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1.
Rev. colomb. quím. (Bogotá) ; 50(2): 49-57, mayo-ago. 2021. tab, graf
Article Dans Espagnol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1341316

Résumé

Resumen Se determinaron las condiciones más favorables para la síntesis de hidróxido de níquel (II) por precipitación química a partir de la disolución lixiviada del sulfuro de níquel de la tecnología Caron. La disolución lixiviada de fuerza iónica igual a 4,6 mol-L-1 fue tratada con hidróxidos de amonio y sodio. Se calcularon las propiedades termodinámicas como entalpía, entropía y energía libre y se construyeron diagramas de zona de predominancia. Se demostró la conveniencia de realizar el proceso a 303 K, pH entre 11 y13 y concentración de amoníaco de 0,5 a 1,0 mol•L-1. En estas condiciones fueron obtenidas altas eficiencias de precipitación de los cationes metálicos de la disolución inicial. El sólido precipitado se caracterizó mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica y difracción de rayos X. Se obtuvo un beta-hidróxido de níquel (II) con la siguiente composición química: 58,5 ≤ Ni ≤ 59,1%, 1,7 ≤ Co ≤ 2,1%, 0,5 ≤ Fe ≤ 0,6%, Cu, Zn, Mn y Mg ≤ 0,2%.


Abstract The most favorable conditions for the synthesis of nickel (II) hydroxide were determined by chemical precipitation, from the leached solution of nickel sulfide from the Caron technology. The leached solution with an ionic strength equal to 4.6 mol-L-1 was treated with ammonium and sodium hydroxides. Thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy, entropy, and free energy were calculated and predominance zone diagrams were constructed. The convenience of performing the process at 303 K, pH between 11 and 13, and ammonia concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 mol•L-1 was demonstrated. Under these conditions, high precipitation efficiencies of the metal cations from the initial solution were obtained. The precipitated solid was characterized by atomic absorption spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. Nickel (II) beta-hydroxide with the following chemical composition was obtained: 58.5 ≤ Ni ≤ 59.1%, 1.7 ≤ Co ≤ 2.1%, 0.5 ≤ Fe ≤ 0.6%, Cu, Zn, Mn and Mg ≤ 0.2%.


Resumo As condições mais favoráveis para a síntese do hidróxido de níquel (II) foram determinadas por precipitação química, a partir da solução lixiviada de sulfeto de níquel da tecnologia Caron. A solução lixiviada de força iônica igual a 4,6 mol-L-1, foi tratada com hidróxidos de amônio e sódio. Foram calculadas propriedades termodinâmicas, como entalpia, entropia e energia livre, e diagramas de zonas de predominância foram construídos. Foi demonstrada a conveniência de realizar o processo a 303 K, pH entre 11 e 13 e concentração de amônia de 0,5 a 1,0 mol•L-1. Nessas condições, foram obtidas altas eficiências de precipitação dos cátions metálicos da solução inicial. O sólido precipitado foi caracterizado por espectrometria de absorção atômica e difração de raios-x. Foi obtido beta-hidróxido de níquel (II) com a seguinte composição química: 58,5 ≤ Ni ≤ 59,1%, 1,7 ≤ Co ≤ 2,1%, 0,5 ≤ Fe ≤ 0,6%, Cu , Zn, Mn e Mg ≤ 0,2%.

2.
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica ; (12): 737-745, 2019.
Article Dans Chinois | WPRIM | ID: wpr-780158

Résumé

Ellagic acid is ubiquitous in plants and is considered as a potential candidate for antioxidant and antineoplastic drugs. However, ellagic acid has poor solubility and precipitates easily even after initial solubilization. Improvement of its bioavailability has been a concern of pharmaceutical industry. It was found that storage in Sanlejiang oral liquid at low temperature keeps its stability. Ellagic acid is anomalous in a way that is easily soluble at low temperatures but precipitates at high temperatures. In order to reveal the mechanism of this phenomenon and develop precipitation prevention and control strategies, ellagic acid in Sanlejiang oral liquid was stored at high, medium and low temperatures for three months. The changes of composition and phase state of the whole system during storage were systematically tracked and studied by means of precipitation amount or morphology, HPLC chemical profile of supernatant versus precipitates, and comprehensive characterization of physical phase state. The results show that the amount of precipitation at low temperature is only 1/3 of that at normal room temperature. As the temperature rises, the sedimentation increases sharply. HPLC analyses of supernatant versus precipitates revealed that ellagic acid precipitation originated from two ways: chemical degradation and physical deposition. The chemical sedimentation is related to the hydrolysis of tannins under acidic condition, forming chebulagic acid and corilagin. Physical sedimentation is related to the decrease of the association degree and viscosity of polyphenol colloids when temperature rises. This study elucidated the stability mechanism of ellagic acid in liquid preparations of TCM, and provided the mechanistic basis for efficient utilization and solution prepartion of ellagic acid.

