has not been fully clarified. According to US records the incidence of amniotic fluid embolism could been around 1 for every 12,953 births and in the United Kingdom 1 for every 50,000 births, however these numbers may be imprecise because there is no gold standard as well as no consensus regarding the diagnostic criteria, in addition that the clinical presentation can be misdiagnosis with other obstetric emergencies. We present the clinical case of a patient without a morbid history who presents with a non-fatal amniotic fluid embolism, characterized by an non-reassuring fetal status during labor induction, followed by cardiorespiratory arrest during emergency cesarean section and the rapid and catastrophic appearance of clinical signs of a severe consumptive coagulopathy. Postoperative complications and their management are also described, including Sheehans syndrome and the appearance of generalized tonic-clonic seizures with impaired neuroimaging.

Impact of different waves of COVID-19 on emergency medical services and out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest in Madrid, Spain / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is one of the three leading causes of death in industrialized countries.[1,2]Some studies have described the impact of the first COVID-19 pandemic wave in terms of the number of cases and OHCA survival rates in various regions,[3-5] but few have addressed the relationship between the successive phases and how they affected OHCA.[6,7] The 14-d cumulative incidence peaked at more than 990 cases, with these rates remaining above 200 for an eight-month period between 15 March 2020 and 15 March 2021 in Madrid, Spain.

Cardiopulmonary arrest due to bronchoscopy-induced Takotsubo syndrome in a patient with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated lung disease: a case report / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objective: Cardiac arrest (CA) has been observed in some patients with Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), most of whom had CA at the initial presentation of TTS. The objective of this report was to discuss the factors underlying the onset of this syndrome.Case presentation: A 72-year-old woman with refractory antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated lung disease was referred to our hospital. Twenty minutes after bronchoscopic examination, cardiopulmonary arrest suddenly occurred. Resuscitation immediately resumed her heartbeat and spontaneous breathing. Subsequent 12-lead electrocardiography, echocardiography, and left ventricular angiography revealed TTS.Conclusion: This case indicates that bronchoscopy can cause severe TTS, especially in patients with systemic inflammation.

Simulation for teaching cardiorespiratory resuscitation by teams: setting and performance assessment / Simulación para la enseñanza de la reanimación cardiorrespiratoria por equipos: evaluación de escenarios y desempeño / Simulação para ensino de reanimação cardiorrespiratória por equipes: avaliação de cenários e desempenho

Abstract Objective: to evaluate the acquisition of cognitive knowledge in cardiorespiratory resuscitation through training mediated by health simulation and to verify satisfaction with the teaching methodology design. Method: a study of quasi-experimental intervention, of the before and after type, with only one group. Population composed of medical students in the internship phase, nurses and resident physicians, nursing technicians and nurses of the institution's effective staff. Convenience sampling consisting of 91 participants. Data collected through the Sociodemographic and Educational Questionnaire, Knowledge Test and Simulation Design Scale. Data was organized in tables and analyzed based on absolute frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion, Cronbach's alpha reliability test, Wilcoxon's test. Results: the increase in cognitive learning was 81.9%, being that for nursing technicians it was 117.8 %. Wilcoxon's test showed a significant increase (p<0.0001) in knowledge. The Simulation Design Scale, displayed 4.55 of global mean. Cronbach's alpha pointed good internal consistency (0.898). Conclusion: the health simulation was effective as a learning-teaching method in cardiorespiratory resuscitation, being effective in increasing knowledge in cardiorespiratory arrest, with a great level of design satisfaction.

Objetivo: evaluar la adquisición de conocimiento cognitivo en reanimación cardiorrespiratoria a través del entrenamiento mediado por simulación de salud y verificar la satisfacción con el diseño de la metodología de enseñanza. Método: estudio de intervención cuasiexperimental, del tipo antes y después, con un único grupo. Población compuesta por estudiantes de medicina en etapa de prácticas, enfermeros y médicos residentes, técnicos de enfermería y enfermeros del personal permanente de la institución. Muestreo de conveniencia compuesto por 91 participantes. Datos recolectados a través del Cuestionario Sociodemográfico y Educativo, prueba de conocimientos y Escala de Diseño de Simulación. Los datos fueron organizados en tablas y analizados con base en frecuencias absolutas, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, prueba de confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach, y prueba de Wilcoxon. Resultados: el aumento del aprendizaje cognitivo fue del 81,9% y para los técnicos de enfermería fue del 117,8%. La prueba de Wilcoxon mostró un aumento significativo (p<0,0001) en el conocimiento. La Escala de Diseño de Simulación presentó una media global de 4,55. El alfa de Cronbach mostró buena consistencia interna (0,898). Conclusión: la simulación de salud resultó eficaz como método de enseñanza-aprendizaje en reanimación cardiorrespiratoria, siendo eficaz para incrementar el conocimiento en parada cardiorrespiratoria, con un excelente nivel de satisfacción con respecto al diseño.

