Frecuencia de Ponticulus posticus en Telerradiografías Laterales de Cráneo / Frequency of Ponticulus posticus in Digital Lateral Cephalograms

En el arco posterior del atlas se describe una variación de tejido óseo denominada Ponticulus posticus (PP), la cual se ha relacionado con el desarrollo de dolor cervical. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de PP en telerradiografías laterales digitales. Este estudio correspondió a un estudio observacional descriptivo, donde se analizaron 450 telerradiografías laterales digitales obtenidas de la base de datos del Servicio de Imagenología Oral y Maxilofacial de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile. Se analizó la presencia de PP en cada cefalograma, y se utilizó la clasificación de Cederberg y Stubbs para determinar los grados de osificación. Se aplicó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado para establecer una asociación entre la presencia de PP con el sexo y la edad. De las 450 telerradiografías laterales el 42,4 % presenta PP, con una mayor prevalencia entre el rango de 21-40 años. En cuanto al grado de osificación, el grado 2 fue el tipo más prevalente (25 %), seguido del grado 4 (9,5 %), el grado 3 (8 %). No se encontró asociación entre la presencia de PP con edad y género (P > 0,05). La PP es frecuente en la población y se observa a diferentes edades sin predilección por sexo.

SUMMARY: A bony tissue variation called Ponticulus posticus (PP) is described in the posterior arch of the atlas, which has been associated with the development of cervical pain. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of PP in digital lateral cephalograms. This study was an observational descriptive study, in which 450 digital lateral cephalograms obtained from the database of the Oral and Maxillofacial Imaging Service of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Andrés Bello University, Viña del Mar, Chile, were analyzed. The presence of PP was analyzed in each cephalogram, and the Cederberg and Stubbs classification was used to determine the degrees of ossification. The Chi-square test was applied to establish an association between the presence of PP with gender and age. Of the 450 lateral cephalograms, 42.4 % presented PP, with a higher prevalence in the 21-40 year range. In terms of the degree of ossification, grade 2 was the most prevalent type (25 %), followed by grade 4 (9.5 %), and grade 3 (8 %). No association was found between the presence of PP with age and gender (P > 0.05). PP is common in the population and is observed at different ages without a sex preference.

Dentoalveolar effects of skeletally anchored extrusion arch in anterior open bite patients: A prospective clinical trial

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this prospective clinical trial was to explore the dental and soft tissue changes accompanying the use of skeletally anchored nickel-titanium (NiTi) extrusion arch in the correction of anterior open bite (AOB). Material and Methods: Twenty female patients with a mean age of 16.5 ± 1.5 years and a mean dentoalveolar AOB of 2.38±0.7 mm participated in this study. All patients were treated with an maxillary 0.017×0.025-in NiTi extrusion arch, with the aid of miniscrews inserted between the maxillary second premolars and first molars bilaterally, to act as indirect anchorage. Three-dimensional digital models and lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken just before the insertion of the extrusion arch (T0) and after 10 months (T1). Paired-sample t-tests were used in analyzing the data, to evaluate the changes after treatment (T1-T0). A significance level of p < 0.05 was used. Results: AOB was successfully closed in all patients, with a 4.35 ± 0.61 mm increase in the overbite. Maxillary incisors significantly extruded (2.52 ± 1.02 mm) and significantly reclined (5.78 ± 0.77°), with a resultant decrease in the overjet of 1.58 ± 0.5mm. A significant intrusion of maxillary first molars with no change in their inclination was observed. The upper lip showed a significant retraction tendency to the E-plane, and a significant increase in the nasolabial angle was observed. Conclusion: The skeletally anchored NiTi extrusion arch was an effective technique in treating AOB, with no adverse effects on the molars.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste ensaio clínico prospectivo foi avaliar as alterações dentárias e em tecidos moles que acompanham o uso de arco de extrusão de níquel-titânio (NiTi) com ancoragem esquelético na correção da mordida aberta anterior (MAA). Material e Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 20 pacientes do sexo feminino com idade média de 16,5 ± 1,5 anos e MAA dentoalveolar (média de 2,38 ± 0,7 mm). Todos os pacientes foram tratados com arco de extrusão de NiTi 0,017×0,025" superior, com auxílio de mini-implantes inseridos entre os segundos pré-molares e primeiros molares superiores bilateralmente, para atuar como ancoragem indireta. Modelos digitais tridimensionais e radiografias cefalométricas laterais foram realizados imediatamente antes da inserção do arco de extrusão (T0) e após 10 meses (T1). Testes t para amostras pareadas foram utilizados na análise dos dados, para avaliar as alterações após o tratamento (T1-T0). Um nível de significância de p< 0,05 foi usado. Resultados: A MAA foi fechada com sucesso em todos os pacientes, com aumento de 4,35 ± 0,61 mm na sobremordida. Os incisivos superiores foram significativamente extruídos (2,52 ± 1,02 mm) e significativamente reclinados (5,78 ± 0,77°), com uma consequente diminuição na sobressaliência de 1,58 ± 0,5 mm. Foi observada intrusão significativa dos primeiros molares superiores, sem alteração na sua inclinação. O lábio superior apresentou tendência significativa de retração em relação ao plano E, e foi observado aumento significativo do ângulo nasolabial. Conclusão: O arco de extrusão de NiTi esquelético foi uma técnica eficaz no tratamento da MAA, sem efeitos adversos nos molares.

