Juegos pequeños con nociones de ajedrez para el desarrollo de las habilidades motrices básicas en la Educación Física

El juego es una forma natural de aprender, ya que incluye elementos de aprendizaje en interacción con lo lúdico. Específicamente el juego de ajedrez, se aplica en el sistema educativo de algunos países como un instrumento multidisciplinario, pues ayuda en el desarrollo del pensamiento cognitivo, la planificación, la imaginación, la anticipación, el autocontrol, la toma de decisiones, la creatividad y la inteligencia. En ese sentido, los profesores de Educación Física del 2do grado de la Escuela Primaria 1728, en el barrio Tchioco, en Lubango presentaron dificultades en la aplicación de métodos que permitan el desarrollo de las habilidades motrices básicas de manera atractiva a sus alumnos. De ahí que el objetivo de esta investigación consistió en proponer juegos pequeños con nociones de ajedrez para el mejoramiento de las habilidades motrices básicas, en los alumnos antes mencionados. Para ello, se efectuó un estudio descriptivo, no experimental, de corte transversal y se emplearon métodos científicos del nivel teórico como el analítico-sintético, inducción-deducción, histórico-lógico y funcional-sistémico-estructural y del nivel empírico como la revisión de documentos, la observación y la entrevista; así como el cálculo porcentual para el análisis de los datos arrojados. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron caracterizar el estado de desarrollo del objetivo propuesto y adecuar la propuesta de juegos elaborada.

SÍNTESE O jogo é uma forma natural de aprendizagem, pois inclui elementos de aprendizagem em interação com o jogo. Especificamente, o jogo de xadrez é aplicado no sistema educacional de alguns países como um instrumento multidisciplinar, pois ajuda no desenvolvimento do pensamento cognitivo, planejamento, imaginação, antecipação, autocontrole, tomada de decisões, criatividade e inteligência. Neste sentido, os professores de Educação Física da 2ª série do Ensino Fundamental 1728, no bairro de Tchioco, em Lubango, apresentaram dificuldades na aplicação de métodos que permitem o desenvolvimento de habilidades motoras básicas de forma atrativa para seus alunos. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em propor pequenas partidas com noções de xadrez para a melhoria das habilidades motoras básicas dos alunos acima mencionados. Para este fim, foi realizado um estudo descritivo, não-experimental, transversal e descritivo e foram utilizados métodos científicos a nível teórico, tais como analítico-sintético, indução-dedução, histórico-lógico e funcional-sistêmico-estrutural, e a nível empírico, tais como revisão de documentos, observação e entrevista, bem como cálculo percentual para a análise dos dados obtidos. Os resultados obtidos tornaram possível caracterizar o estado de desenvolvimento do objetivo proposto e adaptar a proposta de jogo elaborada.

The game is a natural way of learning, since it includes elements of learning in interaction with play. Specifically, the game of chess is applied in the educational system of some countries as a multidisciplinary instrument, since it helps in the development of cognitive thinking, planning, imagination, anticipation, self-control, decision-making, creativity and intelligence. In this sense, the Physical Education teachers of the 2nd grade of the 1728 Elementary School, in the Tchioco neighborhood, in Lubango presented difficulties in the application of methods that allow the development of basic motor skills in an attractive way for their students. Hence, the objective of this research was to propose small games with notions of chess for the improvement of basic motor skills in the aforementioned students. For this, a descriptive, non-experimental, cross-sectional study was carried out and scientific methods were used at the theoretical level such as analytical-synthetic, induction-deduction, historical-logical and functional-systemic-structural and at the empirical level such as the review of documents, observation and interview; as well as the percentage calculation for the analysis of the data obtained. The results obtained allowed to characterize the state of development of the proposed objective and to adapt the proposal of games elaborated.

A herança na trajetória esportiva de um dos grandes mestres brasileiros: processos educacionais e esportivos de formação de uma elite cultural / Heritage in the sporting trajectory of one of brazilian grandmasters: educational and sports processes in the formation of a cultural elite / El factor herencia en la trayectoria deportiva de uno de los grandes maestros brasileños: los procesos educacionales y deportivos de formación hacia una élite cultural