Objetivo: avaliar a aquisição de conhecimento cognitivo em reanimação cardiorrespiratória por capacitação mediada por simulação em saúde e verificar a satisfação com o design da metodologia de ensino. Método: estudo de intervenção quase-experimental, do tipo antes-depois, com único grupo. População composta por estudantes de medicina em fase de internato, enfermeiros e médicos residentes, técnicos de enfermagem e enfermeiros do quadro efetivo da instituição. Amostragem por conveniência formada por 91 participantes. Dados coletados por meio do Questionário Sociodemográfico e Educacional, teste de conhecimento e Escala do Design da Simulação. Os dados foram organizados em tabelas e analisados com base em frequências absolutas, medidas de tendência central e dispersão, teste de confiabilidade alfa de Cronbach, teste de Wilcoxon. Resultados: o incremento de aprendizagem cognitiva foi de 81,9%, sendo que para técnicos de enfermagem foi de 117,8 %. Teste de Wilcoxon apontou incremento significativo (p<0,0001) no conhecimento. A Escala do Design da Simulação, apresentou 4,55 de média global. Alpha de Cronbach apontou boa consistência interna (0,898). Conclusão: a simulação em saúde foi eficaz como método de ensino-aprendizagem em reanimação cardiorrespiratória, sendo efetiva no incremento de conhecimento em parada cardiorrespiratória, com ótimo nível de satisfação quanto ao design.

Effective Management with IMPELLA CP® and Hypothermia Therapy for a Case of Severe Ischemic Coronary Disease after Cardiopulmonary Arrest / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

A 67-year-old man was admitted to our hospital following cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) during work. After resuscitation, coronary angiography revealed left main coronary artery stenosis and three-vessel disease. We considered that coronary artery revascularization was required, but the neurological prognosis was unknown. Thus, an IMPELLA CP® device was inserted and systemic management, including hypothermic therapy, was initiated. Circulatory conditions were stable during hypothermia therapy. Rewarming was initiated 24 h later, and we confirmed no abnormal neurological findings. Emergency off-pump coronary artery bypass was then performed. During the procedure, hemodynamic status was maintained using the IMPELLA CP® device. After surgery, the patient was discharged without neurological complications. We report the management of a patient with severe three-vessel disease after resuscitation for CPA using an IMPELLA CP® device and hypothermic therapy.

Epidemiology of pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation / Epidemiologia da ressuscitação cardiopulmonar pediátrica

Abstract Objective: To analyze the main epidemiological aspects of prehospital and hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the impact of scientific evidence on survival. Source of data: This was a narrative review of the literature published at PubMed/MEDLINE until January 2019 including original and review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, annals of congresses, and manual search of selected articles. Synthesis of data: The prehospital and hospital settings have different characteristics and prognoses. Pediatric prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest has a three-fold lower survival rate than cardiopulmonary arrest in the hospital setting, occurring mostly at home and in children under 1 year. Higher survival appears to be associated with age progression, shockable rhythm, emergency medical care, use of automatic external defibrillator, high-quality early life support, telephone dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and is strongly associated with witnessed cardiopulmonary arrest. In the hospital setting, a higher incidence was observed in children under 1 year of age, and mortality increased with age. Higher survival was observed with shorter cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration, occurrence on weekdays and during daytime, initial shockable rhythm, and previous monitoring. Despite the poor prognosis of pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation, an increase in survival has been observed in recent years, with good neurological prognosis in the hospital setting. Conclusions: A great progress in the science of pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation has been observed, especially in developed countries. The recognition of the epidemiological aspects that influence cardiopulmonary resuscitation survival may direct efforts towards more effective actions; thus, studies in emerging and less favored countries remains a priority regarding the knowledge of local factors.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os principais aspectos epidemiológicos da ressuscitação cardiopulmonar pediátrica pré-hospitalar e hospitalar e o impacto das evidências científicas na sobrevida. Fonte de dados: Revisão narrativa da literatura publicada em Pubmed/Medline até janeiro de 2019, inclusive artigos originais e de revisão, revisões sistemáticas, metanálises, anais de Congresso, além de busca manual dos artigos selecionados. Síntese dos dados: Os cenários pré-hospitalar e hospitalar apresentam características e prognósticos distintos. A parada cardiorrespiratória pré-hospitalar pediátrica apresenta sobrevida três vezes menor do que a hospitalar, ocorre em sua maioria nas residências e nos menores de um ano. A maior sobrevida parece estar associada a progressão da idade, ritmo chocável, atendimento por serviço médico de emergência, uso de desfibrilador externo automático, suporte básico de vida precoce de alta qualidade e orientação de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar via telefônica por atendente e está fortemente associada com parada cardiorrespiratória presenciada. No cenário hospitalar, observou-se maior incidência em menores de um ano e mortalidade crescente com a idade. Maior sobrevida foi observada quanto a menor duração da ressuscitação cardiopulmonar, ocorrência em dias da semana e período diurno, ritmo chocável inicial e monitoração prévia. Apesar do prognóstico reservado da ressuscitação cardiopulmonar pediátrica, observou-se nos últimos anos incremento da sobrevida com bom prognóstico neurológico no cenário hospitalar. Conclusões: Houve grande avanço na ciência da ressuscitação cardiopulmonar pediátrica, especialmente em países desenvolvidos. O reconhecimento dos aspectos epidemiológicos que influenciam a sobrevida da ressuscitação cardiopulmonar pode direcionar esforços para ações mais efetivas. Assim, a pesquisa em países emergentes e menos favorecidos persiste como prioridade no conhecimento de fatores locais.

Fatores associados ao conhecimento de pessoas leigas sobre suporte básico de vida / Factores asociados con el conocimiento de los laicos sobre el soporte vital básico / Factors associated with lay people's knowledge about basic life support

Resumo Analisar os fatores associados ao conhecimento de pessoas leigas acerca do suporte básico de vida. Estudo epidemiológico, descritivo, de corte transversal, desenvolvido com 65 funcionários de um Campus da Universidade do Estado da Bahia. Os dados foram coletados nos meses de fevereiro e março de 2019 e tabulados no software IBM SPSS versão 21.0. A análise foi realizada através de frequências descritivas, teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher, adotando um grau de significância de 95% e valor de p <0,05. Observou-se que 67,7% dos participantes não sabem o que é suporte básico de vida, 61,5% não se sentem preparadas para agir em emergência, 58,5% não saberia como facilitar a respiração de uma vítima, 64,7% não sabem a quantidade de compressões realizadas por minuto e 86,2% não sabem a função do desfibrilador externo automático. No que se refere aos fatores associados, o conhecimento sobre suporte básico está associado a ser docente, (p=0,005), sentirse preparado para atuar em situações de emergência (p=0,001), saber como facilitar a respiração da vítima (p=0,000), saber o local de realização das compressões torácicas (p=0,013). O estudo levanta a necessidade de maior capacitação de pessoas leigas acerca do suporte básico de vida para que possam assistir adequadamente as vítimas de parada cardíaca em ambiente extra-hospitalar.

Abstract To analyze the factors associated with the knowledge of lay people about basic life support. This is a descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological study, conducted with 65 employees from a Campus at the State University of Bahia. Data were collected in February and March 2019 and tabulated in IBM SPSS version 21.0 software. The analysis was performed using descriptive frequencies, Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test, adopting a significance level of 95% and p value <0.05. It was observed that 67.7% of participants do not know what is basic life support, 61.5% do not feel prepared to act in emergency, 58.5% would not know how to facilitate the breathing of a victim, 64.7% do not know the amount of compressions performed per minute and 86.2% do not know the function of the automatic external defibrillator. Regarding associated factors, knowledge about basic support is associated with being a teacher (p = 0.005), feeling prepared to act in emergency situations (p = 0.001), knowing how to facilitate the victim's breathing (p = 0.001). = 0.000), know the location of the chest compressions (p = 0.013). The study raises the need for greater training of lay people about basic life support so that they can adequately assist victims of cardiac arrest in an out-of-hospital setting.

Resumen Analizar los factores asociados con el conocimiento de los laicos sobre el soporte vital básico. Este es un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo de corte transversal, realizado con 65 empleados de un campus de la Universidad Estatal de Bahía. Los datos se recopilaron en febrero y marzo de 2019 y se tabularon en el software IBM SPSS versión 21.0. El análisis se realizó utilizando frecuencias descriptivas, la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson y la prueba exacta de Fisher, adoptando un nivel de significación del 95% y un valor de p <0,05. Se observó que el 67.7% de los participantes no sabe qué es el soporte vital básico, el 61.5% no se siente preparado para actuar en caso de emergencia, el 58.5% no sabe cómo facilitar la respiración de una víctima, el 64,7% desconoce la cantidad de compresiones realizadas por minuto y el 86,2% desconoce la función del desfibrilador externo automático. Con respecto a los factores asociados, el conocimiento sobre el apoyo básico se asocia con ser un maestro (p = 0.005), sentirse preparado para actuar en situaciones de emergencia (p = 0.001), saber cómo facilitar la respiración de la víctima (p = 0.001). = 0.000), conoce la ubicación de las compresiones torácicas (p = 0.013). El estudio plantea la necesidad de una mayor capacitación de los laicos sobre el soporte vital básico para que puedan ayudar adecuadamente a las víctimas de un paro cardíaco en un entorno fuera del hospital.

Parada cardiorrespiratória: intervenções dos profissionais de enfermagem / Cardiorespiratory arrest: intervention of nursing professionals / La parada cardiorrespiratoria: intervención de profesionales de enfermería

Objetivo: este estudo objetivou avaliar se os conhecimentos dos profissionais de enfermagem frente a parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) estão de acordo com o protocolo da American Heart Association ­ AHA. Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo, qualitativo. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada com 12 profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital do interior da Bahia, entre maio a junho de 2015. Os dados foram analisados conforme a técnica de análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática. Resultados: surgiram como categorias: Dificuldade na identificação da parada cardiorrespiratória; e Intervenções de enfermagem: e agora o que fazer diante da PCR? Conclusão: os resultados mostram que os profissionais que atuam na emergência ainda não estão devidamente qualificados para atender as vítimas em PCR, fazendo-se necessário o aprimoramento das condutas e a qualificação destes profissionais, visando o aumento da taxa de sobrevida dos pacientes acometidos com tal situação clínica

Objective: The study's main purpose has been to assess whether or not the nursing professionals' understanding vis-à-vis cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is in accordance to the American Heart Association (AHA) protocol. Methods: It is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Data collection took place by using a semi-structured interview performed with 12 nursing professionals from a hospital in the Bahia State, over the period from May to June 2015. Data were analyzed according to the content analysis technique, thematic modality. Results: Based on the analysis of the interviews, two main categories of investigation have arisen: "Difficulties in identifying a cardiopulmonary arrest" and "Nursing interventions: so now, what to do about the CPA?". Conclusion: The results show that the professionals who work in emergency rooms are not qualified to assist victims undergoing a CPA. Therefore, it is necessary to promote both improvement and qualification of these professionals, aiming to increase the survival rate of patients undergoing such clinical condition

Objetivo: este estudio objetivó evaluar si los conocimientos de los profesionales de enfermería frente al paro cardiorrespiratorio (PCR) están de acuerdo con el protocolo de la American Heart Association ­ AHA. Método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo, cualitativo. Para colecta de datos se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada con 12 profesionales de enfermería de un hospital del interior de Bahia, entre mayo y junio de 2015. Los datos fueron analizados conforme la técnica de análisis de contenido, modalidad temática. Resultados: surgieron como categorías: Dificultad en la identificación del paro cardiorrespiratorio; y Intervenciones de enfermería: y ahora, ¿qué hacer ante el PCR? Conclusión: los resultados muestran que los profesionales que actúan en urgencias aún no están debidamente cualificados para atender a las víctimas de PCR, siendo necesario el perfeccionamiento de las conductas y la cualificación de estos profesionales, visando el aumento de la tasa de sobrevida de los pacientes acometidos con tal situación clínica

Identification of warning signs for prevention of in-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest / Identificação dos sinais de alerta para a prevenção da parada cardiorrespiratória intra-hospitalar / Identificación de las señales de alerta para la prevención de la parada cardiorrespiratoria intrahospitalaria

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the occurrence of warning signs and changes in vital signs in individuals who experienced in-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest and correlate them with the occurrence of this event. Method: this is a retrospective, analytical and quantitative study that included 218 medical records of patients who suffered in-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest and identified warning signs and alterations in vital signs. Mean, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum values were calculated for the continuous variables, and frequency and percentage for the categorical variables. We compared the age and occurrence of cardiorespiratory arrest with the occurrence of warning signs using the Chi-Square Test and the Mann Whitney non-parametric test (p-value < 0.05). Results: 62.1% of the patients presented signs and symptoms of shock, 44.9% of neurological alteration, 40.4% of malaise, 15.2% presented signs suggestive of acute coronary syndrome, and 25.9% presented mental confusion. In the last measurement of vital signs before cardiorespiratory arrest, the majority of patients had altered abnormal (32.6%) and severely abnormal (23.9%) heart rate, and abnormal (37.1%) and severely abnormal (27.0%) respiratory rate. Conclusion: the warning signs identified were: shock, neurological signs, malaise and acute coronary syndrome. The prevalent changes in vital signs were: heart rate, respiratory rate and O2 saturation. Patients with severely abnormal systolic blood pressure were not discharged and those with abnormal respiratory rate did not survive 6 months after cardiorespiratory arrest.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar ocorrência dos sinais de alerta e alterações nos sinais vitais em indivíduos com parada cardiorrespiratória intra-hospitalar e correlacioná-los à ocorrência desse evento. Método: estudo retrospectivo, analítico e quantitativo que incluiu 218 prontuários de pacientes que sofreram parada cardiorrespiratória intra-hospitalar e identificados sinais de alerta e alterações nos sinais vitais. Para variáveis contínuas, calculou-se média, desvio padrão, mediana, mínimo e máximo; para as categóricas, frequência e percentual. Comparou-se a idade e ocorrência de parada cardiorrespiratória com ocorrência de sinais de alerta pelo Teste Qui-Quadrado e Teste não paramétrico de MannWhitney (p-valor<0,05). Resultados: 62,1% dos pacientes apresentaram sinais e sintomas de choque, 44,9% neurológicos, 40,4% mal-estar, 15,2% sugestivos de síndrome coronariana aguda e 25,9% confusão mental. Na última mensuração dos sinais vitais antes da parada cardiorrespiratória, a maioria apresentou frequência cardíaca alterada, anormal (32,6%) e severamente anormal (23,9%), frequência respiratória anormal (37,1%) e severamente anormal (27,0%). Conclusão: identificou-se como sinais de alerta: sinais de choque, neurológicos, mal-estar e síndrome coronariana aguda. Alterações nos sinais vitais prevalentes foram: frequência cardíaca, respiratória e saturação de O2. Pacientes com pressão arterial sistólica severamente anormal não receberam alta e aqueles com frequência respiratória anormal não sobreviveram em 6 meses após a parada cardiorrespiratória.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar la presencia de señales de alerta y alteraciones en los signos vitales en individuos con parada cardiorrespiratoria intrahospitalaria y correlacionarlos a la ocurrencia de ese evento. Método: estudio retrospectivo, analítico y cuantitativo que incluyó 218 prontuarios de pacientes que sufrieron paro cardiorrespiratorio intrahospitalario e identificados signos de alerta y alteraciones en los signos vitales. Para variables continuas, se calculó la media, desviación estándar, mediana, mínima y máxima; para las categóricas, se calculó la frecuencia y el porcentaje. Se comparó la edad y ocurrencia de parada cardiorrespiratoria con ocurrencia de señales de alerta por el Test Chi-cuadrado y Test no paramétrico de MannWhitney (p-valor <0,05). Resultados: 62,1% de los pacientes presentaron signos y síntomas de shock, 44,9% neurológicos, 40,4% malestar, 15,2% sugestivos de síndrome coronario agudo y 25,9% confusión mental. En la última medición de los signos vitales antes de la parada cardiorrespiratoria, la mayoría presentó frecuencia cardiaca alterada, anormal (32,6%) y severamente anormal (23,9%), frecuencia respiratoria anormal (37,1%) y severamente anormal (27,0%). Conclusión: como signos de alerta se identificaron: signos de shock, neurológicos, malestar y síndrome coronario agudo. Los cambios en los signos vitales prevalentes fueron: frecuencia cardíaca, respiratoria y saturación de O2. Los pacientes con presión arterial sistólica severamente anormal no recibieron alta y aquellos con frecuencia respiratoria anormal no sobrevivieron en 6 meses después de la parada cardiorrespiratoria.

Left Ventricular Overlapping Surgery for Broad Ventricular Aneurysm Associated with Cardiac Sarcoidosis : The First Case Report / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

Left ventricular overlapping operation was applied to a woman with cardiac sarcoidosis who presented with cardiopulmonary arrest. She did not have any particular history, with minimal risk factors for atherosclerosis. By-stander cardiopulmonary resuscitation delivered by her husband saved her life. Acute coronary syndrome was denied by emergency coronary arteriography. However, left vetriculography revealed broad dyskinetic area inconsistent with coronary distribution. Those findings raised a high suspicion of cardiac sarcoidosis, although this was unconfirmed. Broad ventricular aneurysm and a history of cardiac arrest and congestive heart failure prompted us to operate on her. Left ventricular overlapping operation was applied followed by ICD implantation and steroid induction. The pathologic examination of the ventricular wall showed noncaseous epithelioid granulomas and polynuclear giant cells, which are consistent with cardiac sarcoidosis. She has been leading a healthy daily life without signs of heart failure for one and a half years after discharge. Lesions of cardiac sarcoidosis have a broad spectrum from narrow localized to wide generalized aneurysm. Appropriate surgical strategy should be performed according to the location and the extent of the lesion. Left ventricular overlapping operation is among the alternatives.

La reanimación cardiopulmonar pediátrica y la capacitación para la asistencia en emergencias / Pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation and basic skills training for emergency assistance

Se destacan las novedades en reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) pediátrica de la AHA 2015 y se repasa esquemáticamente el soporte vital básico y avanzado en los casos de paro cardiorrespiratorio en niños. Se resumen los aspectos claves y principales cambios realizados respecto de la actualización anterior (2010). Se sugiere incorporar en los hospitales un equipo de emergencias pediátrico y un equipo de rápida respuesta que brinden una atención inmediata y efectiva. Se describe un sistema de puntuación (puntaje PEWS) que permitiría identificar y predecir pacientes con riesgo de descompensación por diferentes etiologías. Se indica tratamiento inicial de la sepsis grave y shock séptico con un bolo de fluidos de 20 ml/kg en lactantes y niños con líquidos cristaloides o coloides. Se mantiene la secuencia C-A-B de las guías 2010 como orden de elección para la RCP pediátrica (aunque las recomendaciones ILCOR 2015 equiparan las secuencias A-B-C y C-A-B). La profundidad de las compresiones debe deprimir por lo menos un tercio del diámetro anteroposterior o aproximadamente 4 cm en lactantes. En los niños las compresiones se realizarán como en los adultos, por lo menos 5 a 6 cm de profundidad como límite superior; con una frecuencia de 100 a 120 CPM. En caso de reanimadores legos que no deseen o no puedan proporcionar ventilaciones, se utilizaran sólo compresiones torácicas. En los casos de FV y TV sin pulso, se realizará una descarga con desfibrilador monofásico o bifásico de energía inicial (2 a 4 J/kg) seguida de compresiones torácicas; dosis siguientes mayores o iguales a 4 J/kg son seguras y efectivas.

The new developments in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (AHA 2015) and basic and advanced life support are reviewed schematically in cases of cardiopulmonary arrest in children. In this article we summarize the key aspects and major changes made to the previous update (2010). It is suggested that a Pediatric Emergency Team and a Rapid Response Team to provide fast and effective care should be incorporated in hospitals. A scoring system (PEWS) is described that will allow for the identification and prediction of patients at risk of decompensation due to different etiologies. Initial treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock with a fluid bolus of 20 ml/kg in infants and children with crystalloid or colloid fluids is indicated. The C-A-B sequence from the 2010 guides for pediatric CPR is maintained (although the recommendations of ILCOR 2015 attach the same importance to both "A-B-C" and "C-A-B" sequences). The depth of chest compression should be at least one third of the anteroposterior diameter, or approximately 4 cm in infants. In children and adults compressions are equivalent to depressing no more than 5 to 6 cm, with a compression frequency of 100 to 120 CPM. If lay rescuers do not want, or cannot, provide sufficient ventilation, we recommend that chest compressions should be performed. For treatment of non-pulsed VF and VT, an initial shock (2 to 4 J/kg) with mono or biphasic defibrillator should be applied, followed by chest compressions; subsequent doses of ≥ 4 J/kg are safe and effective.

Conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem do setor de hemodiálise sobre o atendimento a parada cardiorrespiratória / Knowledge of the nursing team of the hemodialysis sector on cardiopulmonary arrest

A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é um dos maiores desafios no qual o profissional de saúde pode se deparar ao longo de sua atuação, pois necessita de uma assistência emergencial que exige competência técnica e científica na execução das manobras de Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar (RCP). O objetivo foi avaliar o conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem que atuam no setor de hemodiálise sobre o atendimento à PCR em adultos,tendo como base as novas diretrizes de RCP da American Heart Association do ano de 2015. Estudo quantitativo realizado no setor de hemodiálise de um hospital de ensino situado Minas Gerais através da aplicação de um questionário fechado contendo 11 questões. Foi classificado como conhecimento satisfatório o número de acertos superior e/ou igual a 60%. Os dados foram coletados em julho de 2016 e analisados pelo Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 23. Participaram do estudo 19 técnicos de enfermagem e um enfermeiro. O número de acertos no questionário variou de um (9%) a seis (54,4%), com média de 4,25 e desvio padrão de 1,25. Apenas 20% dos participantes apresentaram conhecimento satisfatório. O conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem do setor de hemodiálise sobre o protocolo de RCP foi insatisfatório, sendo que os mesmos apresentaram lacunas tanto no conhecimento do suporte básico, quanto no suporte avançado de vida

Cardiopulmonary arrest is one of the major challenges that the health professional can encounter in the course of his work, since he needs emergency assistance that requires technical and scientific competence in the execution of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) maneuvers. To evaluate the knowledge of nursing professionals working in the hemodialysis sector on the care of cardiopulmonary arrest in adults, based on the new American Heart Association CPR guidelines for the year 2015. A descriptive study with a quantitative approach the hemodialysis sector of a municipality in the interior of Minas Gerais by applying a closed questionnaire containing 11 questions. The data collected were processed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Nineteen nursing technicians and one nurse participated in the study. The number of correct answers varied from one (9%) to six (54.4%), with an average of 4.25 and a standard deviation of 1.25. The number of hits was superior and / or equal to 60%. Only 20% of the participants presented satisfactory knowledge. The knowledge of the nursing professionals of the hemodialysis sector on the CPR protocol was unsatisfactory, and they presented gaps both in the knowledge of the basic support and in the advanced life support.

Rapid Response Systems Reduce In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest: A Pilot Study and Motivation for a Nationwide Survey / 대한구급학회지

BACKGROUND: Early recognition of the signs and symptoms of clinical deterioration could diminish the incidence of cardiopulmonary arrest. The present study investigates outcomes with respect to cardiopulmonary arrest rates in institutions with and without rapid response systems (RRSs) and the current level of cardiopulmonary arrest rate in tertiary hospitals. METHODS: This was a retrospective study based on data from 14 tertiary hospitals. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) rate reports were obtained from each hospital to include the number of cardiopulmonary arrest events in adult patients in the general ward, the annual adult admission statistics, and the structure of the RRS if present. RESULTS: Hospitals with RRSs showed a statistically significant reduction of the CPR rate between 2013 and 2015 (odds ratio [OR], 0.731; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.577 to 0.927; P = 0.009). Nevertheless, CPR rates of 2013 and 2015 did not change in hospitals without RRS (OR, 0.988; 95% CI, 0.868 to 1.124; P = 0.854). National university-affiliated hospitals showed less cardiopulmonary arrest rate than private university-affiliated in 2015 (1.92 vs. 2.40; OR, 0.800; 95% CI, 0.702 to 0.912; P = 0.001). High-volume hospitals showed lower cardiopulmonary arrest rates compared with medium-volume hospitals in 2013 (1.76 vs. 2.63; OR, 0.667; 95% CI, 0.577 to 0.772; P < 0.001) and in 2015 (1.55 vs. 3.20; OR, 0.485; 95% CI, 0.428 to 0.550; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: RRSs may be a feasible option to reduce the CPR rate. The discrepancy in cardiopulmonary arrest rates suggests further research should include a nationwide survey to tease out factors involved in in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest and differences in outcomes based on hospital characteristics.

Rapid Response Systems Reduce In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest: A Pilot Study and Motivation for a Nationwide Survey / 대한중환자의학회지

BACKGROUND: Early recognition of the signs and symptoms of clinical deterioration could diminish the incidence of cardiopulmonary arrest. The present study investigates outcomes with respect to cardiopulmonary arrest rates in institutions with and without rapid response systems (RRSs) and the current level of cardiopulmonary arrest rate in tertiary hospitals. METHODS: This was a retrospective study based on data from 14 tertiary hospitals. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) rate reports were obtained from each hospital to include the number of cardiopulmonary arrest events in adult patients in the general ward, the annual adult admission statistics, and the structure of the RRS if present. RESULTS: Hospitals with RRSs showed a statistically significant reduction of the CPR rate between 2013 and 2015 (odds ratio [OR], 0.731; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.577 to 0.927; P = 0.009). Nevertheless, CPR rates of 2013 and 2015 did not change in hospitals without RRS (OR, 0.988; 95% CI, 0.868 to 1.124; P = 0.854). National university-affiliated hospitals showed less cardiopulmonary arrest rate than private university-affiliated in 2015 (1.92 vs. 2.40; OR, 0.800; 95% CI, 0.702 to 0.912; P = 0.001). High-volume hospitals showed lower cardiopulmonary arrest rates compared with medium-volume hospitals in 2013 (1.76 vs. 2.63; OR, 0.667; 95% CI, 0.577 to 0.772; P < 0.001) and in 2015 (1.55 vs. 3.20; OR, 0.485; 95% CI, 0.428 to 0.550; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: RRSs may be a feasible option to reduce the CPR rate. The discrepancy in cardiopulmonary arrest rates suggests further research should include a nationwide survey to tease out factors involved in in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest and differences in outcomes based on hospital characteristics.

Compare the clinical effect of unarmed cardiopulmonary resuscitation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation machine in the emergency room / 中国综合临床

Objective To compare the clinical effect of unarmed cardiopulmonary resuscitationand cardiopulmonary resuscitationmachine in the emergency room.Methods One hundred cases patients with cardiopulmonary arrest in Hainan Agricultural Reclamation General Hospital from February 2014 to February 2016 were analyzed.The control group(n=50) were given unarmed cardiopulmonary resuscitation,while thetest group(n=50) were given ardiopulmonary resuscitation machine.Two groups' before and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation of arterial blood gas index(oxygen saturation (SaO2),C02 partial pressure (PaC02),oxygen partial pressure(Pa02)),cardiopulmonary resuscitation effectiveness and the success rate,and complications were compared.Results Before cardiopulmonary resuscitation,there were no significant differences on arterial blood gas index (SaO2,PaCO2,PaO2) between the two groups (t =0.069,0.097,0.121,P ＞ 0.05).After cardiopulmonary resuscitation,the SaO2,PaO2 of the test group were higher than that of the control group ((98.60± 8.51) ％ vs.(86.37 ± 7.84) ％,(13.84 ± 1.40) kPa vs.(8.69± 1.21) kPa),while PaCO2 of test group was lower than the control group ((3.24 ± 0.56) kPa vs.(6.41 ± 0.87) kPa),the differences were significant(t =7.474,21.665,19.679,P ＜ 0.05).The cardiopulmonary resuscitation of effective rate,success rate of test group were higher than the control group (84.00％ (42/50) vs.62.00％ (31/50),26.00％ (13/50)vs.10.00％(5/50),x2=6.139,4.336,P＜0.05).The total complication rate of the test group was lower than the control group(8.00％ (4/50) vs.28.00％ (14/50)),the difference was significant (x2 =6.775,P ＜0.05).Conclusion The clinical effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation machine is significantly superior to unarmed cardiopulmonary resuscitation,which can effectively improve the patient's arterial blood gas state,improve the efficiency and success rate of cardiopulmonary resuscitation,and reduce the complications.

Progress of factors affecting the outcome of resuscitation in children / 国际儿科学杂志

Cardiopulmonary arrest is one of the most critical situations,posing a serious threat to life.With the development of medical technology, the rate of return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest has been improved.However, many children suffer from multiple organ dysfunction because of the long hypoxia time from cardioplumonary arrest, so the rate of long-term survival is relatively low and the long-term outcome is still not satisfactory.Therefore, how to make cardiopulmonary resuscitation more effective is the focus of current research.This article reviews the related factors that affect the outcome of resuscitation, providing references for the treatment of cardiopulmonary arrest in children.

Advances in application of lipid emulsion in acute poisioning / 中华急诊医学杂志

Lipid emulsion has been used not only as nutrition in clinic practice,but also recently as an adjuvant therapy of lipophilic drugs poisioning,which is most likely to cause cardiopulmonary arrest and brings difficulty to conventional treatments.More and more reports of whether studies in labs or clinic cases suggest that lipid emulsion can be adopted as one of therapies for lipophilic drugs poisioning.The article mainly sums up the development of lipid emulsion remedy against lipophilic drugs poisioning in the hope of providing reference for clinical application of lipid emulsion to detoxification.