Age Estimation Using Panoramic Radiography and Lateral Cephalogram—A Comparative Study

Context: Age estimation allows the identification of living individuals, dead victims and estimation of age in children using maxillofacial radiographs. Aim: To compare age estimation by mandibular third molar developmental stages using modified Demirjian’s method on OPG with age estimation by mandibular linear dimensions on lateral cephalogram. Setting and Design: A total of 200 randomly selected subjects (100 males and 100 females), with age range from 9 to 20 years, and 200 Digital Orthopantomograms and 200 Digital Lateral Cephalograms were utilized for the study. Methods and Material: Radiographs were taken with Kodak 8000C Digital Panoramic and Cephalometric machine operating at 60–90 kvp, with exposure time of 8–18 s at 2–15 mA, with an inbuilt magnification factor. A flat screen Compaq TFT?LCD monitor was used to view the OPG images. Linear mandibular dimensional measurements were made on each Digital Lateral Cephalogram using Trophy Dicom Software. Statistical Analysis Used: Regression analysis and regression coefficient for establishing gender?specific equation were observed. Evaluation of results and statistical analysis was carried by using Student’s ‘t’ test. For all test, ‘P’ value of 0.05 or less was utilized for measuring the degree of significance. Intra?observer variability was detected using reliability analysis. Results: The accuracy of age estimation by OPG was 93.8% and by lateral cephalogram was 79.7%. Conclusion: The OPG analysis is more reliable than the cephalometric parameters.

A New and Practical Method to Locate Point ANS - A Cephalometric Study.

Diagnosis and treatment planning in skeletal discrepancy and disorders requires radiographic assessment. Disturbance in growth and development alters the morphologic build-up of bony structures, which makes evaluation difficult. Out of these skeletal landmarks Point ANS is seen affected in many conditions like cleft lip and palate, Binders Syndrome, Down’s Syndrome, nasomaxillary hypoplasia, etc., wherein maxilla is mostly affected. Surgical intervention if required needs exact evaluation of point ANS. The purpose of the present study is thus to revisit Point ANS to aid in the cephalometric evaluation in cases where location of Point ANS is difficult; thus, making treatment planning easy. METHODS50 lateral cephalograms were evaluated by taking reference of skeletal landmarks and linear measurements were done. RESULTSLinear measurements from Point Ptm’-Ba’, Ba’-ANS’, ANS’-A were found to be proportionally equal with a ratio of 1:1:1. CONCLUSIONSLinear distance of Point ANS to N perpendicular (ANS’) line was approximately half of the linear distance of Point Ba’-A, while Point ANS is placed approximately 5±2 mm ahead of the line N perpendicular.

