"They Can Fight Their Own Fights": Prejudice, Permissiveness, and Discrimination against Minorities / "Ele Luta pela Causa Dele": Preconceito, Permissividade e Discriminação contra Grupos Minoritários

ABSTRACT The tendency to be permissive in face of a discriminatory situation is called collusion. The present study aimed to define and characterize collusion, and identify the variables connected to it, considering the perspective of different identity groups. Participants were 31 individuals divided in seven focus groups. The analysis indicated four categories connected to collusion: a) Close Relations: valuable interactions through which individuals learn behavioral patterns that lead to permissiveness; b) Group Identity: social identities, and intergroup relations patterns; c) Situation: characteristics of the situation in which discrimination is observed; and d) Cost-Effective Balance: perception the individuals have regarding the impact of their actions on the context and the cost attached to it.

RESUMO A tendência das pessoas de serem permissivas diante de uma situação discriminatória é chamada colusão. O presente estudo teve como objetivo definir e caracterizar colusão e identificar as variáveis a ela associadas, a partir da perspectiva de diferentes grupos identitários. Os participantes foram 31 sujeitos divididos em sete grupos focais. A análise indicou quatro categorias ligadas à colusão: a) Relações Próximas: interações por meio das quais os indivíduos aprendem padrões de comportamento que levam à permissividade; b) Identidade Grupal: identidades sociais e padrões de relações intergrupais; c) Situação: características da situação em que se observa discriminação; e d) Relação Custo-benefício: percepção que os indivíduos têm sobre o impacto de suas ações no contexto e o custo que lhes está associado.

The contradictions in the existing physics and the psychological factors that influence them to be valued

Besides the limitation of cognition level, the factors that affect the correctness of academic evaluation are as follows: collusion-recognizationeffect, backfire effect, cognitive maladjustment, inattentional blindness and aesthetic fatigue. It's hard for readers (especially the reviewers of academic achievements) not to fall into the trap. Therefore, the probability of misjudgment of academic achievements of "questioning and denying current prevailing theories or creating new theories" is very high. The intolerable contradictions in the existing physical theories, such as space paradox, time paradox, quantum entanglement paradox, are exposed by means of thought experiments and "topresentthefacts,reasonthingsout", and take these works as examples to reveal the formation and utilization of these adverse psychological effects. The conclusions are as follows: both special relativity and Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics have fatal injury; it is difficult to eliminate the misjudgment of academic achievements, but the misjudgment rate can be reduced. The concepts of “invariance of spatial attribution”and “inaction association”are established. These works can urge readers to treat new and old physics theories more carefully, promote the development of physics, and promote the birth and improvement of the evaluation theory of science and technology

Breve ensaio sobre a mentira / A short essay on lying / Breve ensayo sobre la mentira / Un bref essai sur le mensonge

Neste texto, aborda-se a mentira a partir do estudo de obras literárias, mitos, situações sociais e da clínica psicanalítica. Propõe-se uma classificação das mentiras utilizando o continuum narcisismo ↔ social-ismo. Discutem-se, em particular, a mentira narcísica e a mentira perversa, levantando-se hipóteses sobre sua dinâmica e suas funções nos grupos e na sociedade. Vinhetas clínicas mostram como a mentira consciente se articula com outras defesas, constituindo-se organizações narcísicas perversas, que buscam desumanizar o objeto e destruir a percepção da alteridade. As organizações defensivas protegem da desestruturação psicótica e da revivência de traumas primitivos. O sentimento de não existência é substituído por uma fachada de excitação perversa e fruição sádica. Objetos mentirosos, fraudulentos, suspeitos, não confiáveis revelam-se nas tramas encenadas no campo analítico. Conluios perversos entre os membros da dupla analítica podem não ser identificados, eventualmente ativando condutas não éticas do analista.

Based on studies of literary work, myths, social situations, and psychoanalytic practice, the author discusses lie. He proposes a classification of lies that uses the continuum of narcissism ↔ social-ism. The author writes especially about narcissistic lies and perverse lies, and he formulates hypothesis about their dynamics and functions in both groups and society. Clinical vignettes demonstrate how conscious lie relates to other defenses in order to form perverse narcissistic organizations which attempt to dehumanize the object and destroy the perception of alterity. Defensive organizations protect against psychotic disruption and against the revival of primary traumas. The feeling of not existing is replaced by a facade of perverse excitement and sadistic fruition. Objects, which are liars and fraudulent, suspicious, not reliable, show up in the storylines performed in the psychoanalytic field. A perverse collusion between the members of the analytic pair may not be identified, which may lead to an unethical behavior of the analyst.

Se discute la mentira a partir del estudio de obras literarias, mitos, situaciones sociales y de la clínica psicoanalítica. Se propone una clasificación de las mentiras utilizando el continuum narcisismo ↔ social-ismo. Se discuten, en particular, la mentira narcisista y la mentira perversa, efectuando hipótesis sobre su dinámica y funciones en los grupos y en la sociedad. Casos clínicos muestran como la mentira consciente se articula con otras defensas, constituyendo organizaciones narcisistas perversas que deshumanizan el objeto y destruyen la percepción de alteridad. Las organizaciones defensivas protegen de desestructuración psicótica y de revivir traumas primitivos. El sentimiento de inexistencia se sustituye por una fachada de excitación perversa y fruición sádica. Objetos mentirosos, fraudulentos, sospechosos, no confiables, se muestran en las tramas escenificadas en el campo analítico. Trucos perversos entre los miembros del par analítico pueden identificarse, activando eventualmente conductas no éticas del analista.

Le mensonge est analysé ayant pour base l'étude d'oeuvres littéraires, de mythes, de situations sociales et de la clinique psychanalytique. On propose une classification des mensonges en employant le continuum narcissisme ↔ social-isme. On discute, en particulier, le mensonge narcissique et le mensonge pervers, en faisant des hypothèses sur sa dynamique et ses fonctions dans les groupes et la société. Des vignettes cliniques démontrent comment le mensonge s'articule avec d'autres défenses en créant des organisations narcissiques perverses qui cherchent à déshumaniser l'objet et à détruire la perception de l'altérité. Les organisations défensives protègent de la déstructuration psychotique et de la reviviscence de traumas primitifs. Le sentiment de non-existence est remplacé par une façade d'excitation perverse et de jouissance sadique. Des objets mensongers, frauduleux, suspects, pas fiables se révèlent dans les trames mises en scène dans le champs analytique. Des complots pervers entre les membres du duo analytique peuvent ne pas être identifiés, en activant éventuellement des conduites de l'analyste qui ne sont pas éthiques.

HANDLING DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES IN ACP CONVERSATIONS

Documented advance care planning (ACP) discussions with patients enable doctors to have continuity and collaboration across all settings as patients move from one setting to another. These shared decision-making discussions generally consist of 3 steps: giving information; assisting patients to understand the options in the context of their situations; and helping these patients make informed decisions based on their individual preferences. Primary care physicians should take advantage of their position as healthcare providers to continue the care of the patient and the relationship they have with the patient by initiating ACP discussions. The National Medical Ethics Committees recommendation in 2010 is that such discussions should be started as part of routine care in primary care and outpatient settings before individuals become acutely unwell. Important barriers that need to be overcome are negative encounters with different personalities who can present themselves as difficult - the angry patient, the anxious patient, the patient in collusion, and the patient in denial. In this paper are some guiding principles on how to carry out ACP discussions with such patients. There is also a need for doctors to recognise that as caregivers, they may be exhibiting blocking behaviours to ACP discussions that patients are trying to initiate. These should be avoided.