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as condições de transmissão e os sentidos de produção das disposições relacionadas à prática do xadrez na trajetória esportiva de um dos Grandes Mestres brasileiros. A abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa foi utilizada a fim de identificar e analisar em profundidade tal problemática. A seleção do participante apresentado, GM 12, se deu por seu evidenciado destaque e posição ocupados no espaço social enxadrístico. Os dados foram produzidos por entrevistas retrospectivas semiestruturadas e analisados por meio da Análise Temática. Os resultados oferecem subsídios sobre a constituição social dos processos capazes de construir o sucesso esportivo. Em oposição às concepções naturalizadoras e meritocráticas que atribuem aos desempenhos a presença ou a falta de "dons" e "talentos" predestinados, o desvelar de suas bagagens constituiu-se em fecunda alternativa para refutar a própria produção de desigualdades causadas por sua manifestação oculta.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the conditions of transmission and the meanings of production of the dispositions related to the practice of chess in the sporting trajectory of one of Brazilian Grandmasters. The qualitative research approach was used to identify and analyze this goal in depth. The selection of the presented participant, GM 12, was due to his evident prominence and position occupied in the chess social space. The data were produced through semistructured retrospective interviews and analyzed through the Thematic Analysis method. Finally, it was hoped to offer subsidies on the social constitution of the socializing processes capable of building the sport success. In opposition to the naturalizing and meritocratic conceptions that attribute the presence or lack of predestined "gifts" and "talents" to the players performances, the unveiling of their baggage could be a fruitful alternative to refute one's own inequalities caused by their hidden manifestation.

Resumen El dicho trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar los condicionantes de transmisión y los sentidos de producción de las disposiciones respecto a la práctica del ajedrez en la trayectoria deportiva de uno de los Grandes Maestros brasileños. Para ello, se utilizó una investigación cualitativa con la cual se procuró identificar y analizar en profundidad esta problematización. La selección del participante presentado, GM 12, se debió a su evidente protagonismo y posición que ocupa en el espacio social del ajedrez. La producción de los datos estuvo a cargo de la realización de entrevistas retrospectivas semiestructuradas y estudiadas por Análisis Temático. Los resultados obtenidos ofrecen subsidios relativos a la constitución social de los procesos que llevan al éxito deportivo, en oposición a las concepciones naturalistas y meritocráticas que condicionan las performances a la presencia o ausencia de talentos innatos. Así, al desvelar las experiencias sociales de estos jugadores, se constituye una alternativa fecunda para rehusar la propia producción de desigualdades provocadas por su manifestación oculta.

Origin, development, and modern application value of Chinese herbal lozenges / 中国中药杂志

Lozenge is one of the traditional dosage forms of Chinese medicine. It has been recorded in traditional Chinese medical classics of all dynasties since the Eastern Han Dynasty and has been developing and evolving continuously. The unique pharmaceutical methods and application scope are the driving force of its emergence, existence, and development. Up to now, lozenge has been included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as an independent dosage form. Lozenge has been endowed with new meaning by modern Chinese medicine pharmaceutics, which is worth tracing origin and exploring value. The present study reviewed the origin and development of lozenge, compared lozenge with other similar dosage forms, analyzed the characteristics of modern and ancient dosage forms of lozenge, and discussed the development prospect and potential of lozenge in combination with the demand development of modern Chinese medicine preparation, so as to provide references for expanding the modern application of lozenge.

CHESS endoscopic ruler in objective measurement of diameter of esophageal varices in liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension: a prospective multicenter study / 中华消化杂志

