3. Review and use of the literature / 医学教育

　The literature review is an essential part of all stages of research. The literature review serves different purposes at different stages of the research process. A major purpose of the literature review before starting research is to explore what is already known in an area of study, and the literature can be used as a benchmark for comparing your results with previous findings when writing the discussion section of your paper. Understanding these purposes of the literature review and appropriately utilizing the literature at each stage of research is essential for improving the quality of research.

Cinematografia e conteúdos acadêmicos de Psicologia: fortalecendo conexões e reflexões / Cinematography and academic contents of Psychology: fortifying connections and reflections / Cinematografía y contenidos académicos de Psicología: fortaleciendo conexiones y reflexiones

A transformação da produção artesanal em industrial só foi possível com a divisão do trabalho e a transformação do trabalhador total em executante de tarefas fragmentadas. Como resultado dessas transformações, muitas mudanças ocorreram nas grandes empresas; com a globalização, elas deixaram as corporações e o trabalhador em uma situação nada confortável, pois a competitividade tem lançado grandes desafios para ambos. Metodologicamente, esse trabalho baseou-se no estruturalismo de Lévi-Strauss e na análise sintática da narrativa de Greimas. Tem por objetivo aliar a revisão de alguns trabalhos acadêmicos ao filme "Em boa companhia" (2004) e mostrar que o olhar crítico, lançado pela cinematografia sobre as relações de trabalho no ambiente empresarial, pode ser um forte aliado do professor de Psicologia organizacional e do trabalho em temos de reflexão crítica...

The transition from manufactured production into production on a large scale has the objective of gains in productivity and the increasing of capital. Labor division and the conversion of the situation characterized by an "integral worker" to a new situation lead the workers to the execution of fragmented activities. Changes took place inside labor institutions that, altogether with the globalization, have caused instability inside companies, since the competitiveness has challenged both: employers and employees. Methodologically speaking, the present paper is based on Lévi-Strauss' structuralism and on Greimas' narrative analysis. It is also aimed at connecting the review of the literature of some academic writings with the film "In good Company" (2004), and show that the critical view brought by the cinematography on the labor relations might be a strong ally of the psychological organizational professor, in terms of critical reflections...

La transformación de la producción artesanal en industrial sólo fue posible con la división del trabajo y con la transformación del trabajador total en ejecutante de tareas fragmentadas. Como resultado, se produjo muchas transformaciones en las grandes empresas; con la globalización tanto las corporaciones como el trabajador se quedadron en la "cuerda floja", pues la competitividad presenta grandes desafíos a ambos. Metodológicamente, este trabajo se basa en el estructuralismo de Lévi- Strauss y en el análisis sintáctico de la narrativa de Greimas. Tiene como objetivo aliar la revisión de algunos trabajos académicos a la película "En buena compañía" (2004), y mostrar que la mirada crítica que trae la cinematografía sobre las relaciones de trabajo en ambiente empresarial, pude ser un fuerte aliado del profesor de psicología organizacional y del trabajo, en términos de reflexiones críticas...

Aprendizaje-servicio como metodología para el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico en educación superior / Learning plus service as a methodology for the development of the critical thinking in the higher education

Aprendizaje-servicio (A+S) es una metodología que nace en Estados Unidos en el año 1903 como un movimiento de educación cooperativa, que integra trabajo, servicio y aprendizaje. Esta revisión tiene por objetivo conocer el estado del arte del uso de esta metodología en diversos planes de estudio en profesiones de servicio. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos disponibles en el Sistema de Bibliotecas de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile durante noviembre del 2011. Los resultados hacen referencia a la conceptualización de aprendizaje-servicio y pensamiento crítico en la educación superior, su interrelación y modelos de implementación de A+S. Se concluye que su incorporación en la educación superior tiene impacto, debido a que otorga beneficios de las actividades de reflexión, tanto académicas (habilidades de pensamiento complejo y solución de problemas), como de desarrollo personal (clarificación de valores, autoconocimiento) y curricular...

Learning plus service is a type of methodology that emerged in the United States in 1903 as a cooperative educational movement comprising work, service and learning. The present review has the objective of finding out the state of the art of the use of this methodology in several curricula of professions for service. A search was made in the databases available in the library system of the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile on November, 2011. The results referred to the conceptualization of the service learning, and the critical thinking at the higher education, their interrelationship, and the models of the service learning implementation. It was concluded that the incorporation of this methodology in the higher education has an impact, since it brings the benefits of the reflection activities, including academic (abilities for the complex thinking and the resolution of problems), personal development (clarification of values, self-knowledge) and curricular...