Depression, anxiety and defense mechanism among transgender populations / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety among transgender populations and the correlation with defense mechanism, so as to provide the evidence for improving mental health among transgender populations. @*Methods@#Transgender populations that visited Psychosexual Outpatient Department of Beijing Huilongguan Hospital for the first time from December 2020 to December 2021 were enrolled. Participants' demographics, depression, anxiety and type of defense mechanisms were collected using self-designed questionnaires, Self-rating Depression Scale, Self-rating Anxiety Scale and Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ). Factors affecting depression and anxiety were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. @*Results@#Totally 126 transgender individuals were enrolled, including 95 men (75.40%) with a mean age of (21.53±4.55) years and 31 women (24.60%) with a mean age of (23.58±5.55) years. The prevalence of depression was 46.83% among participants, including 44.07% of participants with mild depression, 30.51% with moderate depression and 25.42% with severe depression, and the prevalence of anxiety was 26.19% among participants, including 60.61% of participants with mild anxiety, 21.21% with moderate anxiety and 18.18% with severe anxiety. The detection of depression was 54.74% among men and 22.58% among women (P<0.05), and the detection of both depression (62.79% vs. 38.55%, P<0.05) and anxiety (41.86% vs. 18.07%, P<0.05) was significantly higher among transgender populations with self-injury or suicide behaviors than among those without. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that immature defense mechanisms increased the risk of depression (OR=1.034, 95%CI: 1.018-1.051) and anxiety (OR=1.031, 95%CI: 1.014-1.049) among transgender populations, while mature defense mechanisms reduced the risk of depression (OR=0.887, 95%CI: 0.832-0.946) and anxiety (OR=0.878, 95%CI: 0.821-0.938) among transgender populations.@*Conclusions@#The prevalence of depression and anxiety was 46.83% and 26.19% among transgender populations included in this study. Mature defense mechanisms are beneficial to reduce the risk of depression and anxiety among transgender populations. Key words： transgender population depression anxiety defense mechanism

Mature Defense Mechanisms Affect Successful Adjustment in Young Adulthood-Adjustment to Military Service in South Korea

OBJECTIVE: A defense mechanism is an automatic psychological process necessary for successful adaptation. It reflects adaptive capacity. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between the adaptation ability of individuals who face mandatory military service and the pattern of defense mechanisms. METHODS: The subjects were 69 men (21.4±2.2 years) who expressed psychological difficulties in three military service situations. Control group was 36 men (24.0±1.4 years) who had successfully completed military service. We examined psychiatric history, the pattern of defense mechanisms, and depression and anxiety levels. Defense mechanisms were compared between two groups. RESULTS: The maladjusted group used immature defenses more frequently than the control group did. There were no differences in the defense patterns according to diagnosis. The control group used more identification and rationalization, classified as immature defenses. The temporarily maladjusted group used more somatization, regression, and avoidance. CONCLUSION: Using mature defense mechanisms helped young adults to adapt to a particular situation. The maturity of the defense is more valuable than the psychiatric diagnosis. Some immature defenses are also helpful to adapt. We cautiously assume that some defenses can be protective or risk factors in adapting to stressful situations by young adults.

A study of role of low lying pubic tubercle in the development of inguinal hernia

Context: Hernia is defined as an abnormal protrusion of viscus through normal openings in the body. The lowness of pubic tubercle is associated with narrow origin of internal oblique muscle from lateral inguinal ligament which fails to protect the deep inguinal ring. The structural anatomy is altered i.e. the obliquity of the inguinal canal gets decreased, arching of conjoint tendon gets narrowed, and the shutter mechanism of internal oblique gets diminished leading on to the ineffective defence mechanism ending up in the development of inguinal hernia. Aim: To find out the prevalence of inguinal hernia in low lying pubic tubercle at our tertiary hospital setup. Materials and methods: The ST and SS Line measurements of the case were compared with those of controls to find out whether there was tendency of having low lying pubic tubercle in case of inguinal hernia. An attempt was also made to observe any correlation between ST segment and height, weight of the patients. The quantitative variables were summarized as mean and standard deviation while qualitative variables as percentage and proportion. To the statistical significance between the two independent two groups student ‘t’ test while in more than two groups ANOVA (one way) was applied and to show correlation Pearson’s correlation applied. The difference was considered significant when p value was less than 0.05. The statistical package used was SPSS 23. Results: This study showed that the people with low lying pubic tubercle have a reduction in efficiency of shutter mechanism of inguinal canal leading to the development of inguinal hernia. Conclusion: Group of people with low lying pubic tubercle are at high risk of developing inguinal hernia.

