El medio abierto en España como vía de acceso a una expulsión tras la reforma de la LO 1/2015 / The open institution system in Spain as the access path to an expulsion following the reform of Organic Law LO 1/2015 / O meio aberto na Espanha como via de acesso a uma expulsão após a reforma da LO 1/2015

Resumen Se analiza la aplicación de las instituciones del tercer grado y de la libertad condicional a infractores extranjeros, tras la reforma operada en el art. 89 del Código Penal español por la LO 1/2015, para poner de manifiesto que nos encontramos ante una modificación que utiliza ambas herramientas como vías de acceso a la expulsión de infractores extranjeros, en lugar de como vías útiles para su reinserción. Para ello, se parte del estudio del declive que ha sufrido la reinserción social en España a raíz de diversas medidas legales que el legislador ha venido adoptando, principalmente desde el año 2003, así como del análisis e interpretación de sentencias de la Audiencia Provincial española, en aras de conocer los criterios que siguen al aplicar la libertad condicional y el tercer grado a los condenados extranjeros. Se llegó a la conclusión de que se trata de medidas que no son proclives a la reinserción social de los infractores extranjeros, puesto que, en vez de utilizarse para reinsertarlos en la sociedad, se emplean para practicar su expulsión.

Abstract The application of both third grade institutions and probation/parole to foreign offenders after the reform introduced in art. 89 of the Spanish Criminal Code by organic law la LO 1/2015, in order to make clear that we are facing an amendment that uses both tools as access paths to the expulsion/deportation of foreign offenders, in lieu of useful ways for their reintegration. For this purpose, it was necessary to begin studying the decline suffered by social reintegration in Spain due to diverse legal measures that legislator have been adopting, particularly since year 2003, as well as the analysis and construction of Spanish Provincial Court judgments, in favor of getting to know those criteria following the application of conditional release/probation/parole and the third grade to convicted foreigners. The conclusion reached is that we are dealing with measures that are neither nor keen on the social reintegration of foreign offender, since in lieu of being used to reinsert them into society, they serve to put their expulsion into practice.

Resumo Analisa-se a aplicação das instituições do terceiro grau e da liberdade condicional aos infratores estrangeiros, após a reforma operada no artigo 89 do Código Penal espanhol pela LO 1/2015, para mostrar que ficamos perante uma modificação que usa ambas as ferramentas como vias de acesso à expulsão dos infratores estrangeiros, em vez de como vias úteis para sua reinserção. Para este efeito, partimos do estudo do declínio sofrida pela reinserção social em Espanha em consequência das medidas legais diversas que o legislador tem adotado, principalmente do ano 2003, assim como da análise e a interpretação das sentenças da Audiência Provincial espanhola, em favor de conhecer os critérios que seguem ao aplicar a liberdade condicional e o terceiro grau aos condenados estrangeiros. Pôde se concluir que trata-se de medidas que não são suscetíveis à reinserção social dos infratores estrangeiros, porque em vez de ser usado para sua reinserção na sociedade, são usadas para praticar sua expulsão.

A construção de sentidos no método de execução penal APAC / La construcción del significado en el método de ejecución penal APAC / The construction of meaning in APAC penal execution method

O ser humano se encontra em constante processo de mudança e de construção de conhecimento a partir de suas relações consigo e com o outro. As tensões, afastamentos e vínculos inerentes às relações eu-outro são importantes para o Construtivismo Semiótico-Cultural em Psicologia. Este trabalho discute a construção de sentidos no Método de Execução Penal APAC com base no depoimento de um condenado, publicado em obra que descreve tal método. Realizou-se uma análise microgenética do conteúdo da narrativa. Aspectos que se destacaram nessa análise: a relação eu-mundo e as experiências inquietantes; expectativas feridas e reconstruídas nas relações eu-outro; o planejamento de futuro e o processo de reorganização de sentidos. Nesse campo específico de pesquisa, do ponto de vista da Psicologia Cultural, torna-se relevante efetuar estudos de caso que possam discutir a rede de relações eu-outro que formam o Método de Execução Penal APAC e seus processos de construção de sentidos.

El ser humano está en un proceso constante de cambio y construcción de conocimiento a partir de su relación con ellos mismos y con los demás. Las tensiones, espacios libres y los vínculos inherentes a las relaciones I-otros son importantes para la psicología cultural, semiótica. Este artículo discute la construcción de sentido en el Método de Ejecución Penal APAC basado en el testimonio de una obra publicada condenados que describe un procedimiento de este tipo. Hemos llevado a cabo un análisis genético micro de contenido narrativo. Los aspectos que se destacaron en este análisis: experiencias de la relación yo-mundo e inquietantes; heridas y expectativas reconstruidas en las relaciones yo-otros; la planificación futura y el proceso de reorganización sentidos. En este campo específico de la investigación, desde el punto de vista de la psicología cultural, se convierte en relevante realizar estudios de casos para analizar las relaciones de la red auto-otros que forman la Ejecución Penal Método APAC y sus procesos de construcción significado.

