Effects of Achyranthis bidentatae -Cynanchum otophyllum on oxidative stress of cerebral tissue in Parkinson ’s disease mice with syndrome of hyperactivity of liver -Yang / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of Achyranthis b identatae-Cynanchum otophyllum as core couplet medicinals of Zhengan xifeng decoction on oxidative stress of cerebral tissue in Parkinson ’s disease （PD）mice with syndrome of hyperactivity of liver-Yang. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal control group ，model group ，Zhengan xifeng decoction group，A. bidntatae group，C. otophyllum group and couplet medicinals of A. bidentatae-C. otophyllum group，with 10 mice in each group. PD model of hyperactivity of liver -Yang was established by intragastric administration of Aconitum carmichaelii decoction（4 g/kg） and intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1，2，3，6-tetrahydropyridine （25 mg/kg）. The behavioral changes and ultrastructure of substantia nigra neurons in mice were observed . The expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase （TH）positive neurons in substantia nigra were detected . The expressions of total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC），superoxide dismutase （SOD） and malondialdehyde（MDA）in substantia nigra as well as mRNA and protein expressions of nuclear factor -erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2），thioredoxin reductase 1（Trxr1），thioredoxin interacting protein （Txnip）were also determined . RESULTS Compared with model group ，PD behavior and ultrastructure of substantia nigra neurons were all improved in administration groups . The expressions of TH positive neurons ，T-AOC（except for C.otophyllum group）and SOD （except for C.otophyllum group），mRNA relative expression and protein expression levels of Nrf 2 and Trxr 1 were all increased significantly ；the expression of MDA （except for C.otophyllum group）and mRNA relative expression and protein expression levels of Txnip were all decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. Intervention effect of couplet medicinals of A. bidentatae-C. otophyllum group was better than that of A.bidntatae group and C. otophyllum group（P＜ 0.05），and the effect was similar to that of decoction group （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS The couplet medicinals of A. bidentatae-C. otophyllum can inhibit the level of oxidative stress in the cerebral tissue of PD mice with hyperactivity of liver -Yang by targeting Nrf 2，and play a protective role on the brain neurons . Its effect is better than that of A.bidntatae and C.otophyllum，and it plays the same role as that of the formula in tonifying the kidney ，softening the liver and suppressing the Yang .

Three New C21 Steroidal Glycosides from Roots of Cynanchum otophyllum / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To investigate the chemical structures of glycosides in the roots of Cynanchum otophyllum (Asclepiadaceae) and to find new glycosides. Methods: The total glycosides in the roots of C. olophyllum were separated by silica gel column chromatography. The structures of the resulting compounds were determined by NMR and FAB-MS spectra. Results: Three C21 steroidal glycosides were separated. Their structures were determined as caudatin 3-O-(4-O-methyl-β-D-cymaropyranosyl)-(1→4)-α-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1), caudatin 3-O-β-D-digitoxopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-Ddiginopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), and caudatin 3-O-β-D-diginopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), respectively. Conclusion: Glycosides 1-3 are new compounds.

Chemical constituents of ethnic medicine Cynanchum otophyllum / 中国中药杂志

In order to isolate and purify the reference compounds and improve the quality standard of ethnic medicine of Radix of Cynanchum otophyllum, the ethanol extracts were isolated by column chromatography onsilica gel, C₁₈ reverse-phase silica gel, and semi-preparative HPLC. Twelve compounds were isolated and their structures were elucidated as 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyphenylethanone(1), 4,6-dihydroxy-2-methoxyphenylethanone(2), p-hydroxyacetophenone(3), baishouwubenzophenone(4), 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone(5), 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone(6), otophylloside A(7),otophylloside B(8), caudatin-3-O-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-digitoxopyranoside(9),caudatin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-digitoxopyranoside(10),qingyangshengenin-3-O-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranoside(11),caudatin-3-O-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranoside(12) on the basis of spectral analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated from the genus Cynanchum for the first time, and compounds 3-4, 9-12 were obtained from this plant for the first time.These compounds are main active components of Radix of C.otophyllum and can be used as reference substances for the quality control of this ethnic medicine.