Do "Embelezamento dos Fatos" à "Cicatriz": Uma Investigação sobre a Fantasia em Freud / From "Embellishment of the Facts" to a "Scar": A Study about Fantasy According to Freud

RESUMO Reconhecer a função da fantasia na vida dos sujeitos possibilitou a Freud inventar a psicanálise. Desde suas pesquisas, consideram-se as fantasias como um modo de proteção à realidade insatisfatória, por permitirem embelezar fatos, tornando-os menos traumáticos. Há uma intensa variedade de fantasias no imaginário dos seres humanos, como evidenciam os relatos clínicos. Além desse imaginário, a fantasia se expressa como uma marca, "cicatriz", que determina o modo de os sujeitos estarem no mundo. Essa dimensão vai além do que se consegue dizer e, por isso, faz-se necessário um trabalho de "construção". Por considerar a relevância clínica e conceitual da noção de fantasia, este trabalho procura cernir uma lógica da fantasia em Freud, através da revisão de sua utilização do conceito.

ABSTRACT In order to recognize the function of fantasy in people's life Freud invented psychoanalysis. Since his studies, fantasies are considered as a kind of protection for unsatisfactory reality, since they made facts more beautiful and less traumatic. There is an intense variety of fantasies in the imagination of human beings, as evidenced by clinical accounts. In addition to this imagination, fantasy expresses itself also as a "scar", which determines the way people interpret the world. This dimension goes beyond what can be expressed through words, and therefore, a work of "construction" is necessary. Considering the clinical and conceptual relevance of the notion of fantasy, this work seeks to delimitate a logic of fantasy according to Freud by reviewing the way the concept is being used.

Parla Moïse! De como Freud criou o conceito de desmentido / Parla Moïse! How Freud created the concept of denial (Verleugnung) / Parla Moïse! Freud et le création du concept de déni / ¡Parla Moïse! De cómo Freud creó el concepto de denegación / Parla Moïse! Wie Freud den Begriff der Verleugnung entwickelte

O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar de que modo Freud começou a inventar o conceito de desmentido (Verleugnung) no texto “O Moisés de Michelangelo”, no qual emprega o termo segundo a trivialidade da língua alemã, para demonstrar, levando em conta as mutações que sofreu na teoria, o giro que esse mecanismo de defesa terminou operando no dispositivo de interpretação psicanalítica.

The purpose of this article is to show how Freud began to create the concept of denial (Verleugnung) in the text “Moses of Michelangelo”; in it, he uses the word according to its common sense in the German language. The article shows how this defense mechanism, due to the changes in the theory, operated a turn in the psychoanalytic interpretation mechanism.

Le but de cet article est d’illustrer la façon dont Freud commence à développer le concept de déni (Verleugnung) dans son traité « Le Moïse de Michel-Ange ¼, dans lequel il emploie le terme dans le sens trivial de la langue allemande pour montrer — tenant compte des changements que le terme va subir dans la théorie — de quelle façon ce mécanisme de défense influence le système d’interprétation psychanalytique.

El propósito de este artículo es mostrar cómo Freud empezó a inventar el concepto de denegación (Verleugnung), en el texto “El Moisés de Miguel Ángel”, en el cual se emplea este término, de acuerdo con la trivialidad de la lengua alemana, para demostrar, teniendo en cuenta las mutaciones que sufrió la teoría, el giro que ese mecanismo de defensa terminó accionando en el dispositivo de la interpretación psicoanalítica.

Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, aufzuzeigen wie Freud das Konzept der Verleugnung in seiner Abhandlung „Der Moses des Michelangelo“ zu entwickeln begann. Er verwendete dabei den Begriff im trivialen Sinn der deutschen Sprache – unter Berücksichtigung der Veränderungen die dieser Begriff in der Theorie erlitt –, um die Veränderungen darzulegen, die dieser Abwehrmechanismus auf die Struktur der psychoanalytischen Interpretation verursachte.

O mau cheiro como estratégia de sobrevivência / Stench as a survival strategy / La puanteur comme une stratégie de survie / El hedor como estrategia de supervivencia / Der Gestank als Überlebensstrategie

O presente trabalho tem como base a narrativa de um atendimento clínico, no qual a paciente procura análise, pois todos os seus relacionamentos amorosos fracassavam causando-lhe intenso sofrimento. Ao longo dos atendimentos ela diz saber o porquê desses fracassos: ela fede. Formulamos a hipótese clínica de que o mau cheiro se insere na economia psíquica da paciente como um mecanismo de defesa e, tomando o conceito de narcisismo como norteador, discutimos o papel da alucinação olfativa na sustentação psíquica da paciente.