The human being is in a constant process of change and building knowledge from their relationships with themselves and others. Tensions, separations and linkages inherent in self-other relations are important to Semiotic-Cultural Constructivist Psychology. This paper discusses the construction of meaning in the APAC Penal Execution Method from the testimony of a convict in a published work that describes this method. Microgenetic analysis of the narrative content was performed. Aspects that stood out in this analysis: the I-world relation and unsettling experiences; expectations wounded and rebuilt in their self-other relationships; planning for the future and reorganization of meanings. In this particular field of research, from the standpoint of Cultural Psychology, conduction of case studies becomes relevant for discussing the network of self-other relationships that form the APAC Penal Execution Method and their processes of meaning construction.

Personality disorder in convicted Jamaican murderers / Trastornos de personalidad en asesinos Jamaicanos convictos

OBJECTIVE: To establish the aetiology and historical prevalance of personality disorder in violent homicidal men in Jamaica. METHODS: Examination and analysis of primary data from the psychosocial case study interviews of 36 convicted murderers from the Jamaican Government Barnett Commission of Enquiry in 1976. The disaggregated social and clinical data were analysed using a Chi-square statistical analysis RESULTS: The mean age at time of arrest for the male convicted murderers was 24.26 ± 8.48 years. Twenty-three (66%) of the subjects had loving relationships with mothers, particularly in those men reared in the rural areas. Twenty-one (59%) cases showed marked paternal rejection and absence of integrated family life. Twenty-four (69%) of the cases experienced severe parental disciplinary methods, and two-thirds were illiterate or barely literate. Twenty-nine (83%) were from very poor socio-economic conditions. Thirty (86%) of all the murder victims were adult males. There were significant differences between the urban reared murderers (URM) and rural reared murderers (RRM). Sixteen (94%) of the victims of the URM ensued from robbery and police confrontation, while 13 (72%) of the victims of the RRM resulted from domestic disputes (p < 0.00). Seventeen (49%) of the men had normal personalities; 18 (51%) were diagnosed as having antisocial and inadequate personalities. Diagnosis of primary data using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria revealed 23 (66%) men with Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD). There were significantly more APD in the URM than the RRM (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Antisocial personality disorder as an aetiological precursor of homicidal violence represents a major public health problem in contemporary Jamaica.

OBJETIVO: Establecer la etiología y la prevalencia histórica de los trastornos de personalidad en hombres violentos homicidas en Jamaica. MÉTODOS: Examen y análisis de los datos principales de las entrevistas de casos de estudio psicosociales de 36 asesinos convictos, tomadas de la Comisión de Investigación Barnett del Gobierno de Jamaica en 1976. Los datos clínicos y sociales desagregados se analizaron mediante un análisis estadístico chicuadrado. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio al momento del arresto de los asesinos convictos fue 24.26 ± 8.48 años. Veintitrés (66%) de los sujetos tenían relaciones afectuosas con las madres, especialmente aquellos hombres criados en las zonas rurales. Veintiún casos (59%) mostraron un marcado rechazo paternal y ausencia de vida familiar integrada. Veinticuatro (69%) de los casos experimentaron severos métodos disciplinarios por parte de los padres, y dos tercios eran analfabetos o apenas sabían leer y escribir. Veintinueve (83%) tenían muy malas condiciones socio-económicas. Treinta (86%) de todas las víctimas de los asesinatos eran varones adultos. Hubo diferencias significativas entre los asesinos criados en áreas urbanas (abreviado en inglés, URM) y los asesinos criados en áreas rurales (en inglés, RRM). Dieciséis (94%) de las víctimas de los asesinos provenientes de zonas urbanas (URM) fueron consecuencia de robos y confrontación con la policía, mientras que 13 (72%) de las víctimas de los asesinos de zonas rurales (RRM) fueron resultado de disputas domésticas (p < 0.00). Diecisiete (49%) de los hombres tenían personalidades normales; 18 (51%) fueron diagnosticados con personalidad antisocial e inadecuada. El diagnóstico a partir de datos primarios mediante criterios de DSM-IV-TR reveló 23 hombres (66%) con Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial (TPA). Hubo significativamente más TPA entre los URM que entre los RRM (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONES: El trastorno de personalidad antisocial como precursor etiológico de la violencia homicida representa un problema importante de salud pública en la Jamaica actual.

