Résumé
The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare exercise addiction (EA) between runners, cyclists, swimmers, and triathletes. Took part in this study 39 runners, 32 cyclists, 30 swimmers and 38 triathletes. Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS), and the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) was used to evaluate the EA and classified the participants into: at-risk for EA, nondependent-symptomatic, and nondependent-asymptomatic. Most participants were classified as nondependent symptomatic for EA. The EDS total score was significantly lower in the swimmers compared to the cyclists and triathletes and the EAI total score was significantly higher for cyclists compared to runners. Therefore, in both instruments, the majority of participants was nondependent symptomatic for EA.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar a dependência ao exercício (DE) entre corredores, ciclistas, nadado-res e triatletas. Participaram do estudo 39 corredores, 32 ciclistas, 30 nadadores e 38 triatletas. As escalas Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS) e Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) foram usadas para a ava-liação da DE e classificaram os participantes em três categorias: em risco de DE, não dependente sintomático e não dependente assintomático. A maioria dos participantes foram classificadas como não dependentes sintomáticos para DE. O escore da EDS foi significativamente menor nos nadadores comparado aos ciclistas e triatletas e o escore total da EAI foi significantemente maior nos ciclistas comparado aos corredores. Portanto, em ambos os ins-trumentos, a maioria dos participantes foi não dependente sinto-mático para DE.
El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar y comparar la adicción al ejercicio (AE) entre corredores, ciclistas, nadadores y triatletas. Participaron de este estudio 39 corredores, 32 ciclistas, 30 nadadores y 38 triatletas. La Escala de Dependencia al Ejercicio (EDS) y el Inventario de Adicción al Ejercicio (EAI) fueron utilizados para evaluar la AE y clasificaron a los participantes en tres categorías: en riesgo de AE, no dependiente-sintomático y no dependiente-asintomático. La mayoría de los participantes se clasificaron como no dependiente-sintomático para AE. La puntuación EDS fue significativamente menor en nadadores en comparación con ciclistas y triatletas y la puntuación EAI total fue significativamente mayor en ciclistas en comparación con corredores. Por lo tanto, en ambos instrumentos, la mayoría de los participantes eran sintomáticos no dependientes para AE.
Résumé
The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare exercise addiction (EA) between runners, cyclists, swimmers, and triathletes. Took part in this study 39 runners, 32 cyclists, 30 swimmers and 38 triathletes. Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS), and the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) was used to evaluate the EA and classified the participants into: at-risk for EA, nondependent-symptomatic, and nondependent-asymptomatic. Most participants were classified as nondependent symptomatic for EA. The EDS total score was significantly lower in the swimmers compared to the cyclists and triathletes and the EAI total score was significantly higher for cyclists compared to runners. Therefore, in both instruments, the majority of participants was nondependent symptomatic for EA (AU).
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar a dependência ao exercício (DE) entre corredores, ciclistas, nadadores e triatletas. Participaram do estudo 39 corredores, 32 ciclistas, 30 nadadores e 38 triatletas. As escalas Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS) e Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) foram usadas para a avaliação da DE e classificaram os participantes em três categorias: em risco de DE, não dependente sintomático e não dependente assintomático. A maioria dos participantes foram classificadas como não dependentes sintomáticos para DE. O escore da EDS foi significativamente menor nos nadadores comparado aos ciclistas e triatletas e o escore total da EAI foi significantemente maior nos ciclistas comparado aos corredores. Portanto, em ambos os instrumentos, a maioria dos participantes foi não dependente sintomático para DE (AU).
El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar y comparar la adicción al ejercicio (AE) entre corredores, ciclistas, nadadores y triatletas. Participaron de este estudio 39 corredores, 32 ciclistas, 30 nadadores y 38 triatletas. La Escala de Dependencia al Ejercicio (EDS) y el Inventario de Adicción al Ejercicio (EAI) fueron utilizados para evaluar la AE y clasificaron a los participantes en tres categorías: en riesgo de AE, no dependiente-sintomático y no dependiente-asintomático. La mayoría de los participantes se clasificaron como no dependiente-sintomático para AE. La puntuación EDS fue significativamente menor en nadadores en comparación con ciclistas y triatletas y la puntuación EAI total fue significativamente mayor en ciclistas en comparación con corredores. Por lo tanto, en ambos instrumentos, la mayoría de los participantes eran sintomáticos no dependientes para AE
Sujets)
Humains , Endurance physique , Sports , Athlètes , Entrainement d'enduranceRésumé
Introducción: El consumo de drogas es un problema de salud que se presenta con mayor frecuencia en la población joven, pues su prevalencia aumenta cada día. En la actualidad existe preocupación sobre la percepción de riesgo del consumo de drogas en estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo: Describir la percepción de riesgo sobre el consumo de drogas en estudiantes universitarios de la provincia Manabí en Ecuador. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva y transversal; universo de 787 estudiantes universitarios de la provincia Manabí en Ecuador. La muestra quedó conformada por 259 estudiantes. Se utilizó la encuesta como técnica de recolección de datos. Como instrumento de investigación se utilizaron las encuestas escolares sobre el uso indebido de drogas de la oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la droga y el delito. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva para el procesamiento de los datos. Resultados: Se obtuvo una media de edad de 22,37 años, predominio del sexo femenino (65,25 %) y de estudiantes que consumen algún tipo de droga (79,92 %). El 91,30 % refirió consumo de drogas lícitas (tabaco 43,63 % y alcohol 61,39 %); el 31,26 % consumían drogas medicamentosas y el 23,29 % drogas ilícitas; de ellos, el 85,42 % refirió consumo de marihuana. El 32,04 % tenía una percepción baja sobre el riesgo de consumo de drogas. Conclusiones: En el grupo de estudiantes universitarios de la provincia Manabí que son investigados, existe un aumento del consumo de drogas lícitas, medicamentosas e ilícitas debido a una percepción deficiente del riesgo de consumo de estas sustancias.