The present paper is based on a clinical situation in which the patient seeks an analysis because all her love relationships failed causing intense suffering. Along the treatment she says that she knows why her relationships come to an end: She stinks. We formulate the clinical hypothesis that stench is inserted into the patient’s psychic economy as a defense mechanism and, taking the concept of narcissism as a guide, we discuss the role of the olfactory hallucination as a psychic support for the patient.

Ce travail est basé sur le récit d’une situation clinique dans lequel le patient cherche l’analyse a cause des echècs dans toutes ses relations amoureuses lui causant des souffrances intenses. Au cours des sessions, elle dit connaître la raison de cette condition: Elle pue. Nous formulons l’hypothèse clinique que l’odeur est insérée dans l’économie psychique du patient comme un mécanisme de défense et, en prenant le concept de narcissisme comme un guide, nous avons discuté du rôle de l’hallucination olfactive dans le soutien psychologique du patient.

El presente trabajo tiene como base la narrativa de un atendimiento clínico en lo qual la paciente busca a un análisis porque todos sus relacionamientos amorosos fallaban, generandole un gran sofrimiento. Al largo de los atendimientos ella dice saber la razón destos fracasos: ella huele mal. Hemos formulado la hipótesis clínica de que el holor malo está insertado en la economía psíquica de la paciente como un mecanismo de defensa, y tomando el concepto de narcisismo como rector, discutimos el rol de la alucinación olfativa en el sostén psíquico de la paciente.

Die vorliegende Arbeit hat als Grundlage den Bericht ueber eine klinischen Behandlung in der eine Patientie eine Analyse sucht weil alle ihre Liebesbeziehungen zerbrachen was ihr intensives Leid zufuegte. Im Zuge der Behandlung sagte sie sie wisse die Ursache dieser Fehlschlaege: sie stinkt.. Wir stellten die klinische Hypothese auf dass sich der schlechte Geruch in der “psychischen Oekonomie” der Patientin als Mechanismus der Verteidigung eingliedert und indem wir das Konzept des Narzismus als Ausrichtung nahmen, diskutierten wir die Rolle der Geruchshalluzination in der psychischen Haltung der Patientin.

The Emotional Intelligence, Defense Mechanism and Interpersonal Caring Behavior by Enneagram Personality Types in Nursing Students / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to identify the emotional intelligence, defense mechanism and interpersonal caring behavior by enneagram personality types in nursing students. METHODS: A descriptive survey design was used and data were collected using questionnaires from a sample of 263 nursing students. The data were analyzed using by t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis with SPSS 20.0. RESULTS: In the enneagram personality types, the nursing students was highly measured the type 9(Peacemaker). Emotional intelligence was significantly associated with financial status of parents, motivation of admission and satisfaction of nursing by enneagram characters. Hoping and sharing of interpersonal caring behaviors were significantly differentiated with the power type of enneagram personality. And active listening, comforting, participating of interpersonal caring behaviors were the most popular among the 9 types of personality. There was a positive correlation between emotional intelligence and interpersonal caring behavior. CONCLUSION: This study suggest that nursing students should be educated the interpersonal caring behavior program considering emotional intelligence and enneagram personality types.

Research on correlation between psychological defense mechanism and sleep quality of the empty-nesters / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the characteristics of community empty-nesters sleep quality and psychological defense mechanism,and the correlation between them.Methods 230 empty-nest elderly and 181 nonempty nesters were assessed with Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and Defense style questionnaire (DSQ).Results PSQI score of empty-nest ehlerly was (14.33±2.48),higher than that of non-empty nesters(t=17.857,P＜0.01).Factor score of immature psychological defense style in DSQ was (3.92± 1.20),for the mediate defense style was (4.49± 1.11),for the wrapping factor was (3.38± 1.92).All of them were higher than the scores for nonempty nesters,and the differences were statistically significant (t=4.463,6.937,5.404,P＜0.01).Factor score for mature psychological defense style in DSQ was (3.96±1.45),and lower than the score for non-empty nesters(t=7.472,P＜0.01).hnmature defense mechanism of empty-nest elderly was positively related with subjective sleep quality,sleep continuity,sleep disorders,using sleep medicine,dysfunction in the daytime,and the total score in PSQ1 (r=0.533,0.145,0.605,0.521,0.497,0.734).Mature defense mechanism was negative related with sleep latency,sleep continuity,and the total score in PSQI (r=-0.129,-0.542,-0.104).The mediate defense meehanism was positively related with subjective sleep quality,sleep latency and the total score in PSQI (r=0.186,0.294,0.131),while negative related with sleep efficiency(r=-0.188).The wrapping factor had a positive correlation with subjective sleep quality,using sleep medicine and the total score in PSQI (r=0.440,0.431,0.564).Conclusion Empty-nesters tend to adopt immature defense styles,and most of them have a poor sleeping,which are closely related with each other.