Objective:To investigate the safety and feasibility of the CHESS endoscpic ruler (CHESS ruler), and the consistency between the measured values and the interpretation values by endoscopic physician experience.Methods:From January 2021 to January 2022, a total of 105 liver cirrhosis patients with portal hypertension were prospectively enrolled from General Hospital, Xixia Branch Hospital, Ningnan Hospital of People′s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (29 cases), and the First People′s Hospital of Yinchuan (25 cases), General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University (18 cases), Wuzhong People′s Hospital (10 cases), the Fifth People′s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (10 cases), Shizuishan Second People′s Hospital (6 cases), Yinchuan Second People′s Hospital (5 cases), and Zhongwei People′s Hospital (2 cases) 8 hospitals. The clinical characteristics of all the patients, including gender, age, nationality, etiolog of liver cirrhosis, and Child-Pugh classification of liver function were recorded. A big gastroesophageal varices was defined as diameter of varices ≥5 mm. Endoscopist (associated chief physician) performed gastroscopy according to the routine gastroscopy procedures, and the diameter of the biggest esophageal varices was measured by experience and images were collected, and then objective measurement was with the CHESS ruler and images were collected. The diameter of esophageal varices of 10 randomly selected patients (random number table method) was determined by 6 endoscopists (attending physician or associated chief physician) with experience or measured by CHESS ruler. Kappa test was used to test the consistency in the diameter of esophageal varices between measured values by CHESS ruler and the interpretation values by endoscopic physician experience.Results:Among 105 liver cirrhosis patients with portal hypertension, male 65 cases and female 40 cases, aged (54.8±12.2) years old, Han nationality 82 cases, Hui nationality 21 cases and Mongolian nationality 2 cases. The etiology of liver cirrhosis included chronic hepatitis B (79 cases), alcoholic liver disease (7 cases), autoimmune hepatitis (7 cases), chronic hepatitis C (2 cases), and other etiology (10 cases). Liver function of 32 cases was Child-Pugh A, Child-Pugh B 57 cases, and Child-Pugh C 16 cases. All 105 liver cirrhosis patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension were successfully measured the diameter of gastroesophageal varices by CHESS ruler, and the success rate of application of CHESS ruler was 100.0% (105/105). The procedure time from the CHESS ruler into the body to the exit of the body after measurement was (3.50±2.55) min. No complications happened in all the patients during measurement. Among 105 liver cirrhosis patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension, 96 cases (91.4%) were recognized as big gastroesophageal varices by the endoscopists. Totally 93 cases (88.6%) were considered as big gastroesophageal varices by CHESS ruler. Eight cases were recognized as big gastroesophageal varices by the endoscopist, however not by the CHESS ruler; 5 cases were recognized as big gastroesophageal varices by the CHESS ruler, but not by the endoscopists; 4 cases were not recognized as big gastroesophageal varices both by the endoscopists and CHESS ruler; 88 cases were recognized as big gastroesophageal varices both by the endoscopists and CHESS ruler. The missed diagnostic rate of big gastroesophageal varices by the endoscopists experience was 5.4% (5/93), and the Kappa value of consistency coefficient between the measurement by the CHESS ruler and the interpretation by endoscopists experience was 0.31 (95% confidence interval 0.03 to 0.60). The overall Kappa value of consistency coefficient by 6 endoscopists measured by CHESS ruler in big gastroesophageal varices diagnosis was 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.61 to 0.93).Conclusion:As an objective measurement tool, CHESS ruler can make up for the deficiency of subjective judgment by endoscopists, accurately measure the diameter of gastroesophageal varices, and is highly feasible and safe.

Caracterización psicopedagógica del proceso de iniciación en ajedrez desde la perspectiva de los elementos básicos / Caracterização psicopedagógica do processo de iniciação ao xadrez a partir da perspectiva dos elementos básicos / Psycho-pedagogical characterization of the process of initiation in chess from the perspective of the basic elements

RESUMEN La investigación se dirigió hacia el proceso de iniciación deportiva del ajedrez durante el período de formación básica general, con el objetivo de caracterizar este proceso a partir de criterios psicopedagógicos durante la enseñanza-aprendizaje de los elementos básicos de esta disciplina deportiva; por tanto, su importancia radicó en la contribución a la didáctica especial del ajedrez, al imprimirle un carácter formativo, contextualizado y lógico secuencial en busca de la formación básica general de escolares desde un enfoque integral educativo. Además, desde la renovación teórica, se pueda concebir una iniciación deportiva de manera dialéctica y global para que capaciten al escolar y educador a adquirir recursos como conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes.

RESUMO A investigação foi orientada para o processo de iniciação desportiva no xadrez durante o período de treino básico geral, com o objectivo de caracterizar este processo com base em critérios psicopedagógicos durante o ensino-aprendizagem dos elementos básicos desta disciplina desportiva; portanto, a sua importância reside na contribuição para a didática especial do xadrez, dando-lhe um carácter formativo, contextualizado e sequencial lógico em busca da formação básica geral das crianças em idade escolar a partir de uma abordagem educacional integral. Além disso, a partir da renovação teórica, é possível conceber uma iniciação desportiva de forma dialética e global a fim de permitir aos alunos e educadores adquirirem recursos tais como conhecimentos, competências e atitudes.

ABSTRACT The research was directed towards the process of chess sports initiation during the period of general basic training, with the objective of characterizing this process from psycho-pedagogical criteria during the teaching-learning of the basic elements of this sport discipline; therefore, its importance lay in the contribution to the special didactics of chess, by giving it a formative, contextualized and logical sequential character in search of the general basic training of schoolchildren from an integral educational approach. In addition, from the theoretical renovation, it is possible to conceive a dialectic and global sport initiation in order to enable the schoolchildren and educator to acquire resources such as knowledge, skills and attitudes.

