Brachiopods, sipunculans, enteropneusts and metals from two estuarine tidal flats, Pacific, Costa Rica / Braquiópodos, sipuncúlidos, enteropneustos y metales en dos planicies estuarinas de marea, Pacífico, Costa Rica

Abstract:Reports on the abundances and on metal concentrations in intertidal estuarine invertebrates from the Eastern Tropical Pacific are rare. Thus, the objectives of this report are to make accessible data on the abundances (1984-1987, 49 dates; 2013, 12 dates) of sipunculans, brachiopods and hemichordates from a sand-mud flat; and on trace metals (1996, 2000) and abundances (2015, 3 dates) of sipunculans and brachiopods at a sand flat in the Gulf of Nicoya estuary (10o N-85o W). Cores (17.7 cm2) were collected at the sand-mud flat, and quadrats (0.2 m2) at the sand flat. The flats contrasted in their sand (65 % vs 90 %) and silt+clay (31.5 % vs 5.6 %) contents. At the sand-mud flat (1984-87: 1.83 m2) the sipunculans were represented by 13 individuals, the brachiopods by 129 and the acorn worms by 185, with estimated maximum densities of: 5.7, 29, and 40 ind./m2, respectively. Trace metal (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Zn, and Pb) analysis (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) were conducted in specimens of Sipunculus nudus (Sipuncula) and Glottidia audebarti (Brachiopoda). Maximum mean concentrations in S. nudus were: For non-depurated worms, Fe (16.0 mg/g dw) > Mn (165 µg/g dw) > Zn (81 µg/g dw) > Cu (26 µg/g dw) > Cr (11 µg/g dw) > Ni (10.4 µg/g dw) > Pb (9.3 µg/g dw) > Cd (1.2 µg/g dw). For 72 hour depurated worms: Fe (5.0 mg/g dw) > Mn (61 µg/g dw) > Zn (39 µg/g dw) > Cu (24 µg/g dw) > Ni (8.4 µg/g dw) > Pb (2.7 µg/g dw) > Cd (0.62 µg/g dw). For G. audebarti: Fe (1.6 mg/g dw-soft parts) > Zn (123.5 µg/g dw-soft parts) > Cu (31.4 µg/g dw-pedicles) > Pb (21.0 µg/g dw-shells) > Cd (5.2 µg/g dw-soft parts) > Cr (4.7 µg/g dw-shells). For sediments; Fe (46 mg/g dw) > Mn (41.3 µg/g dw) > Zn (63 µg/g dw) > Cu (36.2 µg/g dw) > Cr (31.5 µg/g dw) > Pb (21.1 µg/g dw) > Ni (16.1 µg/g dw) > Cd (1.1 µg/g dw). These concentrations were expected for a nonindustrialized estuary. At the sand flat (Area sampled: 10.6 m2 ) 76 individuals of G. audebarti, 112 of G. albida, and 366 of S. nudus were collected in 2015, with estimated maximum densities of: 7.1, 10.5, and 31 ind./m2, respectively. Densities of G. audebarti and G. albida were relatively low, while those of S. nudus were relatively high when compared with other reports. The shell lenght of G. audebarti ranged from 9.0 mm to 38.0 mm and from 6.0 mm to 29.0 mm for G. albida. These ranges were within those found for these lingulides elsewhere. The mean length of S. nudus was 41 mm and the maximum weight was 1.6 g, which are small. No brachiopods were found at the sand-mud flat in 2013, nor enteropneusts at the sand flat in 2015. G. audebarti had a relatively stable presence, while G. albida almost vanished from the samples at the end of 2015. The spatial distributions of the three invertebrates were found aggregated at both intertidal flats. Strong ENSO warming events during 1983 and 2015, and red tides in 1985 may have influenced the abundances. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1311-1331. Epub 2016 September 01.