Cyanobacterial defense mechanisms against foreign DNA transfer and their impact on genetic engineering

Cyanobacteria display a large diversity of cellular forms ranging from unicellular to complex multicellular filaments or aggregates. Species in the group present a wide range of metabolic characteristics including the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, resistance to extreme environments, production of hydrogen, secondary metabolites and exopolysaccharides. These characteristics led to the growing interest in cyanobacteria across the fields of ecology, evolution, cell biology and biotechnology. The number of available cyanobacterial genome sequences has increased considerably in recent years, with more than 140 fully sequenced genomes to date. Genetic engineering of cyanobacteria is widely applied to the model unicellular strains Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. However the establishment of transformation protocols in many other cyanobacterial strains is challenging. One obstacle to the development of these novel model organisms is that many species have doubling times of 48 h or more, much longer than the bacterial models E. coli or B. subtilis. Furthermore, cyanobacterial defense mechanisms against foreign DNA pose a physical and biochemical barrier to DNA insertion in most strains. Here we review the various barriers to DNA uptake in the context of lateral gene transfer among microbes and the various mechanisms for DNA acquisition within the prokaryotic domain. Understanding the cyanobacterial defense mechanisms is expected to assist in the development and establishment of novel transformation protocols that are specifically suitable for this group.

The study of the psychological defence and coping style of the depression episode sufferers / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To study the psychological defence (PD) and coping style (CS) of the patients suffering depressive episode (DE).Methods 104 cases of the experimental group and 104 cases of the control group,which were stratified sampled,had been investigated by applying defensive style questionnaire (DSQ),coping style questionnaire(CSQ).Results The total score of the immature PD of the experimental group(5.19±0.73) was significantly higher (t =2.93,P＜ 0.05) than that of the control group (4.41 ± 0.76).In the immature mechanism,withdrawal,somatization,avoiding,passive aggression were significantly higher,but the complaints and fantasy were significantly lower.The total score of mature PD of the experimental group(4.49±0.61) was significantly lower (t=-6.02,P＜0.01) than that of the control group(6.01±0.85).For the mature mechanism,sublimation and humor were lower and the repression was higher.And for the CS,problem solving,consulting and rationalization scores were significantly lower than those of the control group(t=-4.58,P＜0.01 ; t=-4.49,P＜0.01; t=-4.01,P＜0.01).The self-accusation,retreat scores were significantly higher than those of the control group(t=8.21,P＜0.01; t=5.31,P＜0.01).Conclusion Patients suffering DE are apt to use immature PD and CS.To increase the therapeutic effect,the style of the patients' PD and CS should be highlighted,and it is necessary to take steps to guide the patients to use mature PD and CS.

O homem dos ratos, Schreber e Kafka: destinos possíveis para a hostilidade / The rat man, Schreber and Kafka: possible vicissitudes to hostility / El hombre de los ratones, Schreber y Kafka: destinos posibles para la hostilidad

A clínica psicanalítica impõe a observação, por vezes muito presente em determinados quadros, das tendências hostis que aparecem de forma manifesta ou fantasiada. Partindo dessa constatação e sustentado na releitura dos textos freudianos, este trabalho propõe uma reflexão sobre as tendências agressivas e suas implicações na clínica da neurose obsessiva e da paranoia, já que entendemos que a intensidade da hostilidade nessas patologias se coloca, muitas vezes, como um impasse para o tratamento. Os quadros clínicos serão exemplificados por meio do caso do Homem dos Ratos e da história de Schreber. Posteriormente, passaremos a discutir dois textos de Kafka, a fim de indicar uma saída para a elaboração da hostilidade no sentido de simbolizar e de sublimar as tendências agressivas...

The psychoanalytical practice demands the observation of acted or fantasized hostile tendencies which are very common in certain cases. We believe that the intensity of hostility has an increase in cases like obsessive neurosis and paranoia and often become an impediment to treatment. Considering such matters and based on Freud's texts, this paper proposes a reflection on the aggressive tendencies and their implications in the treatment of obsessive neurosis and paranoia. The clinical frames will be exemplified by The Rat Man and the history of Schreber. Subsequently we will discuss two texts of Kafka, to indicate an answer to the elaboration of hostility towards symbolization and sublimation of the aggressive tendencies...

La clínica psicoanalítica impone la observación, algunas veces muy presente en determinados cuadros, de las tendencias hostiles que aparecen de forma manifiesta o fantaseada. Partiendo de esa constatación y sostenido en la relectura de los textos freudianos, este trabajo propone una reflexión sobre las inclinaciones agresivas y sus implicaciones en la clínica de la neurosis obsesiva y de la paranoia, ya que entendemos que la intensidad de la hostilidad en esas patologías se coloca, muchas veces, como un impasse para el tratamiento. Los cuadros clínicos serán ejemplarizados por medio del caso del Hombre de los Ratones y de la historia de Schreber. Posteriormente, pasaremos a discutir dos textos de Kafka, con el fin de indicar una salida para la elaboración de la hostilidad en el sentido de simbolizar y de sublimar las inclinaciones agresivas...

Defense mechanisms in cardiovascular disease patients with and without panic disorder / Mecanismos de defensa en pacientes cardiópatas con y sin crisis de angustia

Introduction Throughout the investigation of psychosocial factors in cardiovascular diseases, type A personality, anger, hostility, anxiety, and depression have been proved to participate in this kind of sufferings. Cardiac patients exposed more frequently to life stressing events than patients who do not suffer a cardiac disease might lack adaptive coping defense mechanisms to protect them or use maladaptive defense mechanisms that facilitate the pathogenic effects of anxiety. Few studies have been done in Mexico related to psychological defense mechanisms; none of them was related to medically ill patients. In the present study, the use of defense mechanisms by cardiac patients with panic disorder (panic attack) was compared to the use of defense mechanisms by patients that present similar cardiovascular pathologies but without mental disorders. Material and method The present investigation was made as a comparative and explanatory study with a nonexperimental design. The sample was constituted by two groups: one of 33 cardiac patients diagnosed with panic attack and another group, used as control, of 30 cardiac outpatients without psychiatric disorder; all attended the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez (Mexico City). The 63 cardiac patients were evaluated using the Structured Interview for the Diagnosis of Axis I, Hamilton's Anxiety Scale, Hopkins's 90 Symptom Checklist and the Defensive Styles Questionnaire, self-report instrument whose reliability and validity has been established for Mexican patients with panic disorder. The statistical analysis was made through chi-square test, Student's t test, Pearson correlation and a gradual multiple regression analysis. Results Within the group of cardiac patients with panic attack, 72.73% were female patients and 27.27% male, with an average age of 38.52 ± 14.18 years and 5.73 ± 2.75 years of schooling. The group of cardiac patients used as control was formed by 30 subjects also in its majority female (56.7%), with an age of 45.27 ± 14.51 years and an average of 5.67 ± 3.31 years of schooling. The patients of the group with panic disorder had higher levels of anxiety and used more maladaptive defense mechanisms, such as social isolation and inhibition, tended to use more somatization and less the adaptive defenses (suppression, work orientation, sublimation, affiliation and humor), in comparison to the group without mental disorder. The criteria for panic disorder (DSM-IV) correlated directly with somatization; the ones from major depression correlated directly with regression and inversely with humor and socioeconomical level; the score in Hamilton's Anxiety Scale with maladaptive defenses as social isolation, acting out and somatization; the SCL-90 with the maladaptive defenses acting out, projection and regression. The multiple regression analysis determined that regression and somatization contributed to the panic disorder symptomatology, and leads to major depressive disorder; projection, somatization and social isolation to anxiety's intensity and reaction formation, humor, regression, fantasy, inhibition, projective identification, passive aggression and omnipotence in general to the psychiatric symptoms. Discussion The greater use of maladaptive defenses by the cardiac patients group with panic disorder allows to conclude that low level defenses are related to the symptoms of this mental disorder. This group showed relation between levels of anxiety, psychological discomfort and the use of maladaptive defenses such as social isolation, inhibition and somatization, tending to isolate themselves and presenting in a corporal or <> form, through somatization, many physical symptoms. The observation of the use by cardiac patients without mental disorder of suppression, work orientation, sublimation, affiliation and humor, all of them adaptive defenses, reinforces this conclusion.

