Epicurus’ View of Life and Death and Its Contemporary Enlightenment / 中国医学伦理学

Epicurus’ view of life and death is based on the atomism of naturalism and the epistemology of sensationalism in ancient Greek. He advocated that people should face death calmly, and separate death from the pain of feeling by explaining the true meaning of death to break people’s fear of death. He claimed that people should face desires with rational thinking and pursue a happy life. His view of life and death helped people to treat life and death rationally, alleviate death anxiety, make people actively face the difficulties in life, correctly identify desires and needs, and help individuals pursue a healthy and happy life.

Un estudio exploratorio acerca de los deseos y recursos defensivos de personas en situación de aislamiento social, preventivo y obligatorio a causa del COVID-19 en Argentina / An exploratory study of people's desires and defensive resources during preventive and compulsory social isolation due to COVID-19 in Argentina

Se investigaron y compararon los deseos y recursos defensivos de 94 sujetos voluntarios, no consultantes, mayores de edad, argentinos, que se encuentran viviendo en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (AMBA) durante el aislamiento, social, preventivo y obligatorio (ASPO), medida excepcional dispuesta por el Gobierno nacional a causa de la pandemia por COVID-19, aplicando el Cuestionario Desiderativo (Sneiderman, S. 2012). Se han observado respuestas ricas y creativas, siendo esperable para una muestra no clínica. En relación a las defensas, aparecieron diferencias por género: las mujeres tienden a utilizar defensas neuróticas ligadas al embellecimiento estético como la represión, mientras que los hombres son más propensos a desmentir y disociar el afecto brindando respuestas teorizadas y abstractas. A pesar de esta distinción, observamos en ambas muestras que, en caso de fallar dichos recursos desplegados, se pone en juego a nivel pronóstico, una propensión para producir síntomas corporales, del orden de lo psicosomático(AU)

Using the Desiderative Questionnare (Sneiderman, S. 2012), the desires and defensive resources were investigated and compared in 94 voluntary subjects; they were argentinian adults, none clinical consultants, living in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires (acronym in Spanish: AMBA), while during preventive and mandatory social isolation (acronym in Spanish: ASPO), an exceptional measure ordered by the national government in the critical context of the pandemic caused by COVID-19. Rich and creative responses were observed, being expected for a non-clinical sample. In relation to defenses, gender differences appeared: women tend to use neurotic defenses linked to aesthetic beautification such as repression, while men are more likely to disavow or deny and dissociate affect by providing theoretical and abstract answers. Despite this distinction, we observed in both samples that, if these deployed resources fail, a propensity to produce bodily symptoms, in the order of the psychosomatic, is put at risk as a prognostic level(AU)

Pensando a Homoparentalidade: Um Estudo Qualitativo com Jovens Adultos Portugueses sem Filhos / Considering Same-Sex Parenting: A Qualitative Study with Portuguese Childless Young Adults

Resumo: O momento atual caracteriza-se por importantes mudanças sociais e legais, com potenciais repercussões na vida de pessoas lésbicas e gays. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar perceções de jovens adultos portugueses sem filhos relativamente ao eventual projeto de parentalidade. Foram realizadas entrevistas a sete pessoas que se autoidentificaram como lésbicas, gays e bissexuais e que se voluntariaram para participar no estudo. As transcrições das entrevistas foram submetidas a Análise Interpretativa Fenomenológica. Os temas emergentes revelaram que o desejo e a intenção de ter filhos se associavam à ponderação de desafios ligados ao heterossexismo, mas também à reflexão sobre condições e recursos a mobilizar para o enfrentar. São apresentadas implicações com vista à otimização das experiências individuais a este nível.

Abstract: The present period is characterized by important social and legal changes with potential repercussions in the lives of lesbian and gay people. This study aimed to identify perceptions of Portuguese childless young adults regarding the possible parenthood project. Interviews were conducted with seven people who self-identified as lesbian, gay and bisexual and who volunteered to participate in the study. Interview transcripts were subjected to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Emerging themes revealed that desire and intention to have children arose associated with the consideration of challenges related to heterosexism, but also associated with reflection on the conditions and resources to be mobilized to tackle it. Implications for the optimization of individual experience at this level are presented.

