Combined Skin Moisturization of Liposomal Serine Incorporated in Hydrogels Prepared with Carbopol ETD 2020, Rhesperse RM 100 and Hyaluronic Acid

We investigated the combined moisturizing effect of liposomal serine and a cosmeceutical base selected in this study. Serine is a major amino acid consisting of natural moisturizing factors and keratin, and the hydroxyl group of serine can actively interact with water molecules. Therefore, we hypothesized that serine efficiently delivered to the stratum corneum (SC) of the skin would enhance the moisturizing capability of the skin. We prepared four different cosmeceutical bases (hydrogel, oil-in-water (O/W) essence, O/W cream, and water-in-oil (W/O) cream); their moisturizing abilities were then assessed using a Corneometer(R). The hydrogel was selected as the optimum base for skin moisturization based on the area under the moisture content change-time curves (AUMCC) values used as a parameter for the water hold capacity of the skin. Liposomal serine prepared by a reverse-phase evaporation method was then incorporated in the hydrogel. The liposomal serine-incorporated hydrogel (serine level=1%) showed an approximately 1.62~1.77 times greater moisturizing effect on the skin than those of hydrogel, hydrogel with serine (1%), and hydrogel with blank liposome. However, the AUMCC values were not dependent on the level of serine in liposomal serine-loaded hydrogels. Together, the delivery of serine to the SC of the skin is a promising strategy for moisturizing the skin. This study is expected to be an important step in developing highly effective moisturizing cosmeceutical products.

The Effect of Mometasone Furoate Cream on Skin Barrier Function in Patients with Allergic Contact Dermatitis / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: It is unclear how the usage of topical steroid agents affects skin barrier function. OBJECTIVE: In order to follow up on previous research into this topic, we sought to investigate the effects of a 3-week application of topical mometasone cream on the alteration of skin barrier function. METHODS: Twenty-six patients who had been clinically diagnosed with allergic contact dermatitis were enrolled. Topical mometasone cream was applied to the skin lesions. Clinical symptoms, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), corneometer unit, and pH value were measured on the initial visit, 1 week after treatment, and 3 weeks after treatment, and their values were compared. RESULTS: Clinical symptoms showed improvement after topical mometasone cream was applied (p0.05). CONCLUSION: This study found that treatment with topical mometasone cream for 3 weeks has no effect on skin barrier function. We believe that this research will help determine the optimal duration and dosage of topical steroid agents used for treating allergic contact dermatitis.

The Effects of Humidifier Generating Nano-sized Water Particles on Skin Hydration and Transepidermal Water Loss of the Normal Human Skin / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Nano-sized water particles have been thought to moisturize the skin more effectively. However, clear benefits of humidifier generating nano-sized water particles on the skin have not been studied. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of humidifier generating nano-sized water particles on the skin by measuring the levels of the skin hydration state and skin barrier function with an objective, quantifiable method. METHODS: A 4-week, randomized, case-control study was conducted in 40 healthy Korean women, aged between 20 and 39, and they were divided into two groups, the experimental and control groups. The experimental group used humidifier generating nano-sized water particles for 8 hours every night, during 4 weeks. Skin hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured every week on the forehead and cheek using corneometer and tewameter, respectively. Safety evaluations were also performed at each visit. RESULTS: The baseline skin hydration and TEWL values showed no significant differences between the two groups. After 1 week of use, the experimental group showed significantly increased skin hydration values (p<0.001, p<0.0001) and decreased levels of TEWL values (p=0.017, p=0.025) as compared to the control group. During a 4-week study period, increased skin hydration and decreased TEWL were sustained in the experimental group. No adverse effects were observed in all the volunteers. CONCLUSION: These results show that humidifier, which generates nano-sized water particles, seems to positively affect skin hydration and skin barrier function. More studies and sufficient follow-up time are needed for the assessment of the humidifier generating nano-sized water particles.