Sistema de juegos para la familiarización con el ajedrez, en los escolares del primer ciclo de la enseñanza primaria / Sistema de jogos para a familiarização com o xadrez, nos escolares escolares do primeiro ciclo do ensino básico / System of games for familiarization with chess, in schoolchildren of primary education first cycle

Resumen En estos tiempos modernos, donde las exigencias son cada vez mayores y los adelantos de la ciencia y la técnica avanzan vertiginosamente, se necesita priorizar los esfuerzos hacia una educación cada vez más desarrolladora. Por tanto, hay que proporcionarle importancia al aprendizaje, el desarrollo de habilidades, las capacidades físicas, los valores humanos y recursos personológicos, en sentido general, en función de un desarrollo integral de la personalidad. Se aplicó una entrevista, encuesta y la observación realizada al turno de juego en los escolares del primer ciclo y se constató que los estudiantes prefieren la enseñanza del ajedrez mediante juegos. El objetivo consistió en proponer un sistema de juegos para la familiarización con el ajedrez en los escolares del primer ciclo, el cual se ha estructurado sobre la base de la realidad y objetividad, partiendo de los preceptos más actuales sobre la temática en cuestión. Luego de la aplicación, los resultados fueron favorables en función de la enseñanza del ajedrez.

Resumo Nestes tempos modernos, em que as exigências são cada vez maiores e os avanços da ciência e da tecnologia progridem a um ritmo vertiginoso, há que dar prioridade aos esforços no sentido de uma educação cada vez mais orientada para o desenvolvimento. Por conseguinte, deve ser dada prioridade à aprendizagem, ao desenvolvimento de competências, capacidades físicas, valores humanos e recursos das pessoas, de um modo geral, em termos do desenvolvimento global da personalidade. Foi realizada uma entrevista, um inquérito e uma observação do tempo de jogo dos alunos do primeiro ciclo e verificou-se que os alunos preferem o ensino do xadrez através dos jogos. O objectivo era propor um sistema de jogos para familiarizar os alunos com o xadrez no primeiro ciclo, o qual foi estruturado com base na realidade e objetividade, com base nos preceitos mais atuais sobre o tema em questão. Após a aplicação, os resultados foram favoráveis em termos do ensino do xadrez.

Abstract In these modern times, where the demands are ever greater and the advances in science and technology progress at a dizzying rate, emphasis needs to be placed on efforts towards an ever more developing education. Therefore, priority must be given to learning, to the development of skills, physical abilities, human values and personal resources, in a general sense, in terms of the comprehensive development of the personality. An interview, a survey and observation of the playing time of schoolchildren in the first cycle were carried out and it was found that students prefer the teaching of chess through games. The objective was to propose a system of games to familiarize students with chess in the first cycle, which has been structured based on reality and objectivity, based on the most current precepts on the subject in question. After the application, the results were favorable in terms of the teaching of chess.

Metodología para la familiarización de los niños del sexto año de vida con el ajedrez desde la Educación Física / A methodology for the children of 6 years of life to get familiar with Chess by means of Physical Education lessons

RESUMEN En la presente investigación, se diseñó una metodología para favorecer la familiarización de los niños de sexto año de vida con el ajedrez desde la Educación Física, lo que les permitirá arribar a la enseñanza primaria con algunos conocimientos de este deporte que recibirán por vez primera. El objetivo se centra en proponer una metodología para la familiarización de los niños del sexto año de vida con el ajedrez desde la Educación Física. Para el logro de este propósito se seleccionó una muestra de 693 niños del sexto año de vida y 48 maestras de este nivel de enseñanza, así como diez especialistas del ajedrez y expertos en la temática. En el proceso de recopilación de datos, se emplearon los métodos de investigación teóricos: el histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, hipotético-deductivo y el sistémico-estructural-funcional. Con respecto a los métodos empíricos se utilizó el análisis de documentos, la entrevista, la encuesta, la observación y la triangulación metodológica. Además, se requirió aplicar el criterio de los especialistas, de los expertos y el experimento (preexperimento, en su variante de pretest y posttest para un grupo). Se procesaron estadísticamente los datos obtenidos a través de la prueba de McNemar. Como resultado de la investigación se elaboró una metodología para la familiarización de los niños del sexto año de vida con el ajedrez desde la Educación Física, que contribuye al desarrollo integral de los niños y les brinda una mejor preparación para su arribo a la enseñanza primaria con lo que se demuestra su validez y factibilidad.