La confiabilidad de las técnicas proyectivas gráficas en la pericia psicológica del abuso sexual / The reliability of graphic projective techniques in the psychological expertise of sexual abuse

Hay un protagonismo y una alta demanda de solicitudes de pericía psicológica en casos de abuso sexual. La admisibilidad de la prueba pericial requiere rigor científico de la técnica. Históricamente, los tests gráficos proyectivos han sido cuestionados para su uso en el campo forense. Sin embargo, proporcionan información valiosa sobre el sujeto, adecuados para niños y adolescentes, no revictimizan. La técnica proyectiva gráfica persona bajo la lluvia se actualizó en Argentina con base en los conceptos e instrumentos de la técnica del algoritmo David Liberman, consolidando una confiabilidad para estudiar recursos subjetivos en una situación de vulnerabilidad. Hay una utilidad en la pericía psicológica del abuso para identificar grados de maduración yoica, para detectar la presencia de trauma o de un desarrollo psicosexual normal, ayudando a estimar el posible daño psíquico(AU)

There is a leading role and a high demand for requests for psychological expertise in cases of sexual abuse. The admissibility of expert evidence requires scientific rigor of the technique. Projective graphic tests have historically been questioned for use in the forensic field. However, they provide valuable information about the subject, suitable for children and adolescents, it don't revictimize. The graphical projective technique Person in the Rain was updated in Argentina based on the concepts and instruments of the David Liberman Algorithm technique, consolidating a reliability to study subjective resources in a situation of vulnerability. There is usefulness in the psychological expertise of abuse to identify degrees of self-maturation, detect the presence of trauma or normal psychosexual development, helping to estimate possible psychological damage(AU)

Survey on elderly care service needs in Shanghai community with self-developedmeasurement tool / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective To survey on the elderly care needs in the community of Shanghai.Methods From February 2017 to May 2017,a survey on the elderly care needs was conducted using stratified sampling method among 4 312 residents aged ≥60 years in Malu township of Shanghai Jiading District.The survey involved physical health status (illness,self-care ability,vision,risk of falls),mental health status (expression ability in feelings of self-will/information,comprehension in others' willingness/information,depression,anxiety),social health status(family care ability),and willingness for elderly care method (self-desires for old-age support,family-desires for old-age support).The survey was implemented by family doctors.Results The total demand for elderly care services for the elderly in Malu Township was skewed,with a median score of 9.9 points (5.7,15.1).In terms of physical health status,72.7％(3 135) of the elderly suffered from one or more diseases,90.8％(3 915) of the elderly had good self-care ability,83.5％ (3 600) of the elderly had good eyesight,and 98.5％(4 247) of the elderly had only mild risk of falling;in terms of mental health status,81.8％(3 527) of the elderly had normal expression ability of self-willingness/information,and 98.3％(4 239) of the elderly had normal understanding ability of wishes/information expressed by others,87.5％(3 773) of elderly people did not have depression,97.0％(4 183) of the elderly had no anxiety;in terms of social health,58.7％(2 531) of elderly people had normal family care ability;58.7％(2 531) of elderly people were willing to get home-based care,and 53.0％(2 285) of their families also hoped that the elderly could get home-based care.Conclusion The needs of elderly care services is at a lower level among old-aged residents in Malu township,however,there is a relatively low social health status.This study provides an objective quantitative basis for the targeted development of medical care and support services for the elderlv in the communitv in the future.