C21 Steroidal Saponins from Cynanchum otophyllum / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To study the chemical structures of saponins in the rhizome of Cynanchum otophyllum (Asclepiadaceae), and to find new compounds. Methods: The total saponins of the rhizome were separated by silica gel column chromatography. The chemical structures of obtained compounds were determined by NMR and FAB-MS spectra. Results: Three C21 steroidal saponins were separated. Their structures were determined as caudatin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-digitoxopyranosyl-(1→40)-β-D-digino-pyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-oleandropyranoside (1), caudatin 3-O-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-oleandropyranoside (2), and caudatin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-diginopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-oleandropyranoside (3), respectively. Conclusion: Saponins 1-3 are new compounds.

C21 Steroidal Glycosides from Acidic Hydrolysate of Cynanchum otophyllum / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To investigate the structures of compounds in the rhizome of Cynanchum otophyllum (Asclepiadaceae), and to find new C21 steroidal glycosides. Methods: The ethyl acetate extract from the rhizome was subjected to acidic hydrolysis and isolated by column chromatography; The structures of the purified compounds were determined by spectral methods. Literature search confirmed whether those compounds were of new structures. Results: Three compounds were isolated and their structures were deacetylmetaplexigenin 3-. O-β-. D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-α-. D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-α-. D-oleandropyranoside (1), deacetylmetaplexigenin 3-. O-α-. D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-. D-thevetopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-. D-oleandropyranoside (2), and deacetylmetaplexigenin 3-. O-β-. D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-α-. D-oleandropyranoside (3), respectively. Conclusion: Compounds 1-3 are new compounds.

Study on genetic diversity of Cynanchum otophyllum in Yunnan by AFLP / 中草药

Objective: To approach genetic diversity of Cynanchum otophyllum among populations, within population and seeds. Methods: AFLP molecular markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity among populations in different ecological environments, different plants, and different seeds of twins follicles. Results: The results showed that the genetic diversity within population was more abundant than that among populations. The effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei's (1973) gene diversity (H) and Shannon's Information index (I) were 1.172, 0.105, and 0.161 within population, and 1.217, 0.121, and 0.177 among populations. The seeds level had lower genetic diversity than twins' follicles level, their H and I were 0.095, 0.145 and 0.121, 0.182, separately. Conclusion: The genetic diversity of C. otophyllum in Yunnan is so lower that the protection is needed. Otherwise, in the three ecological environments discussed in Yunnan, C. otophyllum in the Chuxiong ecological environment has richer diversity than those in other regions. According to the AFLP map, a specific band consistent with Chuxiong ecological environment has been found.

Bioactive glycosides from Chinese medicines

Glycosides are the bioactive components of many famous Chinese medicines. Here reported are some bioactive glycosides we discovered from Chinese medicines in recent years. (1) Pheolic glycosides from Chinese medicines: Gastrodia elata, acontium austroynanense and Helicia erratica, three bioactive phenolic glycosides were discovered and two of them have been developed into new drugs. (2) Terpenoidal glycosides: a) Monoterpenoid: the sweroside from Swertia mollensis has been developed intro an anti-hepatitis drug; b) Diterpenoid: Phlomis betonicoides contains sweet glycoides; c) Triterpenoid: many biologically active triterpenoid glycosides were isolated from Panax plants and Siraitia grosvenorii. (3) Steroidal glycosides: a) C21-steroid: Cynanchum otophyllum and C. atratrum contain anti-epilepsy and-tumor glycosides; b) C27-steroid Hemostatic saponins were found in Paris polyphylla.

EFFECT OF TOTAL GLYCOSIDE OF CYNANCHUM OTOPHYLLUM SCHNEID ON SYNAPTOSOMAL AMINO ACID CONTENTS AND WHOLE BRAIN ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN MICE / 中国药理学通报

The total glycoside extracted from the root of cynanchum oiophy-llum schneid ( COS ) has anticonvulsant activity. Its effect on synap-tosomal amino acid contents and brain enzyme activities in mice were studied in this paper. After the ip administration of COS, the content of GABA was increased, and that of Glu and Asp decreased, in synaptosomes of both normal and TSC induced convulsant mice, while the content of Gin remained unchanged. A fall in the activities of GDH, glutaminase and asparaginase in whole brain was seen. No changes were observed in the activities of GPT, GOT and glutamine synthetase.