ABSTRACT In this research it is designed a methodology to favor the process of identification of the Children of 6 years of life with Chess by means of Physical education lessons. This product will facilitate the preparation for the children before receiving this subject in primary schools. For the development if this research it was necessary to select a sample of some children of 6 year of life with the corresponding teachers as well as some experts and specialists on the topic. In the processing of information, it was used some methods, such as the historical logical, analytical syntetical, hypothetical deductive and the systemical structural functional. As empirical methods it was used documents, interviews, surveys and the observation. It was also employed the criteria of experts, the experiments and validated through the McNemar test. This methodology has been validated and put into practice with very positive results so far.

Funciones ejecutivas y práctica de ajedrez: un estudio en niños escolarizados / Executive functions and playing chess practice: a study conducted with schoolchildren

Resumen Objetivo: Diversas investigaciones han demostrado los beneficios del ajedrez para el desarrollo cognitivo. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios que han analizado el efecto del ajedrez en las Fun ciones Ejecutivas (FE) con base en un modelo que evalúe cada uno de los componentes del constructo, el fin del presente estudio fue analizar las diferencias de rendimiento cognitivo en tareas que valoran las FE de memoria de trabajo, inhibición, flexibilidad cognitiva y planificación entre niños practicantes de ajedrez y no practicantes. Método: A través de un estudio de tipo ex post facto de corte transversal, con una muestra seleccionada a través de un muestreo no probabilístico intencional, empleando el Análisis Multivariado de Varianza (MANOVA) para analizar las dife rencias de rendimiento cognitivo según la práctica de ajedrez. Se evaluaron 65 niños escolarizados de 8 a 12 años, de ambos sexos divididos en dos grupos de acuerdo a la práctica de ajedrez: (1) 30 niños practicantes activos y (2) 35 niños sin ninguna experiencia con el ajedrez. Resultados: El MANOVA reveló diferencias significativas según la práctica de ajedrez, en todas las FE analizadas a favor de los niños practicantes. Estos datos sugieren que el ajedrez podría emplearse como una estrategia efectiva para favorecer el desarrollo de los procesos ejecutivos en la niñez. Se discuten los resultados en función de sus implicancias clínicas y educativas. Conclusión: Para la realización de futuras investigaciones sería relevante estudiar el efecto de la práctica de ajedrez en las FE en poblaciones adolescentes y adultas, para comprobar si la experticia y la edad podrían explicar, en parte, las variaciones individuales de funcionamiento ejecutivo según la práctica de ajedrez.

Abstract Objective: Research has demonstrated the benefits of chess for cognitive development. However, few studies have analyzed the effect of chess on the Executive Functions (FE) based on a model that evaluates each of the components of the construct, the purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in cognitive performance in tasks which assess work memory, inhibition, cogni tive flexibility, and planning between child chess practitioners and non-practitioners. Method: Through an ex post facto cross-sectional study, using a sample selected through an intentional non-probabilistic sampling, using the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) to analyze differences in cognitive performance according to the practice of Chess. Sixty-five schoolchildren aged 8 to 12 years old, of both sexes were divided into two groups according to the chess prac tice: (1) 30 active child practitioners and (2) 35 children with no experience with chess. Results: MANOVA revealed significant differences according to chess practice, in all FE analyzed in favor of practicing children. These data suggest that chess could be used as an effective strategy to favor the development of executive processes in childhood. The results are discussed according to their clinical and educational implications. Conclusion: In order to carry out future research, it would be relevant to study the effect of chess practice on EFs in adolescent and adult populations, in order to verify if the experience and age could explain, in part, the individual variations of execu tive functioning according to practice of chess.

Efectos del método de entrenamiento en ajedrez, entrenamiento táctico versus formación integral, en las competencias cognitivas y sociopersonales de los escolares / Effects of Chess Training Method, Comprehensive Training Versus Tactical Training, in Cognitive and Socio-Emotional Competences of Schoolchildren

Se analiza el efecto del entrenamiento en ajedrez según se utilice una metodología sensible con el desarrollo de competencias cognitivas y sociopersonales frente a otra focalizada en el entrenamiento táctico, en una muestra de educación obligatoria. Se utiliza un diseño cuasi-experimental con: grupo ajedrez 1: formación integral (n= 110); grupo ajedrez 2: formación centrada en el tablero (n= 60); y grupo de comparación: baloncesto y fútbol (n= 60). Las variables, medidas al inicio y final de curso académico, son: competencia cognitiva, evaluada mediante prueba de rendimiento; competencia socio-afectiva, mediante test auto-evaluativo; y competencia en ajedrez, mediante prueba de rendimiento. Los resultados muestran que el grupo de formación integral mejora no solo en competencias cognitivas básicas (atención y memoria), como ocurre en el grupo 2, sino también en competencias cognitivas más complejas (asociación, análisis y síntesis, planeamiento y previsión, entre otras). Igualmente mejora en el ámbito sociopersonal no solo en somatizaciones y comportamiento en clase, sino también en autoestima, motivación y actitud ante el estudio. Se concluye que los escolares que practican el ajedrez obtienen resultados significativamente superiores, en contraste con los que practican otras actividades (fútbol o baloncesto), en competencias cognitivas y sociopersonales, especialmente cuando se utiliza una metodología sensible con una formación integral.

