Study on characteristic chromatogram of Chaenomeles sinensis and content determination of 3 flavones / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish the characteristic chromatogram of Chaenomeles sinensis， determine the contents of rutin， hyperin and quercitrin， and to identify C. sinensis and C. speciosa. METHODS HPLC method was performed on Agilent 5 TC-C18 column， with acetonitrile-0.2% formic acid solution as the mobile phase for gradient elution， at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃ . The detection wavelength was 330 nm in characteristic chromatogram and 350 nm in content determination. The characteristic chromatogram of C. sinensis was established and similarity was evaluated by the Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM （2012 edition）. Hierarchical cluster analysis of 15 batches of C. sinensis （S1-S15） was performed by using SPSS 23.0 software. The contents of 3 flavones in 15 batches of C. sinensis and 7 batches of C. speciosa （S16-S22） were determined， while their characteristic chromatograms were compared. RESULTS The similarities of the characteristic chromatogram for 15 batches of C. sinensis ranged from 0.783 to 0.969， and 11 characteristic peaks were confirmed. Four constituents were identified as chlorogenic acid， rutin， hyperin and quercitrin. The medicinal materials in 15 batches of C. sinensis could be divided into 2 categories： S5-S8 were one category， and the others belonged to one category. The characteristic chromatogram of C. sinensis was obviously different from C. speciosa. The contents of rutin， hyperin and quercitrin in 15 batches of C. sinensis were 48.99-294.45， 3.49-102.55， 31.98-149.49 μg/g， respectively. The content of rutin in C. speciosa was lower than that in C. sinensis. None of hyperin （except for S20） and quercitrin were detected in C. speciosa. CONCLUSIONS The characteristic chromatogram and the method for content determination of 3 flavones in C. sinensis are established successfully and can be used for the quality control of C. sinensis and its identification from C. speciosa.

Drying characteristics of Chaenomeles sinensis with different drying methods based on Dincer model / 中草药

Objective: Based on Dincer model, the drying characteristic of Chaenomeles sinensis under different drying condition was investigated in order to provide theoretical foundation for applying Dincer model to analyze heat and mass transfer during Chinese herbs drying process and select suitable drying technology and process. Methods: C. sinensis slice of thickness 12 mm was dried by the three different drying methods, namely air impingement drying, medium and short infrared waved drying and pulsed vacuum drying. Also, 9, 12 and 15 mm C. sinensis slices were dried under air impingement drying method. The drying characteristic, color value, rehydration ration, vitamin C (VC), general flavone, and microstructure were studied. Results: At the same drying temperature, the drying rate sorted in order of size was air impingement drying, medium and short infrared waved drying and pulsed vacuum drying and the drying activation energy was 43.10, 36.95 and 20.37 kJ/mol in corresponding. Decreasing slice thickness enhanced drying rate. The Weibull distribution model simulation result showed that the scale parameter α ranged from 47.85 to 324.51. Smaller α value meant short drying time. The shape parameter β was between 1.218 7 and 1.290 8 under air impingement drying as well as medium and short infrared waved drying method, which showed that drying was falling rate process controlled by internal moisture diffusion. However, the shape parameter β was between 1.218 7 and 1.290 8 under pulsed vacuum drying method, which illustrated that drying was controlled both by internal moisture diffusion and surface moisture evaporation. The calculated moisture diffusion coefficient was ranged from (1.66 × 10-8) to (1.13 × 10-7) m2/s and decreased as α increased. The Dincer model simulation result showed that the lag factor (G) was range from 1.135 6 to 1.337 6, which declared that there was a short raising rate drying period during the initial drying process. Heat transfer Biot number (Bi) value was between 1.171 4 and 136.041 2 and decreased as drying temperature increased. Effective moisture diffusion (Deff) value calculated by Diner model was range from (3.26 × 10-9) to (6.33 × 10-8) m2/s. At the same drying temperature, (Deff) value was larger than (D*), but smaller than (Dcal). Mass transfer (k) was ranged from (9.02 × 10-6) to (8.82 × 10-5) m/s and increased as drying temperature increased. Air impingement drying method was suitable for C. sinensis slice drying, and drying temperature of 60 ℃ and thickness of 12 mm was the most optimum drying process. Under above drying circumstance, the drying time, brightness L*, color difference value ΔE, VC, general flavone and rehydration ratio were 5 h, 62.80 ± 1.70, 19.62 ± 2.60, (1.107 8 ± 0.005 0) mg/g, (36.74 ± 0.60) mg/g and 7.11 ± 0.24, respectively. Conclusion: Such investigation result can provide theoretical foundation for applying Dincer model to describe heat and mass transfer characteristics during Chinese herbs drying and filtrating suitable C. sinensis slice drying method and process.