ResumenSon raros los reportes sobre las abundancias y concentraciones de metales en invertebrados estuarinos de la zona de entre-mareas del Pacífico Este Tropical. Los objetivos de este informe son el hacer accesibles datos sobre las abundancias (1984-1987, 49 fechas; 2013, 12 fechas) de sipuncúlidos, braquiópodos y hemicordados en una planicie arenoso-fangosa y sobre metales traza (1996, 2000) y abundancias (2015, 3 fechas) de sipuncúlidos y braquiópodos en una planicie arenosa en el estuario del Golfo de Nicoya (10o N-85o W). Barrenos (17.7 cm2) fueron recolectados en la planicie arenoso-fangosa y cuadrantes (0.2 m2) en la arenosa. Las planicies contrastaron en sus contenidos de arena (65 % vs 90 %) y de limo + arcilla (31.5 % vs 5.6 %). En la planicie arenoso-fangosa (1984-87: 1.83 m2) los sipuncúlidos estuvieron representados por 13 individuos, los braquiópodos por 129 y los hemicordados enteropneustos por 185, con densidades estimadas de: 5.7, 29, y 40 ind. /m2, respectivamente. Análisis de metales traza (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Zn, y Pb) por Espectrometría de Absorción Atómica (AAS) fueron hechos en especímenes de Sipunculus nudus (Sipuncula) y Glottidia audebarti (Brachiopoda). Concentraciones máximas promedio en S. nudus fueron: para gusanos no-depurados, Fe (16.0 mg/g dw) > Mn (165 µg/g dw) > Zn (81 µg/g dw) > Cu (26 µg/g dw) > Cr (11 µg/g dw) > Ni (10.4 µg/g dw) > Pb (9.3 µg/g dw) > Cd (1.2 µg/g dw). Para gusanos depurados por 72 horas: Fe (5.0 mg/g dw) > Mn (61 µg/g dw) > Zn (39 µg/g dw) > Cu (24 µg/g dw) > Ni (8.4 µg/g dw) > Pb (2.7 µg/g dw) > Cd (0.62 µg/g dw). Para G. audebarti: Fe (1.6 mg/g dw-partes suaves) > Zn (123.5 µg/g dw-partes suaves) > Cu (31.4 µg/g dwpedículos) > Pb (21.0 µg/g dw-conchas) > Cd (5.2 µg/g dw-partes suaves) > Cr (4.7 µg/g dw-conchas). Para sedimentos; Fe (46 mg/g dw) > Mn (41.3 µg/g dw) > Zn (63 µg/g dw) > Cu (36.2 µg/g dw) > Cr (31.5 µg/g dw) > Pb (21.1 µg/g dw) > Ni (16.1 µg/g dw) > Cd (1.1 µg/g dw). Estas concentraciones fueron esperables para un estuario no industrializado. En la planicie arenosa (Area muestreada: 10.6 m2) 76 individuos de G. audebarti, 112 de G. albida y 366 de S. nudus fueron recolectados en el 2015, con densidades estimadas de: 7.1, 10.5, y 31 ind. /m2, respectivamente. Densidades de G. audebarti y G. albida fueron relativamente bajas, mientras que las de S. nudus fueron relativamente altas cuando se les comparó con otros reportes. La longitud de la concha de G. audebarti varió entre 9.0 mm y 38.0 mm y entre 6.0 mm a 29.0 mm la de G. albida. Estos ámbitos estuvieron dentro de los encontrados para estos lingúlidos en otros sitios. La longitud promedio de S. nudus fue 41 mm y el peso máximo fue de 1.6 g que son pequeños. En la planicie arenoso-fangosa no se encontró braquiópodos en el 2013, ni enteropneustos en la planicie arenosa en el 2015. G. audebarti tuvo una presencia relativamente estable, mientras que G. albida casi desapareció de las muestras al final del 2015. La distribución espacial de las tres especies fue de tipo agregado en ambas planicies. Fuertes eventos ENSO durante 1983 y 2015, así como mareas rojas en 1985, pueden haber influenciado las abundancias.

Estudo da autodepuração do rio Jordão, localizado na bacia hidrográfica do rio Dourados / Self-depuration study of Jordão river, located in Dourados river basin

O presente artigo avaliou a capacidade de autodepuração do Rio Jordão, considerando as contribuições reais do córrego Brejo Alegre em período de estiagem e os dois cenários que levam em conta as cargas poluidoras estimadas da estação de tratamento de esgoto e a baixa capacidade de diluição do rio para a vazão crítica Q7,10, por meio do modelo QUAL-UFMG. A simulação na estiagem apresentou aceitável calibração, tendo em vista a otimização dos coeficientes, evidenciando a prevalência da desoxigenação por demanda carbonácea sobre a nitrificação e a importância da reaeração natural no processo de autodepuração. Apenas o parâmetro 'demanda bioquímica de oxigênio' (DBO5) não respeitou os limites preconizados pela Resolução do Ministério do Meio Ambiente 357:2005, tendo ficado em toda a extensão do rio fora da regulamentação devido ao recebimento de cargas poluidoras do córrego Brejo Alegre. Quanto às simulações dos cenários, as cargas poluidoras de uma população de 13.300 habitantes para o Cenário 1 e 20.500 para o 2 garantiriam a capacidade de autodepuração, considerando-se uma vazão crítica 3,2 vezes inferior à menor vazão medida no período de estiagem.