Introduction: Drug use is a health problem that occurs more frequently in the young population; its prevalence increases every day. Currently, there is concern about the perception of risk of drug use in university students. Objective: Describe the risk perception of drug consumption in university students from the Manabí province in Ecuador. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional research; universe of 787 university students from the Manabí province in Ecuador. The sample was made up of 259 students. The survey was used as a data collection technique. The School Surveys on Drug Abuse from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime were used as a research instrument. Descriptive statistics were used to process the data. Results: An average age of 22.37 years was obtained, predominance of the female sex (65.25%) and students who consume some type of drug (79.92%). 91.30% reported consumption of legal drugs (tobacco 43.63% and alcohol 61.39%); 31.26% used medicinal drugs and 23.29% used illicit drugs; Of them, 85.42% reported marijuana use. 32.04% had a low perception of the risk of drug use. Conclusions: In the group of university students from the Manabí province who are investigated, there is an increase in the consumption of licit, medicinal and illicit drugs due to a poor perception of the risk of consumption of these substances.
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@#Objective To analyze the expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs(lncRNA)in hippocampus of alcoholdependent mice induced by double-bottle selective drinking.Methods The alcohol-dependent mouse model was established by double-bottle selective drinking method,and the control group was set up(drinking water). Three male mice with alcohol preference more than 60% and alcohol consumption more than 10 g/(kg·24 h)in alcohol group and random three male mice in control group were selected,of which bilateral hippocampal brain tissues were isolated and stored in liquid nitrogen. LncRNA and mRNA of mouse hippocampal brain tissue RNA samples were sequenced by using Agilent-084388 microarray,and the differential expression of lncRNA in samples was detected by using ncRNA microarray. The biological processes and signaling pathways involved in differential expression of lncRNA were clustered and enriched by Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was used to predict the coding genes co-expressed by each differentially expressed lncRNA. Hypergeometric distribution test was used to calculate the significance of differential gene enrichment in each corresponding transcription factor item,and Cytoscape software was used to draw a visual network diagram.Results Compared with the control group,totally 855 lncRNAs(FC ≥ 2. 0,P < 0. 05)were differentially expressed in the hippocampus of mice in alcohol group,of which 337 lncRNAs were up-regulated significantly,with NONMMUT025786.2 and NONMMUT072246.2 being the most up-regulated,and 518 significant downward adjustments were observed,with the largest downward adjustments being NONMMUT113098.1 and NONMMUT076455.1. There were 361 mRNAs differentially expressed in the two groups(FC ≥ 2. 0,P < 0. 05)with 271 mRNAs up-regulated significantly and 90 significant downward adjustments,among which,the most obvious up-regulated were Upf3b and Zfp943,and Adamts 13 and Ift 27 showed the largest downward adjustments. The differential expression of lncRNAs was most obvious in the positive regulation of cell surface,GTPase activity and cell vesicle transport;The main signaling pathways involved were propanoate metabolism,taurine metabolism,extracellular matrix receptor interaction and AMPK signaling pathway. The most abundant transcription factors were FOXL1 and LHX3,with 25 and 21 corresponding co-expressed genes,respectively.Conclusion Through high-throughput gene expression profile microarray analysis,the possible key regulatory sites of lncRNAs and mRNAs were obtained,which provided experimental basis for research of the molecular mechanism of alcohol dependence in the hippocampus.
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Objective@#To investigate the nicotine dependence of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who smoke and analyze its influencing factors, so as to provide insights into targeted smoking cessation interventions for smoking COPD patients.@*Methods@#The smoking COPD patients were selected from three hospitals in Lanzhou City using the convenience sampling method from October 2022 to April 2023. Demographic data, smoking status, and willingness to quit smoking were collected using questionnaire surveys. Nicotine dependence was assessed according to Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. The influencing factors of nicotine dependence in smoking COPD patients were analyzed using a multiple linear regression model.@*Results@#A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed, and 171 valid questionnaires were collected, with a response rate of 85.50%. The median age was 48.00 (interquartile range, 10.00) years. There were 158 males, accounting for 92.40%; 53 cases with a college degree or above, accounting for 30.99%. The median smoking duration was 15.00 (interquartile range, 11.00) years. There were 73 patients (42.69%) smoking 21 to 30 cigarettes per day, and 159 patients (92.98%) with the willingness to quit smoking. The median nicotine dependence score was 3.00 (interquartile range, 1.00) points. There were statistically significant differences in nicotine dependence scores among smoking COPD patients with different ages, educational levels, occupations, interpersonal relationships, smoking duration, daily cigarette consumption, awareness of smoking hazards and willingness to quit smoking (all P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that nicotine dependence was related with educational level (β=-0.251), interpersonal relationship (β=-0.246), smoking duration (β=0.038), daily cigarette consumption (β=0.518) and willingness to quit smoking (β=-0.173) among smoking COPD patients (all P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The nicotine dependence among smoking COPD patients was influenced by educational level, interpersonal relationships, smoking duration, daily cigarette consumption and willingness to quit smoking.