Comparative Study of 20% Aluminum Chloride Solution and Botulinum Toxin A Injection in the Treatment of Patients with Primary Palmar Hyperhidrosis / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperhidrosis carries a substantial psychological and social burden. Early detection and management can significantly improve a patient's quality of life. A large number of therapeutic options are used, such as the application of topical agents, iontophoresis, sympathectomy, and botulinum toxin injection. OBJECTIVE: We aim to comprehensively evaluate the effects of botulinum toxin type A and 20% aluminum chloride on primary palmar hyperhidrosis. METHODS: A total of 55 patients with clinical diagnosis of primary hyperhidrosis were treated by botulinum toxin type A and 20% aluminum chloride solution. To prospectively assess the effects on primary palmar hyperhidrosis, we checked corneometer at baseline, 2 and 4 months later. By regular meetings with patients, including telephone interviews, we analyzed patients' subjective satisfaction scores and complaints during the follow=up periods. RESULTS: During the 2-month period, as compared with that of the control group, the level of corneometer of both groups declined. In the 4-month period, the group treated with 20% aluminum chloride sustained a lower level of corneometer. In the questionnaire, in the 2-month period, the group treated with botulinum toxin resulted in a lower level of overall treatment scores than that of the group treated with 20% aluminum chloride. However, in the 4-month period, the group treated with aluminum chloride showed lower scores. CONCLUSION: Both botulinum toxin type A and aluminum chloride solution were safe and well tolerated, producing high levels of patient satisfaction. However, considering the long-term efficacy of treatment, aluminum chloride may be a more suitable mode of treatment for primary palmar hyperhidrosis.

Effects of Beta Hydroxy Acid on the Facial Skin in Acne Patients / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Several studies demonstrated that high concentration salicylic acid (beta hydroxy acid, BHA) peels were beneficial for acne, post inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, oily skin, enlarged pores and surface roughness. OBJECTIVE: We have focused on the facial skin in acne patients after several BHA peels. METHODS: Thirty patients with acne vulgaris were included in this study. The peels were performed at 2 week intervals and sixteen patients completed a series of five peels. Stratum corneum hydration, skin surface lipid, skin pH, transepidermal water loss(TEWL) were measured at each visit and 2 weeks later after the last peel. RESULTS: The stratum corneum hydration, skin surface lipid, skin pH, TEWL did not show a statistically significant difference between the value of pretreatment and after five peels CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that BHA peels can be used to treat acne patients without disruption of normal skin function.

Effects of Lactic Acid and Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid on the Irritated Skin Reaction Induced by Sodium Lauryl Sulphate Patch Testing of Normal Persons and Atopic Dermatitis Patients / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Natural moisturizing factors such as sodium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid and lactic acid may play an important role in increasing the moisture retention of isolated stratum corneum and reducing the incidence of dry and flaky skin in vivo. Although the precise mechanism of surfactant irritancy is not fully understood, it has been suggested that barrier dysfunction of stratum corneum by surfactants results in skin changes such as scaling, erythema, and even fissuring. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effect of sodium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid(NaPCA) and lactic acid(LA) with several non-invasive measuring methods in the irritated skin reaction induced by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in normal persons and atopic dermatitis patients. METHODS: After skin irritation for 24 hours with patch test of 1% SLS on five volar sites of right forearm, we applied nothing(A), 3% LA+3% NaPCA(B), 3% LA(C), 3% NaPCA(D), and vehi cle(E) twice a day respectively. Visual score, transepidermal water loss(TEWL), water holding capa city(WHC), and erythema index were measured at 30 min, 24hr, 48hr and 72hr after patch removal. RESULTS: 1. After 72hr, the visual scores of B and C were significantly lower than that of A(control) in atopic dermatitis patients, and that of C in normal persons was significantly lower than that of A, D, and E. 2. TEWL values of B and C in both the normal (after 72hr) and atopic dermatitis group (after 48hr and 72hr) were significantly lower than that of A. 3. WHC values of B, C, D in both the normal and atopic dermatitis group were significantly higher than that of A after 48hr and 72hr. 4. After 72hr, erythema indices by Mexameter of B, C, and D in both the normal and atopic dermatitis group were significantly lower than that of A and values of C were significantly lower than that of E. In the atopic dermatitis group, values of D were also significantly lower than that of E. 5. The mean visual score was significantly correlated with TEWL value and erythema index of Mexameter (r=0.58, r=0.64) and the TEWL value was significantly correlated with erythema index of Mexameter (r=0.64). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that topical application of a moisturizing factor might improve the surfactant-induced disruption of permeability barrier with improvement of the water holding capacity of the stratum corneum.

Evaluation of Skin Surface Hydration in Diabetic Patients Using a Hydrometer and Corneometer / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a common condition, and the majority of patients have one or more cutaneous complications. Among them, xerosis is well known to be closely related to diabetics. The xerosis is inversely reflected upon skin surface hydration, the state of which can be exactly assessed with various investigating instruments, such as a hydrometer and corneometer. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to compare the hydration state of diabetics with normal persons by the use of a corneometer and hydrometer. METHODS: A total of 267 diabetics were asked whether they felt xerosis or pruritus. In a subgroup of 31 patients, the water content was evaluated and compared by the parameters of diabetic severity. Forty-one non-diabetics were selected for the normal control.