It is analyzed the effect of chess training using a methodology focused on development of cognitive and socio-emotional competences or focused on tactical training, with a sample of compulsory education. In a quasi-experimental design: chess group 1, focused on comprehensive training (n= 110); chess group 2, focused on tactical training (n= 60); and comparison group, basketball and football activities (n= 60). Dependent variables analyzed, applied at the beginning and end of the academic course, were: cognitive competence, as assessed by performance testing; socio-emotional competence, through self-evaluation test; and chess competence, through performance test. Results showed that comprehensive training group improves not only in basic cognitive skills (attention and memory), as the group 2, but also in more complex cognitive skills (association, analysis and synthesis, planning and forecasting, etc). In socio-emotional level, not only in somatizations and classroom behavior, but also in self-esteem, motivation and attitude toward study. It is concluded that school children who practice chess obtained significantly superior results, in contrast to those who practice other activities (football or basketball), in cognitive and socio-personal skills, especially when a sensible comprehensive training methodology used.

Escolares praticantes de xadrez acertam mais e são mais rápidos em tarefa de tomada de decisão / Students practitioners chess are more faster and correct in decision making task

O xadrez vem sendo utilizado como um recurso pedagógico para potencializar habilidades cognitivas de escolares. Dentre estas habilidades,destaca-se a tomada de decisão, fundamental em diversas atividades acadêmicas, contudo ainda são poucos os estudos que mostram os efeitos da prática do xadrez na eficiência e eficácia da tomada de decisão. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da prática do xadrez na habilidade cognitiva de tomada de decisão em escolares do ensino fundamental. Para tanto, 44 escolares de 7 a 12 anos de idade foram distribuídos em dois grupos (22 escolares sem contato com o xadrez e 22 escolares praticantes de xadrez na escola). Todos os escolares foram avaliados pelo Software Stroop Task v.1.0, através do qual o tempo de reação de escolha e a qualidade da escolha (relação erro/acerto) foram contabilizados. Os resultados mostraram que os escolares praticantes de xadrez na escola tomam decisões em menor tempo (t =2,3068; p < 0.05) e menor número de erros (X² = 112,061; p < 0.001) que escolares que nunca tiveram contato com o xadrez. Futuros estudos necessitam investigar o impacto destas capacidades nas atividades acadêmicas, ampliando o entendimento sobre os processos envolvidos na cognição e ação

Chess has been used as a teaching resource to enhance cognitive skills of students. Among these skills highlights the decision making, critical in various academic activities. However, there arefew studies that show the effects of the practice of chess in the efficiency and effectiveness of decision making. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the practice of chess in the cognitive ability of decision making in primary schools. To this end, 44 students aged 7 to 12 years old were divided into two groups (22 students without contact with chess and 22 school practitioner's chess in school). All students were assessed by the Stroop Task Software v.1.0 where the reaction time of choice and the quality of choice (correct/incorrect choice) were recorded. Results showed that practicing school chess in school make decisions in less time (t= 2,3068; p< 0.05) and fewer errors (X²= 112,061; p < 0.001) than students who never had contact with chess.Futures studies need to investigate what impact these skills in academic activities, expanding the understanding of the processes involved in cognition and action.

A guerra fria e a final do campeonato mundial de xadrez de 1972: algumas possibilidades analíticas e correlacionais / The cold war and the world chess championship final in 1972: some analytical and correlational possibilities

Nesse artigo pretendemos esboçar uma possibilidade de leitura sociológica que contemple algumas das contingências socioculturais e políticas presente no campo de forças orientado pelo embate entre capitalistas e socialistas durante o período da Guerra Fria, procurando, na medida do possível, estabelecer algumas relações desse fenômeno com o campo esportivo e, mais especificamente, com a final do campeonato mundial de xadrez disputada pelo enxadrista soviético Boris Spassky e o enxadrista norte-americano Robert James Fischer em Reykjavik na Islândia no ano de 1972. Na primeira parte do texto, procuramos sugerir e evidenciar alguns pontos de aproximação passíveis de serem estabelecidos entre a estrutura microssociológica do "match do século" e a estrutura macrossociológica da Guerra Fria com base no referencial teórico de Norbert Elias. Em seguida, nos predispomos a explorar essas relações a partir do modelo de análise sociológica dos campos de Pierre Bourdieu.

In this article we intend to outline a possible sociological point of view wich contemplates some contingencies socio-cultural and political contingencies present in the field driven by the struggle between capitalists and socialists during the Cold War, trying to establish some associations between this phenomenon and the sports field, and more specifically, with the final of the chess world championship involved the Soviet Boris Spassky and the American Robert James Fischer, undertaken in Reykjavik (Iceland) in 1972. In the first section, we suggested and highlighted some points of convergence that can be established between the structure of microsociological "match of the century" and the macrosociological structure of the Cold War based on the theoretical framework of Norbert Elias. Afterwards we these relationships were explored taken into account the model of sociological analysis of the fields of Pierre Bourdieu.

O "match do século" e a "história esportiva" do xadrez: uma interpretação sociológica / The "match of the century" and the "sports history" of chess: a sociological interpretation

O presente artigo configura uma síntese da dissertação de mestrado defendida por um dos autores com o título "O xadrez em xeque: uma análise sociológica da história esportiva da modalidade" (SOUZA, 2010). O problema de pesquisa que esteve em tela na dissertação consistiu na possibilidade de recuperar e compreender as transformações conjunturais e mercadológicas potencializadas no subcampo esportivo do xadrez, em nível de oferta e demanda da prática enxadrística, pela ocasião da final do campeonato mundial de 1972 e, em seguida, avaliar o que essas transformações representaram ou significaram no processo de construção da "história esportiva" da modalidade. Como hipótese de trabalho sustentou-se que durante o contexto histórico-social do chamado "match do século", a modalidade de xadrez conheceu a "fase de ouro" de sua "história esportiva", condição que, a partir da articulação empírico-teórica levada a efeito ao longo do estudo, se demonstrou comprovada.

This paper is a summary of the master's degree thesis defended by the author with the title "Chess in check: a sociological analysis of its sporting history" (SOUZA, 2010). The research problem that the thesis has had on screen was the ability to recover and understand the conjunctural and market potentiated changes in chess sport's subfield at the level of supply and demand of the practice on the occasion of the end of the world championship 1972. And then evaluate what these changes meant or represented in the construction of "sports history" of chess. As a working hypothesis it was argued that during the historical and social context of the "match of the century", chess has known the "golden phase" of its "sports history", a condition that, from the joint empirical-theoretical carried out during the study, was proven.

Rupturas e tensões no processo de constituição estrutural do subcampo esportivo do xadrez (1900-1960) / Breaks and tensions in the process of construction structural subfield sports of chess (1900-1960) / Rupturas y tensiones en el proceso de construción estructurale del subcampo deportivo de lo ajedrez (1900-1960)

No presente artigo nos propomos em abordar, de um ponto de vista sociológico, a "história esportiva" do xadrez de modo a restituir algumas das rupturas e tensões inerentes ao processo de constituição dessa prática como um subcampo esportivo moderno. Mais precisamente, procuramos apresentar algumas das principais transformações estruturais que foram decisivas no sentido de afirmar o caráter de esportividade da prática enxadrística e legitimar os agentes e estruturas responsáveis pela circulação social do enxadrismo no interior do universo de concorrência esportiva. Para esse desiderato, nos valemos de uma pesquisa de caráter histórico-bibliográfica realizada com base nas literaturas enxadrísticas. No que se refere ao tratamento teórico e construção dos argumentos, tomamos como ponto de partida algumas contribuições tecidas na teoria sociológica de Pierre Bourdieu.

In this article we intend to address, from a sociological point of view, the "sports history" of chess in order to restore some of the ruptures and tensions inherent in the process of setting up practice as a subfield of modern sports. More precisely, we present some of the major structural changes that were decisive in order to affirm the practice of sportsmanship in chess and legitimate agents and social structures responsible for movement of the chess player inside the world of competitive sports. To this aim, we make use of a research of historical literature was conducted based on chess literature. With regard to treatment theoretical and construction of arguments, we take as a starting point some contributions woven into the sociology theory of Pierre Bourdieu.