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Objective:To investigate the association of risky drinking and decision-making ability among off-spring of fathers with alcohol dependence(OFAD).Methods:A case-control study was conducted according to the cutoff of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test(AUDIT)(delimited as 7).OFAD were divided into"risky drinking group"(n=29)and"non-risky drinking group"(n=43).The Iowa Gambling Task(IGT)was used to e-valuate the decision-making ability.Covariance analysis was used to compare differences of IGT between the two groups,and multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the association between risky drinking and decision making ability.Results:There was no significant difference in total scores of IGT between the risky drinking group and the non-risky drinking group(P＞0.05).Risky drinking group had less Selection 2 in block 5 of IGT[(3.8± 2.5)v.s.(5.7±3.1),P＜0.05]than non-risky drinking group.Selection 2 in block 5 was still associated with risky drinking after controlling the covariates(OR=0.72,95％CI:0.57～0.90,P＜0.05).Conclusion:This study indicates that risky drinking group in offspring of parents with alcohol dependence may have better decision-making ability.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of mobile phone dependence on suppression control under the conditions of emotional loss and cognitive loss in college students.Methods:A total of 553 college students were recruited,and 108 in the mobile phone dependence group and 194 in the non-dependent group were screened with the Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale(MPATS).Ninety-nine of them were selected to participate in experi-ment 1,and the effect of emotional loss on the inhibitory control,and 101 students were selected to participate in ex-periment 2 to investigate the effect of cognitive loss on the inhibitory control.The GO/NOGO paradigm was used to compare the correct rate and response of different mobile phones dependent on college students under different emo-tional and cognitive depletion conditions.Results:In experiment 1,the main effect of emotional loss was statistically significant[F(1,55)=6.16,178.91;Ps＜0.05],the inhibition control accuracy rates were lower and reaction tim-es were shorter in the high emotional loss group than in the low emotional loss group.In experiment 2,the main effect of the group was statistically significant[F(1,57)=17.90,19.06;Ps＜0.001],the accuracy rates of inhibi-tion control were lower and the inhibition control reaction times were longer in the mobile phone-dependent group than in the non-dependent group.The interaction between groups and cognitive loss types was statistically significant[F(1,57)=7.95,P＜0.01],and the inhibition control accuracy rates of the mobile phone-dependent group were lower under high cognitive loss.Conclusion:Emotional loss and cognitive loss could reduce the inhibition and con-trol ability of individuals,and the mobile phone dependence group is more likely to be affected in the case of cogni-tive loss.
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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the psychological dependence of the extrasynaptic GABAA receptor(GABAAR)agonist gaboxadol and compare it with the synaptic GABAAR modulator midazolam in the two-bottle free-choice model of mice.METHODS ① Male C57BL/6J mice were ig administered with vehicle,midazolam(59.0,73.7,92.2,115.2,144.0 and 180.0 mg·kg-1)or gaboxadol(8.4,10.5,13.1,16.4,20.5,25.6 and 32.0 mg·kg-1),and the loss of righting reflex was observed.The median effective dose(ED50)was obtained from the dose-response curve.② A two-bottle free-choice model was used to find out whether gaboxadol and midazolam induced preference behavior in mice.The mice were divided into normal control,gaboxadol or midazolam groups.During the habituation stage(the first day to the third day,D1-D3),both test and vehicle bottles contained water.During the trail stage(D4-D5),4%sucrose solution was provided in both bottles.During the test stage(D6-D15),test bottles contained vehicle,gaboxadol(3.9×10-6 mol·L-1)or midazolam(1.4×10-5 mol·L-1)in sucrose solu-tions,while other bottles contained the corresponding vehicle in sucrose solutions.Bottles were placed on the two sides of the home cage,to which mice had free access,and their consumption from each bottle was recorded daily.Total consumption,accumulated daily consumption,relative consumption,and accumulated relative consumption during the test stage were calculated.The weight of the mice was also recorded.RESULTS ① Midazolam and gaboxadol dose-dependently increased the rate of loss of right reflex in mice,with ED50 of 105.3 mg·kg-1(95%CI:96.4-115.2 mg·kg-1,R2=0.9796),13.7 mg·kg-1(95%CI:12.6-15.0 mg·kg-1,R2=0.9773),respectively.② Compared with the normal control group,there was no significant difference in the total consumption in the gaboxadol and midazolam groups.Compared to the vehicle bottles,the daily consumption from test bottles in the midazolam group increased significantly on D11-D15 of the test stage(P<0.05),while daily consumption from gaboxadol test bottles was significantly higher than that of vehicle bottles(P<0.01).Compared with the normal control group,the daily relative consumption in the gaboxadol group was significantly increased on D9(P<0.05),and the accumulative relative consumption was significantly higher than in the normal control group(P<0.01).There was no significant change in body weight across the groups over the test stage.CONCLU-SION Like midazolam,gaboxadol exhibits psychological dependence potential in a two-bottle free-choice model.