3.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 20(2): 259-268, abr.-jun. 2015. tab, ilus
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: lil-759313

Résumé

O processo físico-químico da precipitação de estruvita é uma técnica que apresenta elevado potencial na remoção de nutrientes, a partir de diferentes tipologias de efluentes. O presente estudo teve por objetivo a avaliação de um composto industrial com elevado teor de magnésia e baixo custo como fonte reagente alternativa de magnésio e alcalinidade necessários ao processo de precipitação, tornando-o economicamente viável com a redução de gastos despendidos com químicos. Suspensões de Mg(OH)2 foram obtidas e tiveram desempenho avaliado em função da remoção de nutrientes, a partir de um efluente sintético rico em N-NH4+ e P-PO43-, e qualidade dos cristais gerados, com a identificação do mineral de interesse - estruvita. O experimento foi realizado em escala laboratorial utilizando reator cônico de leito fluidizado operado em semi-contínuo. O adequado controle operacional do pH (8,0-8,5) pela adição automatizada da suspensão de Mg(OH)2 possibilitou uma considerável remoção de P-PO43-, que atingiu valor médio igual a 93,5%. Os sólidos recuperados no processo apresentaram pureza de, aproximadamente, 84% de estruvita.


The physico-chemical process of struvite precipitation is a technique that demonstrates a high potential in nutrients recovery from different kinds of wastewaters. This study aimed to evaluate the use of a low cost industrial compound with high magnesia content as alternative reagent source of magnesium ions and alkalinity required for precipitation. It was a strategy to turn the process economically viable and reduce the chemical costs. Mg(OH)2slurries were obtained and evaluated regarding the nutrients recovery from a synthetic wastewater rich in NH4+-N and PO43--P and the quality of the generated crystals with the identification of the mineral of interest - the struvite. The experiment was performed in laboratory scale using a conic fluidized bed reactor in a semi-continuous operation. The proper pH control (8.0-8.5) by the automated addition of Mg(OH)2slurry allowed considerable PO43--P removal equal to 93.5%. The recovered solids from the process showed purity of approximately 84% of struvite.

4.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 16(2): 181-188, abr.-jun. 2011. ilus, tab
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: lil-591294

Résumé

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: realizar a caracterização físico-química de um efluente metal-mecânico e efetuar o tratamento integrado (precipitação química e biotratamento), utilizando micro-organismos autóctones do efluente (FI e FV) e uma referência (A. niger). A caracterização indicou pH de 1,7; cor de 1.495 mg Pt.L-1; demanda química de oxigênio de 9.147 mgO2.L-1; 887 mg.L-1 de óleo e graxa, além de 2,5 mgO2.L-1 de oxigênio dissolvido. Com o tratamento por precipitação química, obteve-se, em pH = 7,5, a redução de todos os íons metálicos investigados. Após o biotratamento, a cor foi reduzida em 95 por cento, utilizando o micro-organismos FV. As reduções da demanda química de oxigênio e de óleo e graxa foram mais significativas utilizando FI, que reduziu os mesmos em 52 e 62 por cento, respectivamente. Estes resultados indicaram que os micro-organismos autóctones do efluente foram mais eficazes no tratamento do mesmo do que o organismo de referência A. niger.


The objectives of this paper were: to perform the physical-chemical characterization of a metalworking effluent and to carry out the integrated treatment (chemical precipitation and biotreatment), using effluent autochthonous microorganisms (FI and FV) and a reference (A. niger). The characterization indicated pH of 1.7; color, 1,495 mg Pt.L-1; chemical oxygen demand, 9,147 mgO2.L-1; oil and grease, 887 mg.L-1, and dissolved oxygen with 2.5 mgO2.L-1. With the chemical precipitation treatment, in pH = 7.5, the reduction of all the investigated metallic ions was obtained. The color was reduced 95 percent after the biotreatment using the FV microorganism. The chemical oxygen demand and oil and grease reductions were more significant when using FI, which reduced the same in 52 and 62 percent, respectively. These results indicated that the autochthonous microorganisms were more efficient in the effluent treatment than the reference organism A. niger.