A metamorfose das necessidades em desejos / The metamorphosis of the needs in desires

Lacan e Kojève "modernizaram" a ideia hegeliana do desejo colocado como essência da espécie humana, inspirando-se na linguística estruturalista que inscreve o sujeito na linguagem. O capitalismo determina social e historicamente esse desejo, já que as trocas mercantis constituem uma linguagem grosseira, a "linguagem que as mercadorias falam entre si", segundo a feliz frase de Marx. Disso resulta que o propósito aparentemente racional das compras, o imperativo de satisfazer as necessidades vitais finitas, é metamorfoseado na busca compulsiva e inconsciente por desejos venais inacessíveis e infinitos - compulsão assimilável à perversão sexual do fetichismo - o que abre perspectivas de mercantilização ilimitada à globalização capitalista.

Lacan and Kojève have "modernized" the Hegelian conception of desire placed as the essence of the mankind, based on structuralist linguistics that inscribes the subject in language. Capitalism determines socially and historically this desire because the mercantile exchanges are a rough language, "the language that the goods speak to each other", in Marx's happy expression. As a result, the seemingly rational purpose of purchases, the need to meet finite vital needs, is morphed into compulsive and unconscious search for inaccessible and infinite venal desires - similar to compulsion in the sexual perversion of fetishism - which opens prospects for unlimited commercialization for the capitalist globalization.

Humor gráfico y comprensión de deseos / Graphic Humor and Understanding of Desires

El presente artículo tiene como propósito documentar la comprensión de los deseos a partir de dos aproximaciones: situaciones que utilizan el humor gráfico y situaciones clásicas de preferencias con niños entre 2.8 y 3 años. Se trabaja con el método microgenético combinado con un estudio en series de tiempo durante 10 sesiones de aplicación (dos meses y medio). Se realizan dos tipos de análisis, uno intragrupo y uno intraindividual que permite capturar los diversos caminos por los cuales transitan los niños al enfrentarse a las tareas. Los resultados arrojan la identificación de tres tendencias en los desempeños: estable, descendente y ascendente. Igualmente, se pone en evidencia la importancia de trabajar otras vías para el estudio de los procesos cognitivos en términos metodológicos y se confirma el humor gráfico como alternativa para el estudio de los estados mentales.

This paper aims to document the understanding of desires from two approaches, one is graphic humor and the other is preferences with children between two years eight months and three years. Methodologically, we work with the microgenetic method combined with a time-series study over 10 sessions for two months. Two types of analysis are used, an intra-group and through an intra-subject one; the latter captures the various ways which children go when faced with tasks. The results identify three trends in performance: stable trend, downward trend, and upward trend. They also show the importance of working on other ways for the study of cognitive processes in terms of methodology and these results confirm graphic humor as an alternative for the study of mental states.

Deseos, aptitudes y conocimientos sobre lactancia materna de gestantes en su tercer trimestre / Desires, aptitudes and knowledge about breastfeeding in women at their third trimester of pregnancy

Introducción: la lactancia materna es la única forma natural de alimentar al bebé, y una forma inigualable de facilitar el alimento ideal para su crecimiento y desarrollo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, para evaluar deseos, aptitudes y conocimientos sobre lactancia materna en el tercer trimestre de 114 gestantes del Policlínico "Mártires del 9 de Abril", de San José de las Lajas. Entre marzo de 2010 y de 2011 se valoraron sus historias de salud individual y familiar, y se aplicó a tal efecto un cuestionario con 22 preguntas. Resultados: la información se incorporó a una base de datos y se utilizó para el análisis el estadígrafo chi cuadrado, que se consideró significativo con p< 0,05. La totalidad de las gestantes deseaban amamantar. Dos terceras partes se consideraron aptas o muy aptas para hacerlo, y que poseían los conocimientos necesarios para lograrlo, pero solo algo más de la quinta parte demostró que los poseía. La mayoría de las futuras madres se encontraban entre los 20 y 35 años, el nivel de escolaridad más frecuentemente alcanzado fue el técnico o preuniversitario (en 60 de ellas, para el 52,6 %), y el 46,5 % de las gestantes mantenían una unión consensuada, el 40,3 % eran casadas, y 15 solteras (13,2 %), aspectos que, indiscutiblemente influyen en los resultados. Conclusiones: además de otros resultados alcanzados, la investigación arrojó que aunque la totalidad de las gestantes en su tercer trimestre deseaban lactar a su futuro bebé y las dos terceras partes se consideraban aptas o muy aptas para hacerlo y con conocimientos suficientes al respecto, solo algo más de la quinta parte demostró efectivamente poseerlos.