Introducción Gracias a la investigación de los factores psicosociales de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, se ha demostrado la participación de la conducta tipo A, enojo, hostilidad, aislamiento social, estrés, ansiedad y depresión en este tipo de padecimientos. La depresión asociada con frecuencia al infarto agudo del miocardio incrementa el riesgo de morir; los niveles altos de angustia se asocian al aumento en el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria y muerte súbita. Los pacientes cardiópatas expuestos a sucesos estresantes de la vida con más frecuencia que los pacientes que no padecen cardiopatía pueden carecer de mecanismos de defensa y afrontamiento adaptativos que los protejan o bien usan mecanismos de defensa desadaptativos que facilitan los efectos patogénicos de la ansiedad. En México se han realizado pocos estudios respecto a los mecanismos psicológicos de defensa y no hay estudios acerca del tema en pacientes médicamente enfermos. Conocer la forma en que el sujeto afronta su enfermedad permitiría una intervención psicoterapéutica oportuna en los pacientes médicos con el objetivo de mejorar su adaptación psicosocial y quizás su supervivencia. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio es comparar el uso de los mecanismos de defensa de los pacientes cardiópatas con trastorno de angustia (crisis de angustia) con el de pacientes con patología cardiovascular similar pero sin trastornos mentales. Material y método Se realizó un estudio de tipo comparativo y explicativo con un diseño no experimental. La muestra estuvo constituida por dos grupos, uno de 33 pacientes cardiópatas diagnosticados con crisis de angustia y otro grupo, utilizado como control, de 30 sujetos cardiópatas sin trastorno psiquiátrico; todos acudían a Consulta Externa del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Los 63 pacientes cardiópatas fueron evaluados utilizando la Entrevista Estructurada para el Diagnóstico del Eje I, la Escala de Ansiedad de Hamilton, la Lista de 90 Síntomas de Hopkins y el Cuestionario de Estilos Defensivos, instrumento autoaplicable que evalúa mecanismos de defensa adaptativos y desadaptativos del que se ha establecido su confiabilidad y validez en pacientes mexicanos con trastorno de angustia. El análisis estadístico se realizó a través de la chi cuadrada, t de Student, correlación de Pearson y un análisis de regresión múltiple gradual. Resultados Dentro del grupo de cardiopatías con crisis de angustia, 72.73% eran pacientes femeninos y 27.27% masculinos, con edad promedio de 38.52 ± 14.18 años y 5.73 ± 2.75 años de escolaridad. El grupo de pacientes cardiópatas, que se utilizó como control, estuvo constituido por 30 sujetos, también en su mayoría femeninos (56.7%), de 45.27 ± 14.51 años de edad con promedio de 5.67 ± 3.31 años de escolaridad. Los pacientes del grupo con trastorno de angustia tuvieron niveles más altos de ansiedad y utilizaron más mecanismos de defensa desadaptativos como aislamiento social e inhibición, tendieron a usar la somatización y utilizaron menos defensas adaptativas (supresión, orientación al trabajo, sublimación, afiliación y humor), en comparación con el grupo sin trastorno mental. Los criterios del trastorno de angustia (DSM-IV) se correlacionaron con la somatización; los de la depresión mayor, directamente con la regresión e inversamente con el humor y con el nivel socioeconómico; la puntuación de la Escala de Ansiedad de Hamilton, con defensas desadaptativas como aislamiento social, exoactuación y somatización; el SCL-90, con las defensas desadaptativas exoactuación, proyección y regresión. El análisis de regresión múltiple determinó que la regresión y la somatización contribuyeron a la sintomatología del trastorno de angustia, el consumo en el trastorno depresivo, la proyección, somatización y aislamiento social en la intensidad de la angustia y la formación reactiva, humor, regresión, fantasía, inhibición, identificación proyectiva, pasivo-agresividad y omnipotencia en la sintomatología psiquiátrica general. Discusión El mayor uso de defensas desadaptativas por parte del grupo de pacientes cardiópatas con trastorno de angustia permite concluir que las defensas de bajo nivel se relacionan con los síntomas de este trastorno mental. Este grupo mostró relación entre los niveles de ansiedad y malestar psicológico y la utilización de defensas desadaptativas como el aislamiento social, inhibición y somatización. Asimismo, tendió a aislarse y a manifestar en forma corporal o <>, a través de la somatización, muchos síntomas físicos. La observación de que los pacientes cardiópatas sin trastorno mental utilizaron la supresión, orientación al trabajo, sublimación, afiliación y humor, todas ellas defensas adaptativas, refuerza esta conclusión.

Mediating effect of psychological defense mechanism between personality and depression or anxiety in postgraduate entrance re-examinee / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To study the mediating effect of psychological defense mechanism between personality and depression or anxiety in postgraduate entrance re-examinee. Methods 496 examinee in entrance re-examination of medical postgraduate were investigated by applying Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMsion and anxiety(r=0. 107 ～0. 668, P＜0.05). Psychological defense mechanism was remarkably correlated with depression and anxiety(r= -0. 090 ～ -0.666, P＜0.05;r=0. 131 ～0. 663, P＜0.01). Personality was significantly correlated with psychological defense mechanism (r = - 0. 158 ～ - 0. 586, P ＜ 0.01;r = 0.125 ～ 0.532, Psion, anxiety factor, explicit anxiety, and fear (21.6%, 43.8%, 35.7%, 65.7%). Conclusion Personality is a remarkable predictor of depression and anxiety,and has indirect and direct influence on depression and anxiety through psychological defense mechanism.