The present article assessed the self-depuration capacity of Jordão River, considering the real contributions of Brejo Alegre stream in a drought period and two scenarios regarding the estimated polluting loads of a waste treatment plant and the low dilution capacity of the river for the Q7,10 critical flow by using the QUAL-UFMG model. The simulation for the drought period presented acceptable calibration by adjusting coefficients, evidencing the deoxygenation by carbon demand over nitrification and the importance of natural re-aeration in the self-depuration process. Only the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) parameter did not respect the limits recommended by the CONAMA Resolution 357:2005, in which all the river extension was outside the regulations due to the pollution loads received from Brejo Alegre stream. For the simulated scenarios, polluting loads of a population of 13.300 people for scenario 1 and 20.500 for 2 guaranteed the self-depuration capacity, considering a critical flow 3.2 times lower than the lowest flow measured in the drought period.

Influence of domestic sewage on the limnological characteristics of the Camandocaia river, Piracicaba river basin, São Paulo State - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v34i2.6708 / Influência do despejo de esgoto doméstico nas características limnológicas do rio Camandocaia, bacia hidrográfica do rio Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v34i2.6708

The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of domestic sewage on the water along the Camandocaia River. The limnological variables analyzed were: pH, turbidity, color, manganese, iron, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and total phosphorus. The data are discussed in terms of average values, and the Principal Component Analysis was employed. At no point were the oxygen saturation values below 70%, with the exception of point 9 (38.8%). The lowest nitrogen values were detected in points 1 to 3 (0.18 to 0.21 mg L-1) and the highest in points 9 and 10 (1.29 and 1.79 mg L-1); the highest phosphorus value was detected in point 9 (345.5 µg L-1). All variables correlate positively to the principal component 1, with the exception of oxygen saturation. The sum of the two principal components explains 86.6% of total variation found. The water of the river was little impacted by domestic sewage until Amparo. The highest levels of pollution were detected at the end of that city, and the trend was partial self-depuration until confluence with the Jaguary River. Nevertheless, the most polluted point of the river, when compared to other polluted rivers, presented lower pollution levels.

Investigar a influência do esgoto orgânico na água do rio Camandocaia. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis limnológicas: pH, turbidez, cor, manganês, ferro, oxigênio dissolvido, nitrogênio e fósforo totais. Os dados são discutidos em termos de valores médios e foi aplicada a Análise de Componentes Principais. Em nenhum dos 12 pontos estudados, os valores de saturação de oxigênio estiveram abaixo de 70%, com exceção do Ponto 9 (38,8%). Os menores valores de nitrogênio foram detectados nos Pontos 1 a 3 (0,18 a 0,21 mg L-1) e os valores mais elevados nos Pontos 9 e 10 (1,29 e 1,79 mg L-1); o valor mais elevado de fósforo foi detectado no Ponto 9 (345,5 µg L-1). Todas as variáveis correlacionam-se positivamente ao componente principal 1, com exceção da saturação de oxigênio. Os dois componentes principais somados explicam 86,6% do total da variação encontrada. A água do Camandocaia foi pouco impactada pelos esgotos até Amparo. No final dessa cidade foram detectados os níveis mais elevados de poluição, e a tendência foi a depuração parcial do esgoto até a confluência com o rio Jaguari. Entretanto, o local mais poluído do rio, quando comparado a outros rios poluídos, apresentou níveis de poluição inferiores.

Influência do despejo de esgoto doméstico nas características limnológicas do rio Camandocaia, bacia hidrográfica do rio Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo / Influence of domestic sewage on the limnological characteristics of the Camandocaia river, Piracicaba river basin, São Paulo State