Introduction: breastfeeding is the only natural way of feeding the baby and an unparallel form of providing him with the ideal food for adequate growth and development. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the desires, the aptitudes and the knowledge about breastfeeding of 114 women in their third trimester of pregnancy from "Martires del 9 de Abril" polyclinics in San José de las Lajas. From March 2010 to March 2011, their individual and family health histories were assessed through a 22-interrogation questionnaire. Results: data were introduced in a database and chi square statistic was used for statistical analysis, the level of significance was p< 0,05. All the participants expressed their desire to breastfeed their offspring. Two thirds were considered prepared or well-prepared to do so, with the required knowledge to attain this objective; but just over one fifth did prove that they had it. Most of the future mothers aged 20 to 35 years; the schooling was mostly technician or high school education (60 for 52.6 %); the marital status of 45.6 % was cohabitation, 40.3 % were married and 13.2 % (15) were singles. These are aspects that undoubtedly influence the results. Conclusions: in addition to other results, the research study yielded that even though all the pregnant women in their third trimester expressed their desire of breastfeeding their future baby and two thirds considered themselves prepared or well-prepared to do so, with enough knowledge in this regard, just one fifth did prove that they really had the necessary preparation and knowledge.

Jesus tem dentes metal-free no país dos banguelas?: odontologia dos desejos e das vaidades / Does Jesus have metal-free teeth in a country of the toothless?: dentistry of vanities and desires

Descreve como a odontologia atual, no Brasil, participa das transformações do objeto de sua atividade em mercadoria para os consumidores darem vazão a desejos estéticos. Explora a construção do objeto odontológico dos desejos e sua relação com o cirurgião-dentista e o paciente-consumidor no mundo contemporâneo. Explicita o papel dos megacongressos odontológicos, a propiciarem um self-service biotecnológico que enfeitiça e seduz, uniformizando valores consumistas para a avidez por novidades dos cirurgiões-dentistas. Analisa a atuação da mídia na prática odontológica. Conclui que a individuação do cirurgião-dentista gerou ontologia petrificada e epistemologia fragmentada, e apresenta algumas tarefas inadiáveis para os segmentos acadêmico-profissionais e a sociedade, como o desenvolvimento de estratégias e a discussão sobre a comunicação em saúde bucal.

This paper describes how dentistry in Brazil currently participates in the transformations of the object of its activity into commodities with which consumers can indulge their aesthetic desires. It explores the construction of the dental object of desires and its relationship with the dentist and the patient-consumer in the contemporary world. The paper makes explicit the role of the mega-dental congresses, which provide a biotechnological self-service that allure and seduce, creating uniform consumer values eager for the new offerings from dental surgeons. Also analyzes the role of the media in dental practices. It concludes that the individuation of the dental surgeon has generated a petrified ontology and fragmented epistemology. The paper presents some pressing tasks for the academic and professional sectors and society as a whole, such as the development of strategies and discussion about communication related to oral health.

Excessivamente humano: o inominável mundo dos desejos / Excessively human: the unnamable world of the desires

Somos seres milenares, porém, até os dias de hoje, buscamos compreender o que impulsiona o desejo humano a atuar. As emoções surgem da trama dos afetos, que, por sua vez, estão inseridos no labirinto mundo dos desejos. Não sabemos como nos deixamos ser invadidos pelos sentimentos, seduzidos pelo fascinante mundo das paixões, mas ironicamente somo seres em essência de puro desejo. Queríamos ter respostas concretas sobre o que somos e sentimos, mas a própria vida nos ensina que não somos senhores em nossa própria morada. Não somos os donos de nossas emoções, não damos conta do desejo inconsciente que move nossas paixões. Nesse sentido, reza o mito que o amