Résumé
Resumen El uso constante de los dispositivos móviles está generando nuevos fenómenos de comportamiento. En años recientes, se ha puesto énfasis en los cambios cognitivos que se podrían generar en los jóvenes que hacen uso excesivo de estos dispositivos. El objetivo del trabajo fue conocer las diferencias en la atención sostenida en jóvenes universitarios asociadas a distintos niveles de uso del teléfono inteligente. Se obtuvo una muestra de 94 adultos, 34 hombres y 60 mujeres de 18 a 23 años (M = 19.34, DE = 1.09) alumnos de la escuela superior de Actopan, Hidalgo-México. Se aplicó la Escala de Dependencia y Adicción al Smartphone EDAS (Aranda-López et al., 2017) y una prueba computarizada de ejecución continua (CPT) Test of Atenttional Vigilance (TOAV; Mueller y Pipper, 2014). Se realizó un ANOVA de una vía, en el que la variable independiente fue el nivel de uso del teléfono inteligente (sin dependencia, dependencia y adicción) y la variable dependiente fueron las puntuaciones obtenidas en el TOAV. Se observó que existen diferencias significativas a nivel estadístico en lo relativo a errores de omisión de la segunda mitad de la prueba (p = .005); las diferencias fueron entre los grupos de sin dependencia-dependencia (p = .010) y sin dependencia-adicción (p = .024). Acorde a los hallazgos del presente estudio, existen diferencias en el proceso de atención sostenida entre usuarios con diferentes niveles de uso del teléfono inteligente; los estudiantes con niveles de dependencia y adicción enfrentan dificultades en la atención sostenida cuando la tarea se prolonga y aumenta la demanda cognitiva.
Abstract The constant use of mobile devices changed our lives dramatically during the past years and its usage increased over the years. Smartphone use is associated with isolation and interpersonal problems; its overuse can cause cognitive problems too (Matar Boumosleh & Jaalouk, 2017). Cognitive problems associated with smartphones in young people are reduction of sustained attention and working memory. Findings have been reported in which younger populations show deterioration in different components of care, highlighting the difficulty of walking and using the smartphone at the same time (Prupetkaew et al., 2019). It has been reported that the impulsivity associated with use of smartphone in silent mode interferes in memory tests unlike when it is in off mode in young populations (Canale et al., 2019). It is necessary to evaluate the effects of using a smartphone on young people because it is a population that uses it constantly to develop in work, academic, sports, and even socializing activities. The aim of this paper was to find out the differences in sustained attention in young university students with different levels of smartphone use. A sample of 94 adults, 34 men and 60 women between the ages of 18 and 23 (M = 19.34, SD = 1.09), who were students of the higher school of Actopan, Hidalgo-Mexico. The EDAS -Smartphone Dependency and Addiction Scale- was applied (Aranda-López et al., 2017). For the evaluation of attention, a Computerized Continuous Running Test (CPT), Test of Attentional Vigilance (TOAV) was applied using the Psychology Experimental Building Language PEBL-2 platform (Mueller & Pipper, 2014). The inclusion criteria were that the participants were between 18-23 years old, right-handed, with normal and/or corrected vision. They were excluded from the investigation if they had a history of psychiatric and/or neurological diseases, learning difficulties, chronic alcohol and/or drug use. A one-way ANOVA was performed, where the independent variable was the level of smartphone use (no dependence, dependence and addiction) and the dependent variable was the scores obtained in the TOAV. It was observed that there are statistically significant differences in the errors of omission of the second half of the test (p = .05), the differences were found between the groups of no dependence-dependence (p =.10) and without dependence-addiction (p = .24). The results showed that there are differences in the execution of a neuropsychological task, regarding the omission errors of the second part of the test. These differences could suggest that the level of sustained attention is diminished in the participants of the dependency and addiction group at the end of the task. On the other hand, it is also concluded that students with levels of dependence and smartphone addiction face attention difficulties when the task is longer and cognitive demand increases. This type of data must be analyzed taking into consideration variables such as sex, socioeconomic level, age, profile of use, quality of sleep, level of physical activity, among others.
Résumé
Las investigaciones han demostrado que la enfermedad mental es causa de disfunciones cognoscitivas, manifestadas en desorden de las ideas y de los sentimientos con trastornos graves del razonamiento, del comportamiento, de la facultad de reconocer la realidad y de adaptarse a los retos normales de la vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir, mediante la evaluación neuropsicológica, los cambios cognoscitivos en un grupo de pacientes con enfermedad mental que asistían a un programa de Hospital Día, espacio terapéutico diseñado para la rehabilitación, el cuidado y el acompañamiento del paciente. Se tomaron al azar 25 pacientes entre los 16 y 61 años de edad con una escolaridad mínima de cinco años, y se realizó una valoración neuropsicológica al ingreso (pre) y cinco meses después de dar inicio al tratamiento (pos) con la Evaluación Neuropsicológica Breve en Español, Neuropsi (Ostrosky, Ardila y Roselli, 1994). Los resultados en la preevaluación mostraron que los pacientes con enfermedad mental presentan cambios cognoscitivos en atención, memoria inmediata, evocación con clave semántica, evocación por reconocimiento, memoria visual, comprensión verbal, fluidez verbal semántica, habilidad visoconstruccional, función ejecutiva conceptual y motora; sin embargo, estas funciones cognoscitivas mejoran cuando se asiste regularmente al programa de Hospital Día. Estos resultados hacen evidente la importancia del trabajo terapéutico interdisciplinario, sumado a la farmacoterapia, con el fin de obtener cambios cognoscitivos más estables.
Research has shown that mental illness is caused by cognitive dysfunctions expressed in disorder of ideas and feelings with profound alterations for reasoning, behavioural disorders, and difficulties to recognize reality and adapt to the normal life challenges. The goal of this study was to describe by neuropsychological evaluation the cognitive changes in a group of patients with mental illness who attended a Day Hospital program, a therapeutic space designed for the rehabilitation, care and support of the patients: 25 patients between 16 and 61 years old with a minimum escolarity of five years were randomly selected. A neuropsychological evaluation was conducted before the treatment (pre-evaluation) and five months after the beginning of treatment (post-evaluation). The Brief Neuropsychological Evaluation in Spanish-Neuropsi (Ostrosky, Ardila and Roselli, 1994) was applied. The pre-evaluation results showed that the patients with mental illness present cognitive changes in attention, immediate memory, semantic key evocation, evocation by recognition, visual memory, verbal understanding and semantic verbal fluidity, visoconstructional skills, conceptual, and motor executive functions; however, these cognitive functions improve when patients regularly attend to the Day Hospital program. These results highlight the importance of the interdisciplinary therapeutic work, in addition to pharmacotherapy, in order to achieve more stable cognitive changes.