Investigar a influência do esgoto orgânico na água do rio Camandocaia. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis limnológicas: pH, turbidez, cor, manganês, ferro, oxigênio dissolvido, nitrogênio e fósforo totais. Os dados são discutidos em termos de valores médios e foi aplicada a Análise de Componentes Principais. Em nenhum dos 12 pontos estudados, os valores de saturação de oxigênio estiveram abaixo de 70%, com exceção do Ponto 9 (38,8%). Os menores valores de nitrogênio foram detectados nos Pontos 1 a 3 (0,18 a 0,21 mg L-1) e os valores mais elevados nos Pontos 9 e 10 (1,29 e 1,79 mg L-1); o valor mais elevado de fósforo foi detectado no Ponto 9 (345,5 µg L-1). Todas as variáveis correlacionam-se positivamente ao componente principal 1, com exceção da saturação de oxigênio. Os dois componentes principais somados explicam 86,6% do total da variação encontrada. A água do Camandocaia foi pouco impactada pelos esgotos até Amparo. No final dessa cidade foram detectados os níveis mais elevados de poluição, e a tendência foi a depuração parcial do esgoto até a confluência com o rio Jaguari. Entretanto, o local mais poluído do rio, quando comparado a outros rios poluídos, apresentou níveis de poluição inferiores.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of domestic sewage on the water along the Camandocaia River. The limnological variables analyzed were: pH, turbidity, color, manganese, iron, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and total phosphorus. The data are discussed in terms of average values, and the Principal Component Analysis was employed. At no point were the oxygen saturation values below 70%, with the exception of point 9 (38.8%). The lowest nitrogen values were detected in points 1 to 3 (0.18 to 0.21 mg L-1) and the highest in points 9 and 10 (1.29 and 1.79 mg L-1); the highest phosphorus value was detected in point 9 (345.5 µg L-1). All variables correlate positively to the principal component 1, with the exception of oxygen saturation. The sum of the two principal components explains 86.6% of total variation found. The water of the river was little impacted by domestic sewage until Amparo. The highest levels of pollution were detected at the end of that city, and the trend was partial self-depuration until confluence with the Jaguary River. Nevertheless, the most polluted point of the river, when compared to other polluted rivers, presented lower pollution levels.

The depuration dynamics of oysters (Crassostrea gigas) artificially contaminated with hepatitis A virus and human adenovirus

Within the country of Brazil, Santa Catarina is a major shellfish producer. Detection of viral contamination is an important step to ensure production quality and consumer safety during this process. In this study, we used a depuration system and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection to eliminate viral pathogens from artificially infected oysters and analysed the results. Specifically, the oysters were contaminated with hepatitis A virus (HAV) or human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV5). After viral infection, the oysters were placed into a depuration tank and harvested after 48, 72 and 96 h. After sampling, various oyster tissues were dissected and homogenised and the viruses were eluted with alkaline conditions and precipitated with polyethylene glycol. The oyster samples were evaluated by cell culture methods, as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative-PCR. Moreover, at the end of the depuration period, the disinfected seawater was collected and analysed by PCR. The molecular assays showed that the HAdV5 genome was present in all of the depuration time samples, while the HAV genome was undetectable after 72 h of depuration. However, viral viability tests (integrated cell culture-PCR and immunofluorescence assay) indicated that both viruses were inactivated with 96 h of seawater recirculation. In conclusion, after 96 h of UV treatment, the depuration system studied in this work purified oysters that were artificially contaminated with HAdV5 and HAV.

Bioaccumulation and depuration studies of lead nitrate on economically important shrimp penaeous monodon.

INTRODUCTION: Current study of Bioaccumulation and Depuration of Lead nitrate on marine shrimp Penaeous monodon shows Lead nitrate accumulation more in hepatopancreas compared to muscle and the depuration level of heavy metal Lead nitrate was more through hepatopancreas comparing to muscle tissues, when comparing to the control animals.This shows the major role of Hepatopacreas in Bioaccumulation and depuration in this study on muscle tissues and hepatopancreas tissues.

Depuración bacteriana y física de la almeja Polymesoda solida a pequeña escala / Bacterial and physical depuration of the clam Polymesoda solida at pilot scale

El consumo de moluscos bivalvos ha sido asociado con infecciones microbianas aún en casos donde los mismos cumplen con los parámetros de calidad bacteriológica. El proceso de depuración se realiza con el fin de eliminar, de forma natural, los microorganismos presentes en moluscos bivalvos, los cuales han sido acumulados por su proceso de filtración. En este estudio se determinó la tasa de depuración de indicadores potenciales de contaminación. Se realizaron cuatro experimentos con la almeja Polymesoda solida, la cual poseía niveles altos de índices contaminantes de forma natural. Para evaluar el proceso de depuración se utilizaron como indicadores bacterianos los coliformes totales (CT), coliformes fecales (CF), estreptococos fecales (SF), enterococos (EN) y bacterias aerobias mesófilas (AM). El contenido inorgánico total (CIT) se utilizó como indicador del contenido de arena. La desinfección del agua marina, preparada artificialmente, se realizó irradiando con luz UV durante 48 h. El proceso de depuración se realizó durante 120 horas (5 días) a 28°C y 5 UPS, en tanques de 150 L de capacidad. La tasa de remoción bacteriana y física en Polymesoda solida fue más eficiente (80 por ciento) durante las primeras 72 h, alcanzando una calidad bacteriológica y física adecuada para el consumo, sin importar que los ejemplares fueron recolectados de sitios que no cumplían con los niveles aceptables de calidad.