Analysis of Defense Mechanism in 40 Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To explore the characteristics of defense mechanism in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD).Methods Outpatients diagnosed as OCD were tested by Yale-Brown obsessive Compulsive Scale. Among them, 40 patients with score beyond or equal to 16 were selected as research group. 33 healthy individuals were selected as normal group. They were tested with Defense Style Questionnaire.Results ①The factor score of immature defense mechanisms in the OCD group is much higher than that in the normal group (P<0.01); the factor score of mature defense mechanisms in the OCD group is lower than that in the normal group (P<0.05); the factor score of middle defense mechanisms in the OCD group is much higher than that in the normal group (P<0.01). ②Passive aggression, acting out, splitting, regression, somatization in the immature defense mechanisms and relief, false altruism, isolation in the middle defense mechanisms are much more used by the OCD group than that in the normal group; but suppression and humor in the mature defense mechanisms are less used by the OCD group than that of the normal group(P<0.05 or P<0.01). ③Sublimation, suppression and consuming tendency are much more used in male patients than female ones in OCD group(P<0.05).Conclusion The patients with OCD tend to use the immature defense mechanisms and middle defense mechanisms, and there is some difference between male and female patients in using defense mechanisms.

Study on the defense styles in patients with hysteria / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore psychological defense mechanism and its relationship with personality in patients with hysteria(HyS). Method Both HyS patients (n=30) and normal control(NC, n=66) comple-ted Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ) . Results The scores of projection, isolation, somatization and the factor scores of immature defenses were significantly higher in HyS pa-tients(3.64±1.45, 5.63±2.29,5.33±2.36 and 4.74±1.27, respectively) than those in NC [(2.61±1.09,4.33±2.02, 3.86±1.60 and 3.98±0.91, respectively) (all P<0.01)]. The scores of undoing, idealization, pseudo-altruism and the factor scores of neurotic defenses were also significantly higher in HyS patients compared with NC(P<0.01). The scores of suppression, humor and the factor scores of mature defenses and the lie were found lower significantly in HyS patients compared with NC (P<0.05). The scores of the neuroticism, psychoticism and lie subscale of EPQ in HyS patients were significantly higher than that of NC(P<0.01). The scores of extro-vert subscale were not found difference significantly between HyS patients and NC. The results of correlation analy-sis showed that the scores of the psychoticism subscale of EPQ in HyS patients correlated negatively with the factor scores of mature mechanism and the scores of suppression. Conclusion The HyS patients were more likely than the normal control to endorse the immature mechanism and neurotic defense and less likely to endorse the mature mechanism, which related with unhealthy personality, especially the psychoticism.

The Ego Defense Mechanism of North Korean Defectors in South Korea / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of present study was to explore the differences of ego defense mechanisms between South Koreans, North Korean defectors in South Korea and Korean-Chinese in South Korea, and the correlations between ego defense mechanisms and perceptions of socio-cultural characteristics of these three groups. METHODS: The Defense Style Questionnaire and the Socio-Cultural Characteristic Questionnaire were administered to 100 South Koreans, 93 North Korean defectors and 86 Korean-Chinese. 21 North Korean defectors and 10 Korean-Chinese in South Korea were interviewed regarding the questionnaire results of the study. RESULTS: North Korean defectors used more active defense styles and emotion repressive defense styles than South Koreans. Korean-Chinese used more passive defense styles than North Korean defectors and South Koreans. North Korean defectors scored significantly higher than South Koreans on 'denial', 'splitting', 'withdrawal', 'suppression', 'altruism', 'task orientation' and 'anticipation' in the Defense Style Questionnaire. The defense styles were significantly related to the socio-cultural characteristics of the three countries. CONCLUSION: From our results it was inferred that there are differences in the defense styles among three groups, and the socio-cultural characteristics have effects on defense mechanisms. On the gasis of the results of this study, the direction of future study was discussed.