5.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 14(1): 49-58, jan.-mar. 2009. graf, tab
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: lil-512046

Résumé

A combinação de processos físico-químicos e biológicos no tratamento de esgotos sanitários tem se apresentado como uma alternativa na remoção de fósforo. No entanto, uma das limitações é a sua maior produção de lodo. Desse modo, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a produção de lodo resultante da aplicação de sais de ferro para diferentes tipos de efluentes, bem como estudar o impacto de sua aplicação nas características físico-químicas dos efluentes estudados. Concluiu-se que os valores médios de produção de lodo resultante da formação do hidróxido férrico situaram-se em torno de 1,80; 1,95 e 1,34 mg lodo/mg Fe+3 para esgoto bruto, efluente aeróbio e anaeróbio tratado, respectivamente, indicando que as características da fase líquida não influenciaram os mecanismos de precipitação dos íons férricos.


The combination of physical-chemical and biological processes in sanitary wastewater treatment has been employed as an alternative for phosphorus removal; however, one of its limitations is its large sludge production. This work aimed at evaluating the sludge production which resulted from iron salt application to different types of effluents, as well as studying the impacts of iron salt application on the physical-chemical characteristics of the studied effluents. It was concluded that the average sludge production values which resulted from ferric hydroxide formation were around 1.80, 1.95 and 1.34 mg sludge per mg of Fe+3 ion, with regard to raw wastewater, aerobic treated effluent and anaerobic treated effluent, respectively, thus indicating that the liquid phase characteristics did not influence the ferric ion precipitation mechanisms.

6.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 13(4): 395-404, out.-dez. 2008. graf, tab
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: lil-511951

Résumé

Tendo em vista a potencialidade do emprego de processos de coagulação química no tratamento de esgotos, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a remoção de fósforo em efluentes de sistemas anaeróbios e aeróbios de tratamento de esgotos. Observou-se que foi possível atingir valores de remoção de fósforo da ordem de 90%, sendo que as dosagens de coagulante se situaram em torno de 60 a 100 mg FeCl3/L. Concomitantemente com a remoção de fósforo, foi também observada uma remoção de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) para os efluentes investigados, sendo que as dosagens de coagulanteque permitiram a otimização da remoção de fósforo também possibilitaram a otimização da remoção de COD. Justifi ca-se a remoção de fósforo na forma orgânica e de polifosfatos pelo fato destes estarem associados ao COD removido.


Since chemical coagulation processes are very promising for wastewater treatment, this work looked into phosphorus removal from aerobic and anaerobic systems treating domestic wastewater. It was possible to reach phosphorus removal effi ciencies in theorder of 90 % for coagulant dosages in the range 60 to 100 mg of ferric chloride per liter. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal in parallel with phosphorus removal was observed for the previously mentioned treatment system effl uents. The coagulant dosages for optimized phosphorus removal also led to optimum DOC removal. The removal of organic phosphorus fractions as polyphosphates was justifi ed due its association with the DOC removal by chemical precipitation.

7.
Journal of Practical Stomatology ; (6)1996.
Article Dans Chinois | WPRIM | ID: wpr-536728

Résumé

?Objective: To study the preparation method of nanometer powder of zirconia, which was used to toughen dental alumina ceramics. Methods: The inorganic precursors at the concentrations of 0.0155 , 0.03, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.28 mol/L were used to prepare zirconia powder via precipitation method. Ammonia water was added into the said solutions to control the pH value at 7.0, 8.5 and 9. The dried precipitation product was then calcined. The prepared zirconia powder were studied by using X ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: The zirconia powder prepared under the condition of 0.03 0.05 mol/L concentration of inorganic precursors, pH = 8.5, and calcined at 700 ℃ for 2 h was even in size,well dispersed and well micronized. The diameter of the final powder was about 100 nm. Conclusion: With proper preparation condition, weakly agglomerated powder of zirconia in nanometer size can be obtained.

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