The consumption of shellfish has been associated with microbial infections even in cases where shellfish complied with the current regulation, which is based on bacterial analysis. Depuration processes try to eliminate microorganisms using seawater to allow living, filter-feeding shellfish to naturally purge themselves from agents they accumulated from the environment. In this study, depuration rates of potential indicators were estimated. Four experiments, with naturally-contaminated shellfish (Polymesoda solida), were performed. For evaluating the shellfish depuration process, total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), fecal streptococcus (FS), enterococcus (EN) and mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB) were evaluated as bacterial indicators. Total inorganic content was used as physical indicator. Artificial prepared seawater of the depuration tank was disinfected by UV irradiation. Depuration removal rates of experiments running for 120 hours (five days) at 28°C, 5 psu, in a 150 L tanks were effective (80 percent) and more efficient during the first 72 hours, allowing an adequate bacterial and physical quality for consumption after this time, no matter the clams were collected in contaminated areas which do not complain with maximal allowable level.

Caracterização da biota de protozoários e sua função depurativa na lagoa de estabilização da estação de tratamento de esgoto de Bandeirantes – PR / Characterization of the protozoan biota and its depurating function in the stabilization pond of the Bandeirantes water treatment plant, Paraná State

Os protozoários são, usualmente, maiores que as bactérias e podem se alimentar das mesmas. Isto faz com que os protozoários constituam-se em importantes degraus na pirâmide alimentar, possibilitando que organismos maiores se alimentem indiretamente das bactérias que, de outra forma, seriam um alimento inacessível (VON SPERLING, 1996). Este estudo objetivou a caracterização físico-química e microbiológica da lagoa de estabilização da ETE Bandeirantes - PR, analisando sua inter-relação e nível de estratificação, relacionando os parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos, a variação populacional dos protozoários frente a valores de matéria orgânica e microbióta bacteriana do esgoto e dos vários estratos da lagoa anaeróbia. A identificação de protozoários foi feita conforme metodologia empregada por Pace e Orcutt (1981) e Foissnere Berger (1996). As análises físico-químicas foram realizadas conforme metodologia padronizada por Clesceri et al. (2000); e as análises microbiológicas foram realizadas por metodologia padronizada conforme CETESB, (NT.L5.214), 1992; CETESB, (NT. L5.201), 1986; CETESB, (NT.L5.221), 1984. As coletas e análises foram realizadas em triplicata, no mês de outubro de 2003. A análise qualitativa do zooplâncton revelou a presença de onze gêneros de ciliados e organismos da classe nematoda distribuídos em diferentes pontos e estratos. A distribuição aleatória do zooplâncton está relacionada com parâmetros físico-químicos e valores quantitativos de bactérias eterotróficas, coliformes totais e fecais. O gênero Chilodontopsis foi o protozoário mais encontrado e estava presente em pontos com altos valores de contagem de bactérias, o que denota sua característica ecológica de preferência alimentar por bactérias, conforme Foissner e Berger (1996).

The protozoans are usually bigger than the bacteria and can feed themselves of the same ones. This consequence is that the protozoan consists in an important step in the alimentary pyramid, making possible that bigger organisms feeds the bacteria it self indirectly which, in the other hand, would be an in accessible food form (VON SPERLING, 1996). This study aim characterize microbiological physicist-chemistry profile in a lagoon of stabilization of the Sewer Plant Bandeirantes - PR, analyzing its interrelation and level of stratification, relating the parameters microbiological physicistchemistries and the protozoa’s population variation front the values of bacterial and organic substance of the sewer, and some stratus of the anaerobic lagoon. The identification of protozoan was made in agreement the methodology used for Pace and Orcutt (1981) and Foissner and Berger (1996). The physicist-chemistries analysis had been carried through in agreement standardized methodology for Clesceri et al. (2000); e the microbiological analysis had been carried through by standardized methodology, as CETESB (NT.L5.214), 1992; CETESB, (NT L5.201), 1986; CETESB,(NT.L5.221), 1984. The samplings and analysis were realized intriplicate in October of 2003. The qualitative analysis of zooplankton disclosed to the presence of eleven kinds of ciliates organisms and Nematoda class organisms distributed in different points and stratus. The random distribution of zooplankton is related with physicistchemistries parameters and quantitative values of heterotrophic bacteria, total and fecal coliformes. The Chilodontopsis sort was the greater found and was present in points with high values of counting of bacteria, what it denotes its ecological characteristic of alimentary preference for bacteria, as referenced by Foissner and Berger (1996).