A Study on MBTI Personality Type and Defense Mechanism of Nursing College Student / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this study is to provide a useful insight for developing effective teaching and student counseling methods by understanding the relationship between four preference patterns of MBTI personality types and EWHA defense mechanisms of nursing college students. METHOD: The data used in this research were collected administrating EWHA defense mechanism test and MBTI personality type instrument to 195 nursing students in the period of November 3 through September 16 in 2000. Collected data were analysed by pc-SPSS 10.0. RESULT: Three general conclusions were drawn from the study results: (1) in terms of personality type, 'Extraversion', 'Sensing', 'Thinking', and 'Judgement' types showed high frequency respectively; (2) in terms of defense mechanism, 'Identification' showed the highest score, and then 'suppression' scored next followed by 'Humor'. However, 'Acting out' showed the lowest average score, and then 'Projection' followed by 'Denial'; (3) Based on the relationship between defense mechanism and four MBTI preference patterns, it can be drawn that students with the preference of 'Extraversion' usually use defense mechanism of 'Altruism', 'Sublimation', 'Distortion', 'Controlling', and 'Humor'. In comparison, students with the preference of 'Introversion' often use the defence mechanism of 'Evasion' and 'Projection'. CONCLUSION: The study results can be utilized in both fields of education and counseling: (1) in the field of education, this study can provide a basis for developing a suitable teaching method for each personality types of nursing students; (2) for counseling practitioners, the results of this study provide the useful insights to understand nursing college students' communication skills, behavior patterns, and ability of coping with problems in the process of counseling.

The Defense Mechanism and the Changes after the Treatment of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective: To explore the defense mechanism of patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder(OCD)and to measure the changes in defense mechanisms after the treatment. Methods: Before and after 10- week psychotherapy , 26 patients with OCD were assessed with the Defense Style Questionnaire(DSQ)and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale(Y-BOCS); DSQ were also used to test 26 normal subjects. Results: (1)The scores of immature mechanism factor (4.5?0.8)were significantly higher in OCD patients than in normal(3.0?0.5),the scores of mature mechanism factor(5.0?0.8)were significantly lower in OCD patients than in normal (5.7?0.7); (2)After 10- week psychotherapy the scores of immature mechanism factor(4.0?0.9)were significantly lower than before (4.5?1.0),the scores of mature mechanism factor(5.7?0.7)were significantly higher than before (5.0?0.9).Conclusion: OCD patients often use immature mechanism, but after psychotherapy, they can use more mature mechanism.

Personality Factor and Defense Machanism in Social Phobia Patients / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of personality factor and defense mechanism and to compare the difference between non-offensive and offensive types of social phobia patients. METHODS: Study subjects consisted of 28 social phobia patients diagnosed with the criteria of DSM-IV. Data were collected through Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and Ehwa Diagnostic Test of Defense Mechanism. We employed was the independent sample t-test for the analysis. RESULT: Among the personality factor, the shyness/boldness factor scored lower than normal in social phobia patients. Humor drfense scored lower than normal among defense mechanisms. There was no significant correlation between non-offensive and offensive types of social phobia in personality factors and defense mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: Social phobia patients were shier and less frequently used humor defense than the ordinary people. There was no significant correlation between non-offensive and offensive types of social phobia patients in personality factors and defense mechanisms.

A Study of Personality Factor and Defense Mechanism in Panic Disorder Patients / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of personality factor and defense mechanism and relationship with depression and social disability. METHODS: Study subjects consisted of 35 panic disorder patients diagnosed with the criteria of DSM-IV. Data were collected through Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, Ehwa Diagnostic Test of Defense Mechanism, Beck Depression Inventory and Sheehan Disability Scale. Statistics employed for the analyses were Pearson correlation and independent sample t-test. RESULTS: In personality factors and defense mechanisms, there were no definitely abnormal range of scores. But, among personality factors, tension/anxiety factor scored high and unstableness/stableness, shyness/boldness and praxernia/atunia were in low range of score. In defense mechanism, somaticzation and acting-out scored high and humor, suppression, altruism, avoidance and rationalization scored low. The mean BDI score was 18.25+/-9.97. The mean score of SDS were 4.88+/-3.11 in work category and 4.57+/-2.92 in social/leasure category. Male patients were significantly correlated with guit-proneness and atuia in personality factor and passive- aggressiveness, projection, denial and show-off in defense mechanism, compared with female patients (p<0.05). The patients' age was correlated with low intelligence in persolity factor and dissociation and anticipation in defense mechanism. It was negatively correlated with show-off (p<0.05). The BDI score was correlated with low intelligence, superego, unstableness, self-conflict, high superego and atunia in personality factor and dissociation and somatization in defense mechanism (p<0.05). There was a significant relationship between BDI score and SDS work category (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Panic disorder patients show high score of tension/anxiety factor and they frequently use neurotic defense style like somatization. The depressive symptom, which depends on symptom severity, appears to have influence on work category and to cause social disability.