A Radiographic Assessment of Morphological Diversity of Soft Palate in Darbhanga (Bihar) Population: An Original Research

Introduction: Soft palate (velar) plays an important function in head and neck region. Its diverse morphology is implicated invarious diseases.Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological variants of soft palate in each group of normal,oral submucous fibrosis, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphologicvariations of velar using digital lateral cephalogram.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the department of oral medicine and radiology and department of publichealth dentistry. Three groups were made, each of 50 patients. The soft palate morphology was evaluated according to theclassification given by You et al.Statistical Analysis: The collected data were subsequently processed and analyzed using the SPSS statistical packageversion 17.Results: We found that most common soft palate morphology in Group I was rat-tail, whereas in Group II and Group III, themost common morphology was leaf shape.Conclusion: Soft palate has different morphology. It may help in successful functional and structural repair in cleft palate casesand shed some light toward the cause of OSA and related disorders.

A Comparative Study on Measurement of Maxillary Occlusal Cant Obtained through Facebow Transfer and Using Lateral CEPH.: An in vivo Study

Purpose: The purpose of the study was tocompare measurements of maxillary occlusal cant obtained through facebow transfer and through lateral cephalogram.Method:40 subjects were included in this study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into two groups: dentulous and edentulous. For edentulous subjects, all the steps of complete denture fabrication were carried out and finished dentures weredelivered. Alginate impressions were now made for all the subjects (with complete denture worn in edentulous cases) for both upper and lower arches. The study was conducted in two parts. Facebow transfer was done next and casts were mounted. In first partof the study, sagittal inclination was measured after facebow transfer. After mounting of the casts, four points were marked to measure the inclination of the occlusal plane. In second part, cephalometric evaluation of occlusal plane and Frankfurt horizontal plane was carried out. Angle between Frankfurt horizontal plane and the occlusal plane was maxillary occlusal cant. which was evaluated by tracing.Paired t test was used to compare mean facebow values and lateral ceph values in edentulous subjects. Intergroup comparison between lateral ceph and mean facebow values between dentulous and edentulous subjects was evaluated using independent t test.Results:Facebow measurements gave comparatively higher values in both dentulous and edentulous patients and are subjected to less variation as compared to the lateral cephalogram values p<0.0001.Conclusion:The occlusal plane angle of lateral cephalogram was found to be significantly different from angle obtained through facebow transfe

Association Of Impacted Third Molars With Facial Growth Patterns Among Adult Indian Patients - A Retrospective Study

Introduction: The third molar (3M) varies more than other molars in terms of shape, size, timing of eruption, and tendencytoward impaction. Hence, studies need to be carried out to clarify the association of the various patterns of facial growth withmandibular 3M impaction.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to relate the level of impaction of mandibular 3Ms and their inclinations to various patternsof facial growth among Indian patients.Materials and Methods: A total of 207 lateral cephalograms and optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) of patients were obtainedfrom NISSAN Radiological and Diagnostic Centre. The OPGs were analyzed by a single examiner as per: (1) Angulations(using Quek’s analysis - beta angle, 2003). (2) Depth of 3Ms. The lateral cephalograms were assessed by a single examinerusing: (1) Down’s analysis. (2) Beta angle. (3)Jarabak’s ratio. (4) Bjork’s analysis.The subjects were further classified into skeletal Class I, II, and III as well as into horizontal, vertical, and normal growth patterns.The final study data were subjected to a Pearson correlation test to check the association between the 3M impactions andvarious angles. The values found significant were coded into ordinate data and Kendall’s Tau-B Test was done.Results: Statistically, significant correlation was found between depth of impacted mandibular 3Ms and facial angle, Y-axis,cant of occlusion, angle of convexity, and gonial angle.Conclusion: Greater incidence of 3Ms was found to be at position B and C in Class II patients as compared to Class I and IIIpatients. Furthermore, patients showing vertical growth pattern were found to have increased percentage of mandibular 3Mimpactions.

Benefits of lateral cephalogram during landmark identification on posteroanterior cephalograms / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: Precise identification of landmarks on posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms is necessary when evaluating lateral problems such as facial asymmetry. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the use of lateral (LA) cephalograms can reduce errors in landmark identification on PA cephalograms. METHODS: Five examiners identified 16 landmarks (Cg, N, ANS, GT, Me, RO, Lo, FM, Z, Or, Zyg, Cd, NC, Ms, M, and Ag) on 32 PA cephalograms with and without LA cephalograms at the same time. The positions of the landmarks were recorded and saved in the horizontal and vertical direction. The mean errors and standard deviation of landmarks location according to the use of LA cephalograms were compared for each landmark. RESULTS: Relatively small errors were found for ANS, Me, Ms, and Ag, while relatively large errors were found for N, GT, Z, Or, and Cd. No significant difference was found between the horizontal and vertical errors for Z and Or, while large vertical errors were found for N, GT, and Cd. The value of identification error was lower when the landmarks were identified using LA cephalograms. Statistically significant error reductions were found at N and Cd with LA cephalograms, especially in the vertical direction. CONCLUSIONS: The use of LA cephalograms during identification of landmarks on PA cephalograms could help reduce identification errors.

A comparative study of the reproducibility of landmark identification on posteroanterior and anteroposterior cephalograms generated from cone-beam computed tomography scans / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: This in-vivo study aimed to compare landmark identification errors in anteroposterior (AP) and posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms generated from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan data in order to examine the feasibility of using AP cephalograms in clinical settings. METHODS: AP and PA cephalograms were generated from CBCT scans obtained from 25 adults. Four experienced and four inexperienced examiners were selected depending on their experience levels in analyzing frontal cephalograms. They identified six cephalometric landmarks on AP and PA cephalograms. The errors incurred in positioning the cephalometric landmarks on the AP and PA cephalograms were calculated by using the straight-line distance and the horizontal and vertical components as parameters. RESULTS: Comparison of the landmark identification errors in CBCT-generated frontal cephalograms revealed that landmark-dependent differences were greater than experience- or projection-dependent differences. Comparisons of landmark identification errors in the horizontal and vertical directions revealed larger errors in identification of the crista galli and anterior nasal spine in the vertical direction and the menton in the horizontal direction, in comparison with the other landmarks. Comparison of landmark identification errors between the AP and PA projections in CBCT-generated images revealed a slightly higher error rate in the AP projections, with no inter-examiner differences. Statistical testing of the differences in landmark identification errors between AP and PA cephalograms showed no statistically significant differences for all landmarks. CONCLUSIONS: The reproducibility of CBCT-generated AP cephalograms is comparable to that of PA cephalograms; therefore, AP cephalograms can be generated reliably from CBCT scan data in clinical settings.

Geometric morphometric analysis of malocclusion on lateral cephalograms in Malaysian population / 대한해부학회지

Características esqueletales para la determinación cualitativa del biotipo facial en telerradiografía lateral: Estudio Piloto / Skeletal characteristics for subjective determination of facial type in cephalometric x-ray: a pilot study

