Expression of Bitter Taste Receptors in Human Nasal Respiratory Epithelium

The nasal cavity encounters various irritants during inhalation such as dust and pathogens. To detect and remove these irritants, it has been postulated that the nasal mucosa epithelium has a specialized sensing system. The oral cavity, on the other hand, is known to have bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) that can detect harmful substances to prevent ingestion. Recently, solitary chemosensory cells expressing T2R subtypes have been found in the respiratory epithelium of rodents. In addition, T2Rs have been identified in the human airway epithelia. However, it is not clear which T2Rs are expressed in the human nasal mucosa epithelium and whether they mediate the removal of foreign materials through increased cilia movement. In our current study, we show that human T2R receptors indeed function also in the nasal mucosa epithelium. Our RT-PCR data indicate that the T2R subtypes (T2R3, T2R4, T2R5, T2R10, T2R13, T2R14, T2R39, T2R43, T2R44, T2R 45, T2R46, T2R47, T2R48, T2R49, and T2R50) are expressed in human nasal mucosa. Furthermore, we have found that T2R receptor activators such as bitter chemicals augments the ciliary beating frequency. Our results thus demonstrate that T2Rs are likely to function in the cleanup of inhaled dust and pathogens by increasing ciliary movement. This would suggest that T2Rs are feasible molecular targets for the development of novel treatment strategies for nasal infection and inflammation.

Métodos de estudo do transporte mucociliar: [revisão] / Methods for studying mucociliary transport: [review]

Disfunções no transporte mucociliar trazem desde queda na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, como nas rinites e rinossinusites crônicas, até graves conseqüências com risco de seqüelas irreversíveis e mesmo letais, como nos casos de fibrose cística e das discinesias ciliares primárias. Desta forma, torna-se fundamental o conhecimento do funcionamento normal do aparelho mucociliar e de como alterações em seus componentes (cílio, muco-fluido periciliar e interação dinâmica entre ambos) afetam o transporte das secreções respiratórias. OBJETIVOS: Este artigo visa a revisar e discutir as diferentes técnicas de avaliação do transporte mucociliar descrevendo suas peculiaridades e aplicabilidades clínicas e experimentais. CONCLUSÕES: Os métodos citados nesta revisão nos fornecem informações importantes sobre os diferentes aspectos do transporte mucociliar. Alguns apresentam uma maior facilidade de realização e resultados reprodutíveis, já outros apenas mostraram-se com aplicabilidade em protocolos de pesquisa em virtude de dificuldades técnicas e limitações financeiras. Há que se considerar a inexistência de métodos que avaliem ambulatorialmente a freqüência de batimento ciliar (FBC) "in vivo" e "in situ", o que se tornaria uma ferramenta importante, tanto no âmbito científico, quanto na prática clínica, auxiliando no diagnóstico das discinesias ciliares e evitando a realização de procedimentos mais invasivos para a sua confirmação diagnóstica.

Mucociliary transport dysfunctions can impair the quality of life of patients suffering from chronic rhinossinusitis and lead to severe consequences such as alterations in respiratory physiology or even death as in cases of cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the physiology of the mucociliary apparatus and how its components (cilia, mucus-periciliary layer and its interaction) affect the clearance of respiratory secretions. AIMS: This paper aims to review and to discuss different techniques for studying mucociliary transport and their clinical and experimental applicability. CONCLUSIONS: The methods listed in this revision provide us with valuable information about different aspects of the mucociliary transport. Some of the methods listed are more suitable for clinical practice and present reproducible results. Others, show only applicability in experimental settings due to technical difficulties or financial limitations. However, it is important to emphasize that up to now there is no method that can evaluate ciliary beating frequency (CBF) in vivo and in situ. Such a method would become a valuable tool in the scientific scenario and in the clinical practice, supporting the diagnosis of ciliary dyskinesias and avoiding the use of invasive procedures to corroborate the clinical suspicion.