The Study on the Effect of Six Soaps on Cutaneous Irritation Measured by Noninvasive Technique / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Soaps are the most widely used body cleanser and sometimes cause irritation of the skin. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to compare the skin irritancy of 6 soaps using noninvasive techniques. METHODS: The skin responses to patch test with 6 soaps were measured by visual scoring, evaporimeter and corneometer. RESULTS: The results are summarized as follows. 1. F soap was shown to cause the least irritancy measured by visual scoring and corneometer. But using evaporimeter, there were no differences in irritancy between the 6 soaps. 2. Through correlation analysis, we found that the evaluation of the evaporimeter was closely related to visual measurement. CONCLUSION: Soap irritancy can be measured by noninvasive techniques, such as the evaporimeter, corneometer, laser doppler flowmetry and visual scoring. Further study of evaluation after short and repeat contacts with soap are needed.

Effect of Radiation on Cultured Human Normal Keratinocytes and Melanocytes / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Radiation has been used in t,he medical field of dragnosis and treatment. There is widely used ionizing radiat:ion such as naturally occuring r-rays or machine-made X-ray. This radiation is able to induce the structural and functional alterations of the mammalian cells. But we have few detailed reports on the effects of radiation on epidermal cells and their immune functions. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to investigate the effect of radiation on cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes were irradiated with 2,6, l0Gy from a Co saurce and stimulated by 100 U/ml of ekratinocyte immediately after irradiation. We investigated cell numbers and morphological changes, DNA synthesis and HLA-DR antigen expression. RESULTS: After exposure to r-ray, the proliferation of keratinocytes and melanocytes decreased in a time and dose dependent fashion to each control group. Tliey showed decreased density, a larger size and a round appearance after radiation exposure and an especially shortened and decreased number of dendrites in the melanocytes. In DNA synthesis counted using [H]-thymidine incorporation, the keratinocvtes decreased values in a dose depen(lent manner at 24 and 72 hours after irradiation but no differense was observed at 168 hours. In melanocytes, there was a greater decrease than that of keratinocytes. The melanin content/cell in all radiation exposed groups increased in a time and dose dependent fashion t,o each contr ol group. HLA-DR antigen expression on keratinocytes after radiat,ion exposure decreased to the control group, but there were no significant differences acccirding to the dose of radiation, And there were no significant diifferences of HLA-DR antigen expression on the melanocytes betweer. controls and the radiation exposed groups. CONCLUSION: Antiproliferative activity was dependent on the exposure time and dose of r-ray exposure. According to the time after radiation exposure, melanogenic activity was stimulated. The expression of HLA-DR, antigen decreased in keratinocyte after radiation exposure but there was no decrease in melanocytes.

Effect of Radiation on Cultured Human Normal Keratinocytes and Melanocytes / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Radiation has been used in t,he medical field of dragnosis and treatment. There is widely used ionizing radiat:ion such as naturally occuring r-rays or machine-made X-ray. This radiation is able to induce the structural and functional alterations of the mammalian cells. But we have few detailed reports on the effects of radiation on epidermal cells and their immune functions. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to investigate the effect of radiation on cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes were irradiated with 2,6, l0Gy from a Co saurce and stimulated by 100 U/ml of ekratinocyte immediately after irradiation. We investigated cell numbers and morphological changes, DNA synthesis and HLA-DR antigen expression. RESULTS: After exposure to r-ray, the proliferation of keratinocytes and melanocytes decreased in a time and dose dependent fashion to each control group. Tliey showed decreased density, a larger size and a round appearance after radiation exposure and an especially shortened and decreased number of dendrites in the melanocytes. In DNA synthesis counted using [H]-thymidine incorporation, the keratinocvtes decreased values in a dose depen(lent manner at 24 and 72 hours after irradiation but no differense was observed at 168 hours. In melanocytes, there was a greater decrease than that of keratinocytes. The melanin content/cell in all radiation exposed groups increased in a time and dose dependent fashion t,o each contr ol group. HLA-DR antigen expression on keratinocytes after radiat,ion exposure decreased to the control group, but there were no significant differences acccirding to the dose of radiation, And there were no significant diifferences of HLA-DR antigen expression on the melanocytes betweer. controls and the radiation exposed groups. CONCLUSION: Antiproliferative activity was dependent on the exposure time and dose of r-ray exposure. According to the time after radiation exposure, melanogenic activity was stimulated. The expression of HLA-DR, antigen decreased in keratinocyte after radiation exposure but there was no decrease in melanocytes.