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Determinar parámetros visuales sencillos para la evaluación de características esqueletales relacionadas con el biotipo facial en una telerradiografía lateral. Material y método: Estudio transversal descriptivo. Se confeccionó una guía visual impresa acerca de ocho características morfológicas del esqueleto facial visibles en la telerradiografía de perfil. Ésta fue entregada a un grupo de 69 estudiantes de Odontología de 5º año sin estudios previos en cefalometría, quienes la analizaron durante 10 minutos. Inmediatamente se les mostraron una serie de telerradiografías, y se les pidió que evaluaran las 8 características a través de una serie de opciones presentadas en una escala visual que se correspondía con la guía estudiada. Las respuestas fueron registradas utilizando un sistema digital de cliqueras. Los datos fueron analizados con el método Rasch para determinar la dificultad de los ítems, estableciéndose el grado de dificultad a través del Logit. Resultados: Los estudiantes lograron identificar y graduar sin dificultad 5 de las 8 características presentadas. Éstas fueron: Proyección del mentón (-2,49), Divergencia facial (-2,85), Ancho de la rama mandibular (-1,97), Escotadura sigmoidea (-0,96) y Relación de la rama con el cuerpo mandibular (-0,06). Conclusión: Se determinó que hay 5 características de la morfología ósea facial relacionadas con el biotipo que se pueden identificar y graduar sin dificultad por estudiantes de pregrado de odontología. Ésta información podría ser utilizada para construir una escala sencilla de identificación del biotipo facial.

ABSTRACT: Aim: Determine simple visual parameters to evaluate skeletal characteristics related to facial types in lateral teleradiographs. Materials and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. A printed visual guideline about the eight visible morphological characteristics of the facial skeleton in cephalometric x-rays was created. The guideline was given to 69 undergraduate dental students (fifth year) without previous studies in cephalometric to analyze it for 10 minutes. Immediately after, they were shown a series of teleradiographs and were asked to evaluate 8 characteristics through a series of options presented in a visual scale according to the guideline. The answers were recorded through a digital audience response system (clickers). The data obtained were analyzed with the Rasch method to assess each item level of difficulty, establishing the Logit number for each one. Results: The students identified and graded without difficulty 5 of the 8 characteristics. These were: Chin projection (-2.49), Facial divergence (-2.85), Mandibular ramus width (-1.97), Sigmoid notch (-0.96) and Mandibular body with ramus relationship (-0.06). Conclusions: Five facial osseous morphological characteristics related to the facial types can be identified and graded without difficulty by undergraduate dental students. This information may be used to create a facial type identification scale.

Intervalo de confianza para las normas del cefalograma resumido de Ricketts en niños de cubanos / Confidence interval for the standards of the Ricketts´summarized cephalogram in Cuban children

Introducción: en hallazgos cefalométricos de diferentes países en poblaciones con patrones de crecimientos y oclusión normal, se reportan diferencias estadísticamente significativas a los valores dados en los cefalogramas de Ricketts, Steiner, Downs, Jarabak y otros. En Cuba no existen estudios de estos patrones en niños con dentición mixta los que favorecerían un mejor diagnóstico de las anomalías dento-maxilofaciales. Objetivo: proponer el perfeccionamiento de las normas del cefalograma resumido de Ricketts para los niños. Materiales y Métodos: investigación observacional, descriptiva en cuatro poblaciones pertenecientes a las siguientes zonas del país: Matanzas, Cárdenas, Camagüey y Sancti Spíritus. El universo estuvo constituido por 1 657 niños de 9 años de edad. La muestra 163 niños, seleccionados por el método estratificado por conglomerados con oclusión dentaria normal. Se utilizó el análisis del cefalograma resumido de Ricketts y la prueba t de media para determinar los valores de las variables estudiadas y se hicieron estimaciones puntuales y por intervalos de confianza. Resultados: tres variables mostraron medias iguales a las normas de Ricketts: eje facial (90°), profundidad facial (87°) y profundidad maxilar (90°). En las restantes fueron comprobadas diferencias significativas. Se obtuvo un intervalo de confianza para cada una de las variables del cefalograma resumido de Ricketts. Conclusiones: solamente tres variables presentaron valores similares a los planteados por Ricketts, las restantes presentaron valores que difieren significativamente de los planteados por Ricketts. Se propone utilizar el intervalo de confianza obtenido en esta investigación en las variables del cefalograma resumido de Ricketts para diagnosticar las anomalías dento-maxilofaciales en niños cubanos (AU).

Introduction: in cephalometric findings from different countries in populations with normal growing and occlusion patterns, significant statistic differences are reported in relation to the values given in the cephalograms of Ricketts, Steiner, Downs, Jarabak, and others. In Cuba there are not studies of these patterns in children with mixed dentition that might allow a better diagnosis of dental, maxilla-facial anomalies. Objective: to propose the improvement of the standards of the Ricketts abridge cephalogram for children. Materials and methods: descriptive, observational research in four populations belonging to different regions of the country: Matanzas, Cárdenas, Camagüey and Sancti Spíritus. The universe was formed by 1675 children aged 9 years old; the sample, 163 children with normal dental occlusion, was chosen by the stratified method per conglomerate. The analysis of the Ricketts summarized cephalogram and the mean T test were used to determine the values of the studied variables; punctual estimates and estimates by confidence interval were carried out. Results: three variables showed equal means than Ricketts' standards: facial axis (90o), facial depth (87o) and maxillary depth (90o). In the remaining variables there were found significant differences. A confidence interval was obtained for every one of the Ricketts' summarized cephalogram variable. Conclusions: only three variables showed values similar to those given by Ricketts. The remaining ones presented values significantly differing from those established by Ricketts. The proposition is using the confidence interval obtained in this research in the variables of the Ricketts' summarized cephalogram to diagnose the dental-maxillafacial anomalies in Cuban children (AU).

Evaluation of Upper Airway Depth with Different Anteroposterior Skeletal Patterns in Children / 대한소아치과학회지

The respiratory function is relevant to the craniofacial growth and orthodontic diagnosis. The size of the pharyngeal airway was measured in lateral cephalometric view in children visited Kyung Hee University Hospital from January 2015 to August 2017. A total of 74 healthy children (36 boys and 38 girls) aged 7 - 11 years (mean, 8.5 years) with a normodivergent facial pattern were divided into three groups according to anteroposterior jaw relation measuring A point-Nasion-B point (ANB) angle. Lateral cephalometric data were used to measure the airway dimensions. The dimensions of the middle airway were significantly lower, reducing the upper airway space, in large ANB angle group than in other children, suggesting that children with large ANB angle have narrower airway space than others.

Lateral Cephalometric Measurements of Class I Malocclusion Patients with Uncertainty / 대한소아치과학회지

The aim of this study was to obtain the traceability of the software used to analyze lateral cephalometry and to calculate the uncertainty of the measurements. Furthermore, this study aimed to provide a basis for obtaining standard references for measurement values for orthodontic treatment in children.Cephalometric data were collected from 100 children diagnosed with class I malocclusion between the ages 6 to 13 years who visited the pediatric dentist at Seoul National University Dental Hospital. To ensure traceability, a phantom device was created. Correction values were calculated by measuring the length and angle of the phantom device using the software. Type A uncertainty was calculated by obtaining the standard deviation of cephalometric measurements of 100 persons and the standard error of repeated measurements. Determination of the type B uncertainty was induced by minimum resolution and the position of the head. Using these, the combined standard uncertainty was obtained and the expanded uncertainty was calculated.The results of this study confirm that the currently used software has high accuracy and reliability. Furthermore, the uncertainty of orthodontic measurements in Korean children aged 6 to 13 years was calculated, and distribution range for class I malocclusion with 95% confidence interval was suggested.

Pharyngeal Airway Dimensions in Skeletal Class II Young Adolescents : Cephalometric Study / 대한소아치과학회지

This study aimed to evaluate the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal dimensions of the patients with skeletal class II division 1 or division 2 patterns during the pre-peak, peak, and post-peak growth periods for comparison with a skeletal class I control group (79 for pre-peak, 40 for peak, 40 for post-peak). Total 159 lateral cephalograms (70 for skeletal class I, 51 for skeletal class II, division 1, and 38 for skeletal class II, division 2) were selected.The growth of anteroposterior dimension of the pharyngeal airway were statistically significant among growth periods. The dimension for the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airway space was the smallest in the division 1 skeletal class II group followed by class II division 2 and skeletal class I.