A new isobenzofuranone derivative from Chaenomeles sinensis and its antibacterial activity / 中国中药杂志

A new isobenzofuranone derivative was isolated from Chaenomeles sinensis by using various chromatographic techniques,including silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,MCI-gel resin and RP-HPLC. This compound was determined as 2,2-dimethyl-5-( 2-oxopropyl)-2 H-furo[3,4-h]chromen-7( 9 H)-one( 1) by NMR,MS,IR and UV spectra,and was also evaluated for its antibacterial activity. The results showed that it showed prominent antibacterial activity with MIC90 value of( 53. 7±4. 5) mg·L-1 for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus( MRSA) strain. This value is close to that of levofloxacin [with MIC90 value( 50. 2± 4. 2) mg·L-1].

Analysis on moisture transfer laws of Chaenomeles sinensis during drying process based on low-field NMR / 中草药

Objective To study the moisture transfer laws of Chaenomeles sinensis in different drying processes. Methods Using the non-destructive and non-invasive technique of low field-nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), the transverse relaxation time (T2) inversion spectrum of C. sinensis slice was monitored under different drying methods (hot air drying, drying after evaporation, segmental drying and drying in the shade) to analyze the changes of moisture migration. Results There were three different types water that were detected in C. sinensis (free water > bound water > immobilized water). The internal water distribution and water content changed during drying process. The moisture changes were similar in hot air drying, drying after steaming, and drying in shade, the total water gradually decreased, and the combining degree between moisture and non-water components enhanced. Steaming promoted the water loss rate of C. sinensis slice, the water loss rate was higher in drying after steaming than in hot air drying, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). During the intermittent drying, the conversion of different states of water would occur in order to return to a relatively stable equilibrium. During the low temperature drying process, immobilized water content decreased and free water content increased. The low-temperature drying has less damage to the tissue, which is more conducive to the conversion of immobilized water into free water, and thus the water dissipated faster. During the early of drying, high temperature caused tissue structure damage, the bonding force between water and non-aqueous tissue would be strengthened because of the tissue shrinkage. Conclusion The three different types water content and peak area in T2 was positively correlated. The LF-NMR technique would provide useful guides for the investigation of water distribution and variation of C. sinensis, which will provide a theoretical basis for C. sinensis processing.

Chaenomelesalkaloid A, a new alkaloid from the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne / 药学学报

The chemical constituents of the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne were investigated using chromatographic methods, including Diaion HP-20, Toyopearl HW-40, MCI Gel CHP-20, ODS, Silica gel chromatography and semi-preparative-HPLC. Three compounds were isolated and their structures were elucidated with spectral data and physicochemical properties, which were identified as chaenomeles alkaloid A (1), ginsenine (2) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-methyl-β-carboline-3-car-boxylic acid (3). Among those, compound 1 is a new alkaloid, compound 2 and 3 were isolated from this plant for the first time. To investigate the protective effect of compounds 1-3 on Rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC-12) injury induced by the β-amyloid protein (Aβ25-35). The results show that compounds 2 and 3 have a significant protective effect on the PC12 cells exposed to Aβ25-35.

