Cephalometric Characteristics in Chilean Latino Population with Normal Occlusion and Harmonic Profiles in Permanent Dentition. A Retrospective Study / Características Cefalométricas en Población Latina Chilena con Oclusión Normal y Perfiles Armónicos en Dentición Permanente. Un Estudio Retrospectivo

SUMMARY: Malocclusion is usually treated based on clinical decisions complemented with a cephalometric analysis, allowing the comparison of an individual with standard reference norms. Cephalometric standards have mostly been obtained from Caucasian population, but may not be appropriate for other ethnic groups, becoming a clinically relevant problem in multicultural and multiracial societies. The present study aimed to establish cephalometric norms for Chilean-Latino population, using a representative sample of class I individuals in permanent dentition. A sample of 72 cephalometric x-rays of class I growing individuals (47 women and 25 men) between 10 and 20 years of age with class I occlusion and harmonic profile was obtained from the records of the Universidad de los Andes taken between 2012 and 2019, including 1164 individuals. The radiographs were classified according to their cervical vertebral maturation status, and cephalometrically analyzed, obtaining vertical and sagittal parameters in soft and hard tissues, which were compared with Caucasian cephalometric norms. The statistical analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics (T-test, ANOVA and Bonferroni tests). Cephalometric norms were obtained for hard and soft tissues. Upon comparison with Caucasian norms, the subjects included in the sample present a tendency towards a convex profile, significant incisal proclination, dental protrusion, labial biprotrusion and an acute nasolabial angle. There are cephalometric differences between the Caucasian cephalometric norms and those observed Chilean Latino population, displaying differences at a hard and soft tissue level that should be taken into account for clinical decision making in Orthodontics.

La maloclusión generalmente se trata con base en decisiones clínicas complementadas con un análisis cefalométrico, lo que permite la comparación de un individuo con normas de referencia estándar. Los estándares cefalométricos se han obtenido en su mayoría de población caucásica, pero pueden no ser apropiados para otros grupos étnicos, convirtiéndose en un problema clínicamente relevante en sociedades multiculturales y multirraciales. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo establecer normas cefalométricas para población chileno-latina, utilizando una muestra representativa de individuos clase I en dentición permanente. Se obtuvo una muestra de 72 radiografías cefalométricas de individuos en crecimiento clase I (47 mujeres y 25 hombres) entre 10 y 20 años de edad con oclusión clase I y perfil armónico de los registros de la Universidad de los Andes tomados entre 2012 y 2019, incluidas 1164 personas. Las radiografías se clasificaron según su estado de maduración vertebral cervical, y se analizaron cefalométricamente, obteniendo parámetros verticales y sagitales en tejidos blandos y duros, que se compararon con normas cefalométricas caucásicas. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial (T-test, ANOVA y pruebas de Bonferroni). Se obtuvieron normas cefalométricas para tejidos duros y blandos. En comparación con las normas caucásicas, los sujetos incluidos en la muestra presentan una tendencia hacia un perfil convexo, proinclinación incisal significativa, protrusión dental, biprotrusión labial y un ángulo nasolabial agudo. Existen diferencias entre las normas cefalométricas caucásicas y las observadas en población latina chilena, mostrando diferencias a nivel de tejidos duros y blandos que se deben considerar para la toma de decisiones clínicas en Ortodoncia.

LATERAL CEPHALOMETRIC MEASUREMENT STANDARDS OF MONGOLIAN CHILDREN WITH NORMAL OCCLUSION FROM 6-15 YEARS OF AGE / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

@#BACKGROUND. The aim of this study was to analyze craniofacial sagittal and vertical dimensions in subjects with normal occlusions to establish age and gender-specific lateral cephalometric measurement standards for Mongolian children. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The study group consisted of a sample of 642 untreated subjects with normal occlusions from 6 to 15 year old. Craniofacial anatomic landmarks were identified directly on the digital images. A customized cephalometric analysis was used to measure 18 variables of linear measurement and 18 variables of angular measurement on software program (Winceph 11.0). Student’s t-test was employed to test for gender differences in each age. RESULTS. Most of the linear measurements, larger craniofacial distances were recorded in males than females. Also linear measurements were increasing according to age. There were no statistically significant gender differences with regard to most angular measurements at subsequent age groups. Soft tissue analysis revealed flatter profiles in females than in males from the age of 10-11 years onward, while age-dependent changes in the soft tissue profile were similar in both genders. СONCLUSION. In untreated subjects with normal occlusion craniofacial development of the hard can be considered age- and gender-dependent. Therefore age- and gender-specific differences of linear craniofacial distances should be taken into account for diagnosis and treatment planning in children and adolescents. The present results can be used as reference values for children and adolescents of Mongolian origin.