Accuracy of three-dimensional cephalograms generated using a biplanar imaging system / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: Biplanar imaging systems allow for simultaneous acquisition of lateral and frontal cephalograms. The purpose of this study was to compare measurements recorded on three-dimensional (3D) cephalograms constructed from two-dimensional conventional radiographs and biplanar radiographs generated using a new biplanar imaging system with those recorded on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-generated cephalograms in order to evaluate the accuracy of the 3D cephalograms generated using the biplanar imaging system. METHODS: Three sets of lateral and frontal radiographs of 15 human dry skulls with prominent facial asymmetry were obtained using conventional radiography, the biplanar imaging system, and CBCT. To minimize errors in the construction of 3D cephalograms, fiducial markers were attached to anatomical landmarks prior to the acquisition of radiographs. Using the 3D Ceph™ program, 3D cephalograms were constructed from the images obtained using the biplanar imaging system (3D cephbiplanar), conventional radiography (3D cephconv), and CBCT (3D cephcbct). A total of 34 measurements were obtained compared among the three image sets using paired t-tests and Bland–Altman plotting. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the 3D cephbiplanar and 3D cephcbct measurements. In addition, with the exception of one measurement, there were no significant differences between the 3D cephcbct and 3D cephconv measurements. However, the values obtained from 3D cephconv showed larger deviations than those obtained from 3D cephbiplanar. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the new biplanar imaging system enables the construction of accurate 3D cephalograms and could be a useful alternative to conventional radiography.

Modificaciones cefalométricas esqueletales en pacientes Clase II División 1 tratados con Aparatología Bimler / Skeletals cefalometrics changes in Class II Division 1 patients treated with Bimler Appliance

Introducción: Durante el crecimiento y desarrollo del niño pueden aparecer desarmonías esqueletales a nivel del macizo cráneo-facial. Entre estas se encuentra el Síndrome de Clase ll División 1, siendo el avance mandibular una de las alternativas para su corrección. Con este fin el Dr. Bimler diseñó un aparato que permite una mejor adaptación del paciente. Objetivo: Describir las modificaciones cefalométricas esqueletales que se producen con el uso del Modelador Elástico, en el tratamiento del Síndrome de Clase II División 1. Material y Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, el universo quedó constituido por 33 Historias Clínicas de pacientes que presentaban esta maloclusión y que fueron tratados con el Modelador Elástico Tipo A. Resultados: El ángulo total del Perfil disminuyó su promedio inicial de 14.6 a 11.8 mm y la Profundidad Facial aumentó en 4,3 mm. La Profundidad maxilar aumentó en 3,2mm; la Diagonal de Mandíbula y la Altura Facial Suborbital en 11.1mm y 4, 3 mm respectivamente, mientras el resalte esquelético se redujo en 1.6 mm. El 80 poe ciento de los varones y 72.3 por ciento de las hembras habían transformado su perfil a recto. Conclusiones: Con el uso del Modelador Elástico Tipo A en el tratamiento del Síndrome de Clase II División 1 las variables cefalométricas muestran cambios favorables hacia la corrección de las desarmonías esqueletales, al producirse unareducción significativa del resalte esquelético, lo cual contribuye a que el perfil de los pacientes sea más ortognático(AU)

Introduction: During children’s growth and development, disharmonies may occur at the level of facial-skull. Among these is Class II Division 1 Syndrome, being mandibular progress one of the alternatives for its correction. With this aim, Dr. Bimler designed a device that allows a better adaptation of the patient. Objective: Describe the skeletal cephalometric changes that occur with the use of the Elastic Modeling, in the treatment of Class II Division 1 Syndrome. Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study were carried out, the work universe was made from 33 clinical records, all of them belong to patient with this anaraxia, treated with Bimler appliance Type A. Results: The total profile angle diminished its initial average from 14.6 to 11.8 mm., the maxillary depth increased in 3,2mm; the Jaw Diagonal and the Suborbital Facial Height increased too in 11.1mm and 4, 3 mm respectively, whereas the skeletal ledge decreased in 1.6 mm. 80 percent of the males and 72.3 percent of the females had transformed their profile to straight. Conclusions: With the use of Elastic Modeler Type A in the treatment of Class II Division 1 Syndrome, cephalometric variables show favorable changes towards the correction of skeletal disharmonies, resulting in a significant reduction of the skeletal ledge, which contributes to the more orthognathic profile of patients(AU)