En este artículo se pretende abordar, de un punto de vista sociológico, la "historia deportiva" del ajedrez con el fin de restaurar algunas de las rupturas y las tensiones inherentes al proceso de creación de la práctica como un subcampo deportivo moderno. Más precisamente, se presentan algunos de los principales cambios estructurales que fueron decisivas para afirmar el caracter de la deportividad de la práctica ajedrecistica y legitimar los agentes y las estructuras sociales responsables del movimiento sociale del ajedrez dentro del mundo de los deportes competitivos. Para ello, hacemos uso de una investigación histórico y bibliográfica que se llevó a cabo sobre la base de la literatura de ajedrez. En lo que respecta al tratamiento y la construción de argumentos teóricos, tomamos como punto de partida algunas de las contribuciones tejida en la teoría sociología de Pierre Bourdieu.

O processo de construção teórico-metodológica de um objeto de pesquisa em sociologia do esporte: o caso do xadrez / The process of construction theoretical­methodological of an object of research in sociology of sport: the case of the chess

Neste artigo procuramos apresentar alguns subsídios teórico metodológicos que foram por nós utilizados ao inventariar a modalidade de xadrez como objeto de investigação sociológica, mais precisamente, como objeto de pesquisa em sociologia do esporte. Na primeira parte do texto, pretendemos fazer alguns apontamentos sobre a constituição do xadrez como subcampo esportivo moderno. Na segunda parte, propomo-nos a demonstrar algumas frentes de apreciação que podem ser abertas para potencializar a leitura sociológica da modalidade a partir do resgate histórico estrutural dos campeonatos mundiais de xadrez

In this article, we present some theoretical and methodological subsidies that were used by us to inventory the type of chess as an object of sociological research, more precisely, a subject of research in sociology of sport. In the first part of the text, we make some remarks on the constitution of chess as a subfield modern sport. In the second part, in turn, we aim to demonstrate some appreciation of fronts that can be opened to enhance the sociological mode from a historical and structural aspect of the chess world championships

O processo de constituição histórico-estrutural do subcampo esportivo do xadrez: uma análise sociológica / The process of historical-structural constitution of the subfield sports of the chess: a sociological analysis

No presente texto procuramos problematizar algumas continuidades e rupturas inerentes ao processo de constituição de uma "história esportiva" relativamente autônoma do xadrez. O principal argumento a ser desenvolvido consiste em demonstrar que a referida prática só adquiriu os primeiros traços de esporte relativamente moderno quando foi contraposta a um quadro muito específico de mudanças sociais e estruturais que tiveram lugar na sociedade inglesa da metade final do século XIX. A partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica de cunho histórico-sociológico procuramos avaliar algumas transformações potencializadas no universo enxadrístico no período de 1830 a 1920 tendo como ponto de sustentação teórica algumas contribuições tecidas por Norbert Elias e Pierre Bourdieu

In this text we try to problematize some continuities and ruptures inherentin the process of constituting a "sports story" relatively autonomous of chess. The main argument being developed is to demonstrate that practice only became the first traces of relatively modern sport when he was opposed to a very specific framework of social and structural changes that took place in english society from the later half of the nineteenth century. From a literature search of historical-sociological tried to assess some transformations enhanced in the chess world in the period 1830 to 1920 having as a theoretical underpinning some contributions woven by Norbert Elias and Pierre Bourdieu

En este trabajo tratamos de problematizar algunas continuidades y rupturas inherentes al proceso de constitución de una "historia de deportiva" relativamente autônoma de ajedrez. El principal argumento que se desarrolla es demostrar que la práctica sólo se convirtió en los primeros rastros del deporte relativamente moderno cuando se opuso a un marco muy específico de los cambios sociales y estructurales que tuvieron lugar en la sociedad inglesa de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Desde una búsqueda en la literatura histórico-sociológica tratado de evaluar algunas transformaciones reforzada en el mundo del ajedrez en el período 1830 a 1920 teniendo como sustentación teórica algunas de las contribuciones tejida por Norbert Elias y Pierre Bourdieu

The effect of newly designed toothbrush on plaque control, treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis / 대한치주과학회지

The present study investigate the effect of newly designed toothbrush(Chess tip : experimental group , conventional toothbrush(control group) on plaque control, gingivitis, and peridontitis. The results of 4weeks post-research by clinical comparison between the two groups are as follows. 1. In analysis of plaque index between groups there was significant difference in the experimental group at 2, 4 week. 2. In analysis of gingival index between groups there was significant difference in the experimental group at 1, 2, 4 week. 3. Both experimental group and control group showed decrease in periodontal pocket depth after 4week, but there was significant difference in the experimental group at 4 week. 4. Both experimental group and control group showed decrease in bleeding on probing after 4week, but there was significant difference in the experimental group at 4 week. These results indicate that newly designed toothbrush has beneficial effects as additional aid of mechanical treatment at the point of periodontal pocket, plaque control, and bleeding on probing.