Content Determination of Chlorogenic Acid,Protocatechuic Acid and Total Phenolics in Chaenomeles sinersis from Different Areas / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the content determination of chlorogenic acid,protocatechuic acid and total phenolics in Chaenomeles sinensis,compare the content of total phenolics and 2 phenolic acids from different areas. METHODS:Wavelength switching HPLC method was conducted to determine the chlorogenic acid and protocatechuic acid. The column was Shim-pack CLC-ODS(M)with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1% phoephoric acid(15∶85,V/V),the detection wavelength was 259 nm(for protocatechuic acid)and 325 nm(for chlorogenic acid)and the switching time was 14 min. With the index of proto-catechuic acid,Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method was conducted to determine the total phenolics. RESULTS:The 2 methods of quantitative analysis showed that the precision,repeatability,recoveries and standard curves were all validated by methodology. The mass fraction of total phenolics was 0.87%-3.77% with the average of 2.16%;the chlorogenic acid was 0.053%-0.387% with the average of 0.192% and the protocatechuic acid was 0.024%-0.541% with the average of 0.087%. The order of total phenolics content in C. sinensis from different areas was Yunnan>Anhui Xuancheng>Sichuan>Hubei and the order of total amount of chlo-rogenic acid and protocatechuic acid from different areas was the same as the total phenolics. There were differences among the con-tents of C. sinensis from different areas,however,the positive correlation was found between the content of total phenolics and the total amount of chlorogenic acid and protocatechuic acid with the pearson correlation coefficient of 0.719(P<0.01).CONCLU-SIONS:The established method is simple,accurate and reproducible and can be used for the content determination of chlorogenic acid,protocatechuic acid and total phenolics in chaenomelis fructus.

Enxertia intergenérica de cultivares de nespereira no porta-enxerto de marmeleiro 'japonês' / Intergeneric grafting of loquat cultivars using 'Japonese' quince tree as rootstock

No Brasil, foram desenvolvidos alguns trabalhos pioneiros com a utilização do marmeleiro (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) como porta-enxertos para as nespereiras (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.). O sucesso da utilização dessa enxertia intergenérica está relacionado, principalmente, à redução do porte da planta. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho estudar técnicas de enxertia de cultivares de nespereiras, utilizando-se o marmeleiro 'Japonês' (Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne) como nova opção de porta-enxerto. Mudas de marmeleiro 'Japonês' com um ano de idade (altura próxima a 110 cm e diâmetro de 0,85 cm na região de enxertia, a 15 cm acima do colo), mantidos em sacos plásticos com dimensões de 18 x 30 cm (capacidade de 3 L), foram enxertados pelos métodos de borbulhia em placa e garfagem em fenda cheia, em duas diferentes épocas: outono (abril) e inverno (julho). Utilizaram-se cinco cultivares de nespereira de importância econômica no Brasil: 'Mizuho', 'Néctar de Cristal' (IAC 866-7), 'Mizauto' (IAC 167-4), 'Mizumo' (IAC 1567-411) e 'Centenária' (IAC 1567-420). Pelo método de borbulhia, não houve nenhuma borbulha brotada quando esta foi realizada no outono, apenas duas borbulhas da 'Mizauto', 'Néctar de Cristal' e 'Centenária' brotaram quando esta foi realizada no inverno, no entanto, com baixo crescimento. Já, por garfagem, maiores porcentagens de brotação e crescimento dos enxertos foram obtidas quando a enxertia foi realizada no inverno, com destaque para as nespereiras 'Mizuho', 'Centenária' e 'Néctar de Cristal'.