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional assessment of the upper airway / Evaluación bidimensional y tridimensional de la vía aérea superior

The aim of this study was to validate and correlate the two-dimensional (2D) with the three-dimensional (3D) measures of the upper airway assessment. Lateral cephalograms and cone beam CT of 100 adult subjects were used to perform a 2D and 3D assessment of the upper airway. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to determine whether there was correlation between variables. Additionally, specificity, sensitivity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value was calculated for the 2D assessment of the upper airway. Correlation between all two and three dimensional variables was found. In the nasopharynx and oropharynx, a weak correlation (r <0.51) was found; in the oropharynx a moderate one (0.50

El objetivo de este estudio fue validar y correlacionar las medidas bidimensionales (2D) con las medidas tridimensionales (3D) de la evaluación de las vías aéreas superiores. Se realizaron cefalogramas laterales y cone beam CT en 100 sujetos adultos para realizar una evaluación 2D y 3D de la vía aérea superior. Se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman para determinar si había correlación entre las variables. Además, para la evaluación 2D de la vía aérea superior, se calculó la especificidad, sensibilidad, valor predictivo negativo y valor predictivo positivo. Se encontró correlación en todas las variables entre dos y tres dimensiones. En la nasofaringe y la orofaringe, se encontró una correlación débil (r <0,51) mientras que en la orofaringe moderada (0,50

Morphological variations of soft palate and influence of age on it: A digital cephalometric study

Background: Digital Lateral Cephalograms are the most commonly used radiographs for evaluating morphological variations of soft palate. It is a relatively inexpensive method and provides a good assessment of the soft-tissue elements that define the soft palate and its surrounding structures. The present study was conducted to investigate the morphological variations of the soft palate and influence of age on it. Materials and methods: The present study consisted of 150 digital cephalograms of subjects aged between 20 to 60 years taken from the department of oral medicine and radiology, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad. The subjects were categorized into five groups, group A: 20- 30 years, group B: 31- 40 years, group C: 41- 50 years, group D: 51- 60 years and group E: 61- 70 years. Digital lateral cephalograms were obtained and analyzed to categorize the soft palate into six morphological types, based on the classification by You, et al. Results: Type 1: leaf shaped soft palate was the most common type, type 4 and 6 varieties were the least common among all age groups. Type 5: S-shaped soft palate was found in considerable proportions among all the age groups (6.7% - 25.8%). There was no significant correlation found between the different age groups and the type of soft palate. Conclusion: Radiographic analysis of morphological variations of soft palate can help us better understand the velar morphology and may assist in success of surgical procedures aimed for correcting deformities of soft palate.

CEPHALOMETRIC LINEAR MEASUREMENT AMONG MONGOLIAN 6 YEARS OLD CHILDREN / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

@#BACKGROUND Recent studies show malocclusion rate among Mongolian population is increasing year by year. Malocclusion has a strong relationship with dental caries and its complications. Cephalometric measurement norms are one of the important tools that are used for diagnosis and treatment of malocclusions. Nowadays there are no cephalometric linear measurement norms among Mongolian population according to age and sex. Background of this study was to determine cephalometric linear measurement norms among Mongolian children. METHODS Total 161 children of 6 years old were participated in this study and 79 (36 male and 43 female) children with normal occlusion were selected to determine cephalometric linear measurement norms. Winceph 11.0 program is was used for measurements. RESULTS From all participants’ children with normal occlusion occupied 49% (79 children). Result of measurement results shows no significant statistical differences between males and females. CONCLUSION These cephalometric linear measurements norms will be standard norms for Mongolian children and it is very important tool for orthodontic practice.