Establishing Cephalometric Norms For Coastal Andhra Children With Steiner’s Analysis

The purpose of this study was to establish Cephalometric norms for Coastal Andhra school going children by Steiner analysis and compare with Caucasian norms. The method involved clinical examination, collection and analysis of 100 lateral cephalometric radiographs of Vijayawada children (70 males and 30 females, between 12 and 14 years of age). All cephalometric landmarks were located and tracing was done according to Steiner analysis. The mean value and standard deviation of each measurement were calculated. Statistical comparison was done using Student t-test. The result of this study showed that the Vijayawada children had retrusion of mandible relative to cranial base, proclination of bothmaxillary and mandibular teeth, showed greater convexity of face, with anteriorly placed occlusal plane to cranium and less prominent chin. In conclusion,all these ethnic differences should be considered during orthodontic treatment.

CEPHALOMETRIC LINEAR MEASUREMENT AMONG MONGOLIAN 6 YEARS OLD CHILDREN / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

@#BACKGROUND Recent studies show malocclusion rate among Mongolian population is increasing year by year. Malocclusion has a strong relationship with dental caries and its complications. Cephalometric measurement norms are one of the important tools that are used for diagnosis and treatment of malocclusions. Nowadays there are no cephalometric linear measurement norms among Mongolian population according to age and sex. Background of this study was to determine cephalometric linear measurement norms among Mongolian children. METHODS Total 161 children of 6 years old were participated in this study and 79 (36 male and 43 female) children with normal occlusion were selected to determine cephalometric linear measurement norms. Winceph 11.0 program is was used for measurements. RESULTS From all participants’ children with normal occlusion occupied 49% (79 children). Result of measurement results shows no significant statistical differences between males and females. CONCLUSION These cephalometric linear measurements norms will be standard norms for Mongolian children and it is very important tool for orthodontic practice.

Características cefalométricas en jóvenes con oclusión normal y perfil armónico en población chilena / Cephalometric characteristics in young individuals with normal occlusion and harmonic profiles in Chilean population

Las normas cefalométricas facilitan el diagnóstico y planificación terapéutica en ortodoncia, siendo estas obtenidas primariamente de población caucásica adulta. Dichas normas variarían entre etnias siendo escasa la información respecto de las de población chilena en crecimiento. Se obtuvo una muestra de 48 telerradiografías de perfil de individuos en crecimiento (23 mujeres y 25 hombres) con oclusión normal y perfil armónico de los registros de la Universidad de los Andes tomados entre Enero y Julio del año 2012, incluyendo 414 individuos. Las radiografías fueron analizadas cefalométricamente, obteniéndose valores de parámetros verticales y sagitales en tejidos blandos y duros. Se obtuvieron estadísticas descriptivas, y las diferencias entre sexos se analizaron con la prueba t de Student. Al compararse con normas caucásicas, los sujetos de la muestra tienen una tendencia a la Clase II esqueletal, por una mandíbula retrognática, eje facial abierto, y biprotrusión incisiva. También mostraron labios superiores e inferiores protruidos respecto de las normas caucásicas. Existen diferencias entre las medidas cefalométricas de la muestra y las de las normas internacionales, manifestadas a nivel mandibular, dentario y labial.

Cephalometric norms facilitate diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics. These are obtained primarily from adult Caucasian population. It has been suggested that these norms may vary between different ethnic groups, and there is still little information about Chilean cephalometric norms in growing individuals. A sample of 48 lateral radiographs was obtained from growing individuals (23 women and 25 men) with normal occlusion and harmonious profile taken between January and July 2012 at Universidad de los Andes, including 414 individuals. Radiographs were analyzed cephalometrically, obtaining soft and hard tissue values for vertical and sagittal parameters. Descriptive statistics were obtained, and differences between sexes were analyzed with student´s t-test. When compared to Caucasian standards, subjects in the sample present with a Class II skeletal tendency due to a retrognathic mandible, an open facial axis, with upper and lower incisor protrusion. They also showed more protruded upper and lower lips with respect to Caucasian standards. There are differences between the cephalometric measurements observed on the individuals of the sample compared to international standards, which are evidenced at mandibular, dental and labial structures.

Cephalometric norms for Central Indian population using Burstone and Legan analysis.

Background: Lateral cephalometric standards of normal Central Indian adults having class I occlusion and acceptable facial profile were studied using the Burstone and Legan comprehensive cephalometric analyses that are specific for orthognathic surgery. Aim: To study normal dentofacial patterns of adult population belonging to Central India. Materials and Methods: Cephalometric radiographs of 76 Central Indian adults (38 males and 38 females) having class I occlusion with acceptable facial profile were analyzed, and the mean values of their hard and soft tissue measurements were compared with those of Caucasian adults as reported in the literature. Results: The Central Indian males demonstratedgreater anterior cranial base length and ramal length and a reduced chin depth. The inclination of the upper and lower incisors was also greater. The females demonstrated greater posterior cranial base length, increased upper anterior and posterior facial heights, and an increased maxillary length. Both mandibular body and ramal lengths were increased and there was greater mandibular protrusion and a reduced chin depth. The lower incisors were found to be proclinated. Conclusion: This study reveals that some of the cephalometric parameters in the Central Indian population are significantly different than that of the Caucasian population, especially in the females.