In Brazil, some pioneer studies were carried out using quince seedlings (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) as rootstock for loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.). The main advantage of this intergeneric grafting use is plant size reduction. The success of using this intergeneric grafting is related mainly to plant size reduction. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study grafting techniques of loquat cultivars using 'Japonese' quince tree (Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne), with new option for rootstock. The one-year old 'Japonese' quince seedlings (with around 110 cm of height and 0.85 cm of diameter at the grafting point, 15 cm from the soil), were kept in plastic bags (30 x 18 cm, 3 liters of capacity). The seedlings were grafted by the cleft grafting and single bud grafting methods, in two different periods: in autumn (April) and winter (July). Five loquat cultivars commercially planted in Brazil were used: 'Mizuho', 'Néctar de Cristal' (IAC 866-7), 'Mizauto' (IAC 167-4), 'Mizumo' (IAC 1567-411) and 'Centenária' (IAC 1567-420). Using the single bud grafting method, there was no sprouted bud when done in autumn, and just two sprouts each of 'Mizauto', 'Néctar de Cristal' and 'Centenária' when done in winter, however, with low vigor. By the cleft grafting method, higher sprout percentage and better scions growth were observed when the seedlings were grafted in winter, especially for 'Mizuho', 'Centenária' and 'Néctar de Cristal' loquat cultivars.

Adubação na produção de plântulas do marmeleiro 'Japonês' / Fertilization in the production of seedlings of 'japanese' quince tree

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de verificar a ação da adubação por cobertura e por liberação lenta, no crescimento de plântulas do marmeleiro 'Japonês'. Sementes do marmeleiro 'Japonês' foram estratificadas à frio-úmido por 30 dias e, em seguida, foram dispersas em bandejas de poliestireno de 72 células (células com capacidade de 120 cm³, uma semente por célula), contendo Vermiculita® de grânulos finos como substrato. No primeiro experimento, a Vermiculita® foi acrescida de diferentes doses do adubo de liberação lenta Basacot® (15-8-12): 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 kg m-3 de substrato. No segundo experimento, as sementes foram dispersas em bandejas similares, preenchidas com Vermiculita® e passados 30 dias da semeadura, foram realizadas adubações por cobertura com nitrogênio na forma de uréia (45 por cento de N), via água de irrigação: 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 e 1500 mg dm-3. As aplicações foram parceladas em duas vezes em intervalos de 10 dias, adicionada em cada célula 10 mL de solução por aplicação. As bandejas permaneceram dentro de telado constituído de sombrite 50 por cento de luminosidade e foram irrigadas diariamente. Aos 60 dias após a semeadura, foi mensurada a porcentagem de emergência, o comprimento médio das plântulas, número médio de folhas, massa seca média da parte aérea e total das plântulas. Concluiu-se que a adição de 9 kg de Basacot® em cada m-3 de Vermiculita® favoreceu o melhor desenvolvimento das plântulas.

The objective of the present work was to verify the effect of the fertilizations by covering and slow liberation, on the growth of seedlings of the 'Japanese' quince tree. Seeds of the 'Japanese' underwent cold-humid stratification for 30 days and were then dispersed in polystyrene trays of 72 cells (cells with capacity of 120 cm³, one seed for cell), containing thin granule Vermiculite® as substrate. In the first experiment, we added to Vermiculite® different doses of the fertilizer of slow liberation Basacot® (15-8-12): 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 kg m-3 of substrate. In the second experiment, the seeds were dispersed in similar trays and filled with Vermiculite® ; after 30 days, fertilizations was accomplished by covering with nitrogen in the form of urea (45 percent N), through irrigation water: 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 mg dm-3. The applications were parceled out in twice, in intervals of 10 days, and in each application, 10 mL of solution were added in each cell. The trays were kept under shading sieve (50 percent shading), being irrigated periodically. 60 days after seeding, the emergency percentage, the average length of the seedlings, average number of leaves, shoot dry matter and total seedlings were evaluated. It was concluded that adding 9 kg of Basacot® to each m-3 of Vermiculite® favored the best development of the seedlings.