Estudio de siete casos de personas condenadas por delitos contra la administración pública en Colombia, entre el 2009 y el 2010, desde la perspectiva criminológica / Study of seven showcases of people sentenced for offenses against public administration in Colombia between 2009 and 2010, from a criminological perspective

El objetivo de la presente investigación es describir características criminológicas de un grupo de siete personas condenadas por delitos contra la administración pública. Se tuvieron en cuenta variables sociodemográficas, el modus operandi (variable criminológica) y la personalidad (variable psicológica). En esta investigación, de tipo exploratorio, con análisis descriptivo y muestreo intencional, participaron siete hombres internados en dos cárceles de Bogotá y Villavicencio, entre el 2009 y el 2010, con edad promedio de 44 años. Se utilizaron como instrumentos el cuestionario de personalidad 16 PF forma B, la entrevista semiestructurada de modus operandi, el cuestionario de variables sociodemográficas y el cuestionario de deseabilidad social de Domínguez, Salas-Menotti y Reyes (2008). Los resultados revelan que existen rasgos de personalidad comunes en al menos cinco participantes: tendencia a pensamiento concreto, inestabilidad emocional, dominancia, locus de control externo, suspicacia, nivel alto de normatividad pero asociado a dolor psicológico, estabilidad laboral y buena remuneración, estudios superiores en ciencias económicas y derecho. Son personas sin investigaciones previas, actúan solas o recurren a un mínimo de personas, sin realizar mayores conductas para encubrir los actos delictivos; cometen los delitos en un período corto de tiempo. El tiempo de condena promedio fue de 84 meses.

This research is aimed at describing criminological characteristics among a group of seven individuals sentenced for offenses against public administration. Socio-demographic variables were taken into account, as well as modus operandi (criminological variable) and personality (psychological variable). In this research of exploratory nature, with a descriptive analysis and intentional sampling, six male inmates (average age 44) of two prisons in Bogota and Villavicencio took part between 2009 and 2010. As instruments, the personality questionnaire 16 PF, form B, the semistructured interview on modus operandi, the socio-demographic variables and the social desirability questionnaire by Dominguez, Salas-Menotti and Reyes (2008) were used. The results reveal that there are personality traits commonly shared by at least five participants, such as tendency to specific, concrete thought, emotional instability, dominance, external control locus, suspiciousness, a high normativity level though associated to physical pain, work stability and good remuneration, higher education studies in economic sciences and law. These are people with no prior investigation backgrounds; they act alone or with the help of a minimum number of people, without further behaviors to cover their criminal acts. Their offenses are perpetrated in a short period of time. Average prison sentence: 84 months.

Access of high technology based medical diagnostic tool to convicted prisoners lodged in a typically large indian jail: CT scan as case study.

Computed tomography scan of whole body or part of the body is an excellent tool that has elbowed out other radiological procedures demoting their diagnostic importance. However, it is costly to install and operate successfully following the prescribed procedure of equipment maintenance, overhaul and replacement of depleted parts. Keeping this in view, this exercise was contemplated to find out if convicted prisoners lodged in jail are being discriminated at any time by denying CT scan against medical advice. A typically large Indian jail was selected because it would be reflective of similar conditions prevailing in other jails. It was found that although the prescription rate of CT scan was less in prison inmates as compared with the general population, no element of discriminatory nature or prejudice could be detected. Search on internet and other related journals yielded no result on this topic. Hence it was felt that a beginning should be made. In future large sample studies could be taken up for an authoritative work. Such a work would serve the requirement of the government for enacting policies as well as create awareness among the penitentiary officers.

Problems in Disposal of Long Staying Criminal Psychiatric Patients in Mental Hospital, Varanasi.

Aim – The purpose of the study was to assess, the problems in disposal of long stay criminal mental patients, from mental hospital Varanasi, despite of their improvements and types of crime. Method – In this study 202 criminal mental patients taken from the mental hospital Varanasi. Those patients were admitted between years of 1948-2002. Out of 202, 193 were male criminal patients and 9 were female. Patients were divided into two groups, convicted and nonconvicted. The patients were analysed on the basis, of duration of stay in hospital, despites of their fitness, types of crime, time of discharges and types of mental disorders. Results –The incidence of crime committed were significantly higher in male patient in the age group of (18-40) years 75%, nearly 53%, patients committed crime below 30 years and, 5% crime committed above the age of 50 years. Similar finding reported as (Gluecks 1943, Baldev et al 1970). 75% patients were suffering from Schizophrenia. 67% patients stayed in the mental hospital less than 5 years but remaining patient stayed more than 6 years. 2% patient stayed more than 45 years. Conclusion – A part of criminal patient stayed in the mental hospital because of legal, administrative, medical, and communication problems with respective jails.