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ObjectiveBased on fluorescence lifetime imaging technology, a novel method for viscosity detection is proposed and the capability of different weighting of fluorescence lifetimes in distinguishing the viscosity of glycerol-water mixtures is evaluated, aiming to enhance the accuracy and reliability of viscosity differentiation. MethodsThis approach incorporates the principles of electronic weighting, introducing both amplitude-weighted average fluorescence lifetime (τm) and intensity-weighted average fluorescence lifetime (τi). Viscosity changes in glycerol-water mixtures are detected through τm and τi. τm Reflects the relationship between fluorescence signal amplitude and time, while τi focuses on the time-varying characteristics of fluorescence signal intensity. ResultsThe results of both τm and τi mutually corroborate each other, not only enhancing the reliability in detecting viscosity changes in glycerol-water mixtures but also revealing their unique roles in the detection process. Although τm plays a crucial role in capturing changes in fluorescence signal amplitude, τi exhibits higher accuracy in viscosity detection when considering the time-varying characteristics of fluorescence signal intensity. It is particularly noteworthy that, due to τi’s greater sensitivity, microenvironment viscosity detection can be directly analyzed using τi. This provides a more convenient approach for real-time, highly sensitive microfluidic viscosity monitoring. Therefore, through the comprehensive utilization of τm and τi, a more thorough and accurate understanding of the viscosity information in glycerol-water mixtures can be obtained, and specific parameters can be selected for in-depth analysis based on specific needs. ConclusionThe combination of amplitude weighting and intensity weighting allows for a more sensitive identification of subtle changes in viscosity under different conditions. The innovation of this method lies in its simultaneous consideration of multiple parameters, enhancing sensitivity and distinguishability to variations in viscosity. Therefore, this weighted-dependent fluorescence lifetime imaging technique not only introduces a novel approach for viscosity detection in glycerol-water mixtures but also provides a powerful analytical tool for various fields, including microfluidics, rheology, and research on novel functional materials.
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INTRODUÇÃO: O tabagismo é considerado uma doença crônica de dependência da nicotina e um fator de risco para doenças graves como câncer e doenças cardiovasculares, além de ser uma das principais causas de mortes evitáveis no mundo. Os programas de controle do uso do tabaco atingiram um bom resultado nas últimas décadas, com a redução do número de fumantes. Contudo, verifica-se que o tratamento medicamentoso e comportamental não apresenta 100% de eficácia, com recaídas e efeitos colaterais para o fumante. Novos desafios foram impostos após a pandemia da COVID-19, principalmente no setor da saúde, no qual a preocupação com os impactos na saúde dos trabalhadores e das trabalhadoras ficou em evidência. Nesse cenário, foi verificada a importância de cuidar dos que mais se expuseram aos efeitos nocivos desse período, voltando o olhar não somente para transtornos a nível psíquico dessa parcela populacional, mas também para a promoção da qualidade de vida do trabalhador, principalmente do trabalhador que apresenta um comportamento de risco em saúde, como por exemplo, o trabalhador tabagista. A aromaterapia, uma Prática Integrativa e Complementar em Saúde apoiada em evidências de efetividade clínica nas mais diversas condições clínicas, foi proposta como intervenção neste grupo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade da aromaterapia na dependência de nicotina em trabalhadores tabagistas. MÉTODO: Estudo piloto, clínico, randomizado, duplo-cego que utilizou dois óleos essenciais, piper nigrum e angelica archangelica, por meio de inalação, em dois grupos de trabalhadores da saúde, para avaliar o efeito desses óleos nos níveis de dependência do tabagismo. Os desfechos avaliados foram o nível de dependência de nicotina (desfecho primário), mensurado por meio do Teste de Fagerstrom, e a medida da carga tabágica (desfecho secundário) do participante. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em um período de 30 dias nas dependências de um hospital universitário da cidade de Belo Horizonte/MG com uma população de 29 trabalhadores tabagistas. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio do programa SPSS versão 21.0 e as mudanças nos níveis de dependência da nicotina e de carga tabágica no estudo foram avaliadas utilizando o teste de Wilcoxon emparelhado. As associações entre as variáveis categorizadas foram feitas por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. A efetividade dos óleos essenciais entre os grupos foi realizada pelo Teste de Mann-Whitney. Para todos os testes, foi fixado o nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Os grupos aleatorizados foram semelhantes entre si na maioria das variáveis analisadas (p>0,05). Houve diminuição tanto da carga tabágica quanto no teste de dependência à nicotina após a intervenção com os óleos essenciais em ambos os grupos (p<0,05), com o grupo Angélica iniciando a pesquisa com um grau moderado de dependência no Teste de Fagerstrom e carga tabágica moderada, e ao final demonstrando uma baixa dependência e carga tabágica baixa. Da mesma maneira, o grupo Pimenta-preta exibiu uma baixa dependência de nicotina e carga tabágica baixa no teste inicial e após a intervenção, uma baixíssima dependência. Dois participantes do sexo masculino, cada um de um grupo avaliado, alcançou a abstinência. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) no tamanho do efeito em relação ao tipo de óleo essencial utilizado. CONCLUSÃO: Os óleos essenciais utilizados na pesquisa foram efetivos na redução da dependência da nicotina e na diminuição da carga tabágica dos sujeitos avaliados. Não houve diferença significativa entre o efeito dos OE do grupo controle em relação ao grupo experimental.
INTRODUCTION: Smoking is considered a chronic nicotine addiction disease and a risk factor for serious illnesses such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, as well as being one of the main causes of preventable deaths worldwide. Tobacco control programs have achieved good results in recent decades, with a reduction in the number of smokers. However, drug and behavioral treatment is not 100% effective, with relapses and side effects for smokers. New challenges have been imposed following the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in the health sector, where concerns about the impact on workers' health have been highlighted. In this scenario, the importance of caring for those who have been most exposed to the harmful effects of this period has been verified, looking not only at the psychological disorders of this population, but also at promoting the quality of life of the worker, especially the worker who presents a health risk behavior, such as the smoking worker. Aromatherapy, an Integrative and Complementary Health Practice supported by evidence of clinical effectiveness in a wide range of clinical conditions, was proposed as an intervention for this group. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of aromatherapy on nicotine dependence in workers who smoke. METHOD: A pilot, clinical, randomized, double-blind study using two essential oils, piper nigrum and angelica archangelica, by inhalation, in two groups of health workers, to evaluate the effect of these oils on levels of smoking dependence. The outcomes assessed were the level of nicotine dependence (primary outcome), measured using the Fagerstrom Test, and the measure of the participant's smoking load (secondary outcome). The study was carried out over a period of 30 days on the premises of a university hospital in the city of Belo Horizonte/MG with a population of 29 workers who were smokers. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS program version 21.0 and changes in levels of nicotine dependence and smoking load in the study were assessed using the paired Wilcoxon test. Associations between the categorized variables were made using Pearson's chi-square test. The effectiveness of the essential oils between the groups was assessed using the Mann-Whitney test. A significance level of 5% was set for all tests. RESULTS: The randomized groups were similar in most of the variables analyzed (p>0.05). There was a decrease in both smoking load and nicotine dependence after the intervention with essential oils in both groups (p<0.05), with the Angelica group starting the study with a moderate degree of dependence in the Fagerstrom test and moderate smoking load, and at the end showing low dependence and low smoking load. Similarly, the Black Pepper group exhibited a low nicotine dependence and low smoking load in the initial test and after the intervention, a very low dependence. Two male participants, each from an evaluated group, achieved abstinence. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in effect size in relation to the type of essential oil used. CONCLUSION: The essential oils used in the study were effective in reducing nicotine dependence and the smoking burden of the subjects evaluated. There was no significant difference between the effect of EOs in the control group and the experimental group.
Sujets)
Thérapies complémentaires , Résultat thérapeutiqueRésumé
The infiltration of water in the soil, and its variation in space, is essential to establish the irrigation schedule for crops and to evaluate the possible degrading effects on the soil. The objective was to develop an integrated processing methodology in Rstudio to identify the spatial variability of the accumulated infiltration, in two phases related to pea crops. Field sampling was carried out on a rectangular mesh with 48 points per moment, using double infiltrometer rings. The data were evaluated by means of geostatistical tools adjusted with programming code in Rstudio, defining the relationships between the magnitudes of the accumulated infiltration, for different test instants, without the need to make statistical adjustments to the normality of variables, discriminated over a period between 1 and 80 minutes. The results suggest the existence of spatial variability of the accumulated infiltration in the two evaluated phases, considering that most of the analyzed data were adjusted to multiple variance models, maintaining a degree of spatial dependence, and validating the effectiveness of the adjusted methodology developed and implemented. The spatial relationships were corroborated by means of contour maps, where the spatial variation of the accumulated infiltration between the two identified cultivation moments was observed. The reliability of the interpolation by the Ordinary Kriging method was verified by generating variance maps, establishing the degree of homogeneity of the interpolation. The variability of infiltration confirms the validity of the adjusted methodology implemented.
La infiltración del agua en el suelo y su variación espacial es fundamental para establecer la programación de riego en los cultivos y evaluar los posibles efectos degradativos en el suelo. El objetivo fue desarrollar una metodología de procesamiento integrado en Rstudio, para identificar la variabilidad espacial de la infiltración acumulada, en dos fases para un cultivo de arveja. El muestreo de campo se adelantó sobre una malla rectangular georreferenciada con 48 puntos, por cada momento, utilizando anillos infiltrómetros dobles. Los datos fueron evaluados por medio de herramientas geoestadísticas, ajustadas con código de programación en Rstudio, definiendo las relaciones entre las magnitudes de la infiltración acumulada, para diferentes instantes de prueba, sin la necesidad de realizar ajustes estadísticos de normalidad de variables, discriminados en un periodo entre 1 y 80 minutos. Los resultados sugieren la existencia de variabilidad espacial de la infiltración acumulada en las dos fases evaluadas, considerando que, la mayoría de los datos analizados, se ajustaron a múltiples modelos de semivarianza, manteniendo grados de dependencia espacial, particularmente, respecto al máximo valor acumulado de infiltración, validando la eficacia de la metodología ajustada. Las relaciones espaciales fueron corroboradas con mapas de contorno, en donde se observó la variación espacial de la infiltración acumulada entre los momentos de cultivo identificados. La confiabilidad de la interpolación por el método Kriging ordinario, se verificó mediante la generación mapas de varianza, estableciendo el grado de homogeneidad de la interpolación. La variabilidad de la infiltración confirma la validez de la metodología ajustada implementada.
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Resumen El presente artículo reporta un estudio que busca identificar el estilo cognitivo en la dimensión de independencia-dependencia de campo en una población estudiantil universitaria y establecer sus asociaciones con el género y la carrera que cursan. La muestra total fue de 1.379 estudiantes (797 mujeres y 582 hombres), de tres universidades del área metropolitana de Manizales, Colombia, de 18 carreras profesionales, quienes respondieron la prueba SG-EFT que permite identificar el nivel de independencia de campo. Se llevaron a cabo pruebas t de Student y análisis de varianza para examinar diferencias por género y carrera. Los resultados indican diferencias significativas en los puntajes de la prueba por carrera universitaria en independencia del género, y a su vez, se discuten en relación con resultados previos y sus implicaciones para la construcción del perfil del estudiante en cada carrera.
Abstract This paper reports a study that seeks to identify the cognitive styles, in the field independence-dependence dimension, in a university student population and to establish its associations with gender and career. The total sample consisted of 1.379 students (797 females and 582 males) from three universities in the metropolitan area of Manizales (Colombia), from 18 professional careers, who answered the SG-EFT test which measures levels of field independence. Analyses of variance and t- Student tests were carried out to examine differences by gender and career. Significant differences in the SG-EFT scores were found regarding career choice, independently of gender. Results are discussed with respect to previous findings and their implications for the construction of the student profile in each career.
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El artículo presenta la versión de la prueba EfT desarrollada por Sawa sobre las figuras Gottschaldt, como indicador de la capacidad de reestructuración perceptual y del estilo cognitivo en la dimensión de independencia- dependencia de campo. Se examina la consistencia interna del instrumento, su validez estructural y de constructo a partir de los datos recogidos en cuatro diferentes estudios en los que ha sido aplicado (n = 6.530). Los resultados indican altos niveles de consistencia interna y adecuados niveles de validez estructural del instrumento. La validez de constructo se determina mediante el examen de los comportamientos de la prueba frente al sexo y el grado/edad. Los resultados demuestran que el instrumento se comporta de acuerdo con lo esperado en el constructo. Por último, se presentan los baremos del instrumento
This paper presents the version of the Embedded Figures Test (EfT) that Sawa developed using Gottschaldt's figures. The test indicates the perceptual restructur- ing ability and the field dependence-independence dimension of cognitive style. The instrument's internal consistency and its structural and construct validity are examined using data collected in four previous studies in which the test was administered (n = 6.530). Results show high levels of internal consistency and adequate levels of structural validity. The construct validity was determined by examining the instrument's behavior regarding sex and grade/age. Results indicate that the test behaves as expected considering the construct. Finally, the instrument's norms are presented
O artigo apresenta a versão do teste EfT, desenvol- vida por Sawa sobre as figuras de Gottchaldt, como indicador da capacidade de reestruturação perceptiva e, do estilo cognitivo na dimensão independência- -dependência do campo. A consistência interna do instrumento, sua validade estrutural e sua validade de construto são examinadas a partir dos dados co- letados em quatro diferentes estudos em que o teste foi aplicado (n = 6.530). Os resultados indicam altos níveis de consistência interna e níveis adequados de validade estrutural do instrumento. A validade de cons- truto é determinada examinando os comportamentos de teste em relação ao gênero e nível de escolaridade/ idade. Os resultados indicam que o instrumento se comporta conforme o esperado no construto. Por fim, são apresentadas as escalas do instrumento.
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Objective To investigate the related factors of nursing dependence in bladder cancer patients with urinary diversion and abdominal wall stoma.Methods The clinical data of 120 patients with bladder cancer undergoing abdominal ostomy with urinary diversion in the hospital from June 2020 to June 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.The self-esteem scale,the civilian version of the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale,the Personal Sense of Control Scale,and the Nursing Care Dependence Scale were used to evaluate the self-esteem level,post-traumatic stress disorder level,personal sense of control level and nursing dependence degree of patients,and carry out univariate and multivariate regression analysis on the influencing factors of nursing dependence in patients with bladder cancer urinary diversion and abdominal stoma.Results The total score of nursing dependence in 120 bladder cancer patients with urinary diversion and abdominal wall stoma was 56.95±7.94.The lowest score was activity,followed by excretion and cleanliness.Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in the nursing dependence scores of patients with different age,marital status,educational level,work status,per capita monthly income,and comorbidities(P＜0.05);the patients'self-esteem,the civilian version of the Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale,and the Personal Sense of Control Scale scores were 25.08±2.59,46.04±5.72,24.18±2.95,respectively;after multi-factor a-nalysis,it can be seen that age,education level,comorbidities,self-esteem level,post-traumatic stress obstacles and personal control finally entered the regression equation as factors influencing dependence on care for pa-tients with urinary diversion abdominal wall stoma for bladder cancer(P＜0.05).Conclusion Bladder cancer patients with urinary diversion abdominal wall stoma have the highest degree of dependence on nursing care for mobility,excretion and cleaning.Age,education level,complications,self-esteem,post-traumatic stress dis-order,and personal sense of control are related factors that affect the degree of dependence on nursing care.
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ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with auricular acupoints patches and nicotine transdermal patch in treating moderate to severe nicotine dependence. MethodsIn a rando-mized controlled trial， 64 quit smoking voluntary subjects with moderate to severe nicotine dependence were randomly divided at a ratio of 1∶1 into a treatment group and a control group， with 32 cases in each group. The treatment group was given acupuncture combined with auricular acupoints patches， twice weekly， four weeks as a course for two courses. The control group was given nicotine transdermal patch， one patch per day for 24 hours， 8 weeks. The cure rate was assessed after treatment and at follow-up （the 16th week after treatment）.The daily smoking volume， exhaled carbon monoxide （CO） value， Nicotine Dependence Scale （FTND）， Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms Scale （MNWS）， and Pittsburgh Sleepiness Index Inventory （PSQI） were evaluated before and after treatment and at follow-up， and adverse effects were recorded. ResultsIn terms of the cure rate， there were both six cured cases （20%） after treatment and at follow-up in the treatment group， while in the control group， seven （23.3%） and five （16.7%） patients were cured after treatment and at follow-up， respectively， with no statistically significant differences between the two groups both after treatment and at follow-up （P＞0.05）. The daily smoking volume and exhaled CO value significantly decreased after treatment and at follow-up in both groups （P＜0.05）， but were not significantly different between the groups after treatment and at follow-up （P＞0.05）. After treatment and at follow-up， FTND， MNWS， and PSQI scores were significantly reduced in both groups compared with those before treatment （P＜0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in the FTND scale scores between the two groups after treatment and at follow-up （P＞0.05）， while the MNWS and PSQI scale scores were lower in the treatment group than in the control group （P＜0.05）. ConclusionAcupuncture combined with auricular acupoint patches for moderate to severe nicotine dependence has comparable effect with the first-line drug nicotine patch in terms of increasing the cure rate and decreasing the degree of nicotine dependence， and is superior to nicotine patch in terms of relieving withdrawal symptoms and improving sleep， with stable long-term effect.
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Morphine is a frequently used analgesic that activates the mu-opioid receptor(MOR),which has prominent side effects of tolerance.Although the inefficiency of morphine in inducing the endocytosis of MOR underlies the development of morphine tolerance,currently,there is no effective therapy to treat morphine tolerance.In the current study,we aimed to develop a monoclonal antibody(mAb)precisely targeting MOR and to determine its therapeutic efficacy on morphine tolerance and the underlying molecular mechanisms.We successfully prepared a mAb targeting MOR,named 3A5C7,by hybridoma technique using a strategy of deoxyribonucleic acid immunization combined with cell immunization,and identified it as an immunoglobulin G mAb with high specificity and affinity for MOR and binding ability to antigens with spatial conformation.Treatment of two cell lines,HEK293T and SH-SY5Y,with 3A5C7 enhanced morphine-induced MOR endocytosis via a G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2(GRK2)/β-arrestin2-dependent mechanism,as demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining,flow cytometry,Western blotting,coimmunoprecipitation,and small interfering ribonucleic acid(siRNA)-based knock-down.This mAb also allowed MOR recycling from cytoplasm to plasma membrane and attenuated morphine-induced phosphorylation of MOR.We established an in vitro morphine tolerance model using differentiated SH-SY5Y cells induced by retinoic acid.Western blot,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays,and siRNA-based knockdown revealed that 3A5C7 mAb diminished hyperactivation of adenylate cyclase,the in vitro biomarker of morphine tolerance,via the GRK2/β-arrestin2 pathway.Furthermore,in vivo hotplate test demonstrated that chronic intrathecal administration of 3A5C7 significantly alle-viated morphine tolerance in mice,and withdrawal jumping test revealed that both chronic and acute 3A5C7 intrathecal administration attenuated morphine dependence.Finally,intrathecal electroporation of silencing short hairpin RNA illustrated that the in vivo anti-tolerance and anti-dependence efficacy of 3A5C7 was mediated by enhanced morphine-induced MOR endocytosis via GRK2/β-arrestin2 pathway.Collectively,our study provided a therapeutic mAb,3A5C7,targeting MOR to treat morphine tolerance,mediated by enhancing morphine-induced MOR endocytosis.The mAb 3A5C7 demonstrates promising translational value to treat clinical morphine tolerance.
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Mindfulness-based psychotherapy was developed from mindfulness-based psychotherapy,including mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy,mindfulness-based cognitive therapy,dialectical behavior therapy,acceptance and commitment therapy.Mindfulness therapy alleviates the symptoms of mental illness by regulating the cognitive and emotional systems.A large number of studies have shown that mindfulness therapy is helpful in the treatment of depression,anxiety,substance dependence,post-traumatic stress disorder,eating disorder,schizophrenia,bipolar disorder and other mental diseases.The therapeutic effect in depression and anxiety is the same as that of first-line treatment,which provides a new idea for the treatment of mental diseases.
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Objective:To investigate the prevalence of alcohol use disorder in adult residents in Ningxia and related factors,and to provide scientific evidence for intervention.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,multi-stage sampling was administrated.According to the diagnostic criterion of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder,Fourth Edition(DSM-Ⅳ),face-to-face interview in household was carried out using Composite Interna-tional Diagnostic Interview in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.The prevalence of alcohol use disorder and the re-lated factors were analyzed.Results:In 4 085 residents who completed the survey,the 12-month prevalence of alco-hol use disorder was 1.2％,and the life-time prevalence rate was 3.5％.The twelve-month prevalence rates of alco-hol abuse and alcohol dependence were 1.1％and 0.6％,respectively,and the life-time prevalence rates of them were 2.8％and 1.2％,respectively.Comparing with control population,male(OR=10.84,95％CI:2.88-40.87),age groups of 18 to 29 years old(OR=3.67,95％CI:1.27-10.59),30 to 39 years old(OR=5.12,95％CI:1.98-13.24),and 40 to 49 years old(OR=3.82,95％CI:1.45-10.06),secondary school(OR=3.07,95％CI:1.22-7.75),high school or above(OR=3.13,95％CI:1.21-8.12),smoking(OR=3.00,95％CI:1.34-6.70)and body pain(OR=1.88,95％CI:1.05-3.36)were risk factors of alcohol use disorder.Conclusions:The prevalence of alcohol use disorder in different populations distribute dissimilarly in Ningxia.Males,middle-aged and young people,smokers,and those with physical pain should be key objects of intervention for alcohol use disorders.
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The adverse effects of prolonged screen exposure on infants, children, and adolescents have been confirmed by a growing number of studies.Without early detection and intervention, these adverse effects may persist throughout a child′s growth and development.The period of preschool is a critical time for children′s neurological development and the adverse neurological damage caused by heavy screen exposure during this period should be taken seriously.This paper introduces the current situation of children′s electronic screen use in China and abroad, the definition of screen dependency disorders, focuses on the specific effects of prolonged screen dependency on the neurological development of preschool children and its possible mechanisms, and discusses early intervention measures with evidence-based medicine, aiming to provide a reference for the scientific use of electronic screens in preschool children.
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Objective:To investigate the effects of educational level on smoking cessation in patients with moderate to severe tobacco dependence, explore effective individualized smoking cessation methods, and increase smoking cessation rate.Methods:A total of 480 patients with moderate to severe tobacco dependence who were willing to quit smoking and received treatment in the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital from January to December 2020 were included in this study. They were divided into four groups ( n = 120/group) according to their educational level: group A (elementary school and below), group B (junior high school and senior high school), group C (technical secondary school or college), and group D (university and above). All patients were randomly assigned to undergo "5A" intervention alone or "5A" intervention combined with varenicline intervention (combined intervention). Patients' awareness of the health risks of tobacco smoking was compared among the four groups. The smoking cessation rate measured at different time points was compared between different intervention strategies. Results:The scores of health risk of tobacco smoking in groups D, C, B, and A were (806.5 ± 35.7) points, (710.8 ± 26.2) points, (643.6 ± 43.4) points, and (512.4 ± 30.1) points, respectively. Patients with high education levels had high awareness of the health risk of tobacco smoking ( F = 1 543.26, P < 0.001). At 1, 3, and 6 months, the smoking cessation rate of combined intervention was higher than that of "5A" intervention alone in each group (group A: χ2 = 3.85, 4.23, 4.10, group B: χ2 = 4.30, 4.09, 4.60, group C: χ2 = 6.81, 4.30, 4.03, group D: χ2 = 6.71, 6.51, 4.73, all P < 0.05). The smoking cessation rate after 6 months of "5A" intervention alone or combined intervention in group D was 60.0% and 78.3% respectively, which were significantly higher than 41.7% and 60.0% in group C, 23.3% and 41.7% in group B, and 20.0% and 36.7% in group A ( χ2 = 26.59, 26.12, both P < 0.001). At different time points, the smoking cessation rates of the "5A" intervention alone in group D were significantly higher than those of combined intervention in groups A and B ( χ2 = 9.25, 25.04, 7.29, all P < 0.05). Conclusion:Awareness of the health risks of tobacco smoking is related to a patient's educational level, and affects smoking cessation. Individualized smoking cessation interventions based on a patient's educational level can increase the rate of smoking cessation.