Production of quince nursery trees by different grafting methods / Produção de mudas de marmeleiro por diferentes métodos de enxertia

Cutting propagation was the system to produce quince nursery trees (Cydonia oblonga). Experiments have been carried out in order to identify news propagations methods. As a result of this research, the 'Japonês' quince (Chaenomeles sinensis) was selected with rootstock, due to its good plant vigor for grafting, rusticity, and adequate performance in the field, mainly in the first years after planting. However, the best grafting period and grafting method must be determined for this rootstock. This research evaluated three grafting methods and five quince scion cultivars on 'Japonês' rootstock. The quince cultivars 'Provence', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Portugal', 'Smyrna', and 'Japonês' were grafted by winter cleft grafting, winter budding, and summer budding on 90cm long plants of 'Japonês' quince rootstock seedlings, cultivated in 3-liter plastic bags. Plant growth evaluations started as early as 60 days, and were concluded 150 days after grafting. Cleft grafting resulted in the highest graft survival rate for 'Smyrna', 'Mendoza Inta-37' and 'Japonês' cultivars. Although the higher graft survival rate was recorded in the winter, the buds grafted in the summer had better development.

Propagação por estaquia foi o sistema adotado no passado para produzir mudas de marmelo (Cydonia oblonga). Atualmente, pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas para identificar novos métodos de propagação. A partir dos resultados dessas pesquisas, neste trabalho, o marmelo Japonês (Chaenomeles sinensis) foi selecionado como porta-enxerto, pelo seu bom vigor, pela sua rusticidade e pelo seu desempenho adequado no campo, principalmente nos primeiros anos depois do plantio. Porém, devem ser determinados a melhor época para a realização da enxertia e o método mais adequado quando se utiliza esse porta-enxerto. O presente trabalho avaliou três métodos de enxerto e cinco cultivares de marmelo enxertadas no porta-enxerto 'Japonês'. As cultivares de marmelo 'Provence', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Portugal', 'Smyrna' e 'Japonês' foram enxertadas por meio de três métodos: por garfagem em fenda cheia (julho), borbulhia de inverno (julho) e borbulhia de verão (janeiro), em mudas do porta-enxerto 'Japonês', com 90cm de comprimento e diâmetro próximo a 8mm, 15cm acima do colo da planta, mantidas em sacos plásticos com capacidade de 3L. As avaliações de crescimento tiveram incício aos 60 dias e foram concluídas 150 dias depois da enxertia. A enxertia realizada pelo processo de garfagem favorece a maior porcentagem de enxertos brotados, chegando próximo a 100 por cento de sucesso para 'Smyrna', 'Mendoza Inta-37' e 'Japonês'. Embora a taxa de sobrevivência de enxerto mais alta tenha sido registrada na enxertia por borbulhia realizada no inverno, os enxertos realizados no verão tiveram melhor desenvolvimento.

Armazenamento a frio de ramos porta-borbulhas e métodos de enxertia de cultivares de marmeleiro / Cold storage of budsticks and grafting methods of quince cultivars

Visando a aumentar o aproveitamento do material propagativo, ampliar o período de oferta das mudas de marmeleiro e dinamizar o uso da mão-de-obra no viveiro, faz-se necessário o armazenamento dos ramos porta-borbulhas. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivos estudar a viabilidade da manutenção dos ramos porta-borbulhas de diferentes cultivares de marmeleiro, por meio do armazenamento a frio, e diagnosticar o método de enxertia para promover melhor desenvolvimento do enxerto. Ramos dos marmeleiros 'Japonês' (Chaenomeles sinensis), 'Smyrna', 'Portugal', 'Mendoza Inta-37' e 'Provence' (Cydonia oblonga) foram coletados em julho de 2008. Uma parte dos ramos foi utilizada para a realização da enxertia (métodos de borbulhia e garfagem) em mudas de seis meses de idade do porta-enxerto 'Japonês', e a outra parte foi armazenada sob baixa temperatura (estacas envoltas em papel umedecido, embrulhadas em sacos de polietileno colocadas em câmara fria a 4°C), por 30 e 60 dias. Passados 60 dias, foi mensurada a porcentagem de brotação dos enxertos e, ao final de 120 dias da realização das enxertias, foram mensurados o comprimento, o diâmetro e a massa seca média dos enxertos. Concluiu-se que, apesar de as cultivares apresentarem diferença, recomenda-se que os ramos sejam armazenados por até 30 dias, sendo utilizada a enxertia pelo método de garfagem.

In order to increase the use of propagation material, enlarge the offer period of the quince seedlings production and dynamic use of the labor in the nursery, it becomes necessary to store the of budsticks. Thus, the present research aimed to study the feasibility of the maintaining budstick of different quince cultivars, through cold storage and to verify the grafting method to promote better development of the graft. Branches of the 'Japonês' (Chaenomeles sinensis), 'Smyrna', 'Portugal', 'Mendoza Inta-37' and 'Provence' (Cydonia oblonga) quince cultivars were collected in July, 2008. One of the branches was used for grafting (methods budding and cleft grafting methods) in 'Japonês' rootstock seedlings of six months of age and other part was stored at e low temperature (wrapped up cutting in humidified paper and wrapped up in polyethylene sacks, placed in cold chamber for 4°C) for 30 and 60 days. After 60 days, the percentage of sprouting was measured and 120 days after grafting, the length, diameter and mass dries average of the grafts were measured. It was concluded that, despite the cultivars presented anydifference, it is recommended that the branches need to be stored for up to 30 days, if the cleft grafting is used.

Teste de porta-enxertos intergenéricos para marmeleiros em condições de viveiro / Tests of intergeneric rootstocks for quinces in nursery conditions

Os marmeleiros sempre foram propagados comercialmente mediante o enraizamento de estacas. Devido ao baixo vigor das mudas, principalmente nos primeiros anos após o plantio, alguns trabalhos foram desenvolvidos no Brasil a fim de viabilizar a utilização do marmeleiro 'Japonês' (Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne) como porta-enxerto para marmelos. Os resultados foram satisfatórios, mas frente à falta de outras opções de porta-enxertos mais vigorosos para marmeleiros e devido a observações em viveiro e a campo do alto vigor dos porta-enxertos para pereira 'Taiwan Nashi-C' (Pyrus calleryana Decne) e 'Taiwan Mamenashi' (Pyrus betulifolia Bunge), objetivou-se, neste trabalho, verificar o crescimento de cultivares de marmeleiros ('Provence', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Portugal', 'Smyrna' e 'Japonês') enxertados sobre esses porta-enxertos, na fase de viveiro. Os marmeleiros foram enxertados pelo método de garfagem em mudas dos porta-enxertos 'Japonês', 'Taiwan Nashi-C' e 'Taiwan Mamenashi', mantidas em sacos plásticos (capacidade de 3 L de substrato), no período hibernal. Foram utilizados garfos com três gemas, coletadas de plantas-matrizes do Instituto Agronômico (IAC). O experimento foi realizado em viveiro telado (50% de luminosidade), sendo avaliados o comprimento e diâmetro do enxerto aos 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após a realização da enxertia e a porcentagem de garfos brotados na última avaliação. Os porta-enxertos orientais de pereira apresentaram bons resultados na fase de viveiro, com 'Taiwan Nashi-C' destacando-se como porta-enxerto para os marmeleiros 'Smyrna' e 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Taiwan Mamenashi' para o marmeleiro 'Smyrna' e 'Japonês' para o mesmo.

The quince tree has always been commercially propagated by cuttings. Due to the low vigor, mainly in the first years of the orchard, a series of works was developed in Brazil in order to enable the use of the Japanese quince tree (Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne) as a rootstock. The results were satisfactory but the lack of other options for more vigorous rootstocks for quince tree and the observations in the nursery and in the field of a higher vigor of the pear rootstocks 'Taiwan Nashi-C' (Pyrus calleryana Decne) and 'Taiwan Mamenashi' (Pyrus betulifolia Bunge), led us to verify the performance of quince cultivars grafted on 'Japonês', 'Taiwan Nashi-C', and 'Taiwan Mamenashi' rootstocks, in nursery conditions. The 'Provence', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Portugal', 'Smyrna', and 'Japonês' quinces were grafted using the cleft grafting method onto the 'Japonês', 'Taiwan Nashi-C', and 'Taiwan Mamenashi' seedlings and maintained in plastic bags (3 L capacity of substrate) in the dormant period. The scion sticks used had three buds each and were collected from mother plants at the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC). The experiment was accomplished at a nursery (50% light). The length and diameter of the grafts were measured at 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after the grafting and the percentage of sprouted grafts was evaluated after 150 days. The oriental rootstocks 'Taiwan Nashi-C' and 'Taiwan Mamenashi' presented good results at the nursery, with 'Taiwan Nashi-C' outstanding as rootstocks for 'Smyrna' and 'Mendoza Inta-37' quinces, whereas 'Taiwan Mamenashi' was the best rootstock for 'Smyrna' quince and 'Japonês' for 'Japonês' quince.

Estratificação à frio de sementes de 'Japonês', porta-enxerto para marmeleiros / Cold stratification of seeds of 'Japonês', rootstock for quince tree

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a influência do período de estratificação à frio-úmido de sementes do marmeleiro 'Japonês' (Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne), durante período de emergência e o desenvolvimento das plântulas. As sementes foram extraídas dos frutos, lavadas em água corrente e secas à sombra por 48 horas. Em seguida, foram colocadas em placas de Petri submersas em água, entre camadas de algodão umedecido e entre camadas de umedecida e deixadas para estratificação a frio em câmara do tipo B.O.D. em temperatura de 4ºC, por diferentes períodos (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, e 60 dias). Ao final de cada período, as sementes foram distribuídas em bandejas de poliestireno de 72 células, contendo como substrato a vermiculita. Dez dias após a semeadura, efetuaram-se seis contagens, a cada dez dias, da porcentagem de emergência e aos 60 dias mensurou-se o número médio de folhas, altura média da parte aérea, comprimento médio da raiz e massa seca média da parte aérea e das raízes. Concluiu-se que as sementes do marmeleiro 'Japonês' devem ser estratificadas em algodão úmido por 60 dias.

The objective of the present work was to verify the influence of cold stratification of 'Japonês' quince tree seeds (Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne), in the emergence of seedlings and development. Seeds were collected from fruits, rinsed in water, and dried for 48 hours. The seeds were placed in Petri plates under moistened cotton, sand and water, submitted to cold stratification in B.O.D. (at 4ºC) at different days (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 days). At the end of each period, the seeds were sowed in 72-cell polystyrene trays containing vermiculite as substrate. After ten days, six evaluations of performed for emergence percentage per ten days were evaluated and at the end of 60 days, the average number of leaves, medium length of the aerial part and radicular system, medium dry mass of the sprouting and radicular system were evaluated. On concluded that the 'Japonês' quince tree seeds shold be stratified in humidified cotton for 60 days.

GC-MS analysis of ether extracts from three species of Chaenomeles fruits / 第二军医大学学报

Objective:To analyze the chemical constituents of the ether extracts from the fruits of 3 species of Chaenomeles . Methods: The chemical constituents were analyzed by GC MS. Results: Sixty one constituents were firstly isolated and identified from the fruits of 3 species of Chaenomeles . Forty compounds in Chaenomeles lagenaria , thirty four compounds in Xuan mugua ( C.lagenaria from Xuanzhou) and 23 compounds in C.sinensis were isolated and identified respectively. There were 10 compounds in all 3 species of Chaenomeles , but their contents were very much different. They were acetic acid, benzaldehyde, n caproic acid, 14 methyl pentadecanoic methyl ester, glycerin, benzoic acid, 6,9 octadecadienoic methyl ester, squalane, stearic acid and oleic eicosyl ester. Conclusion: The composition and content vary with different species and district of Chaenomeles . The result may be useful for the evaluation of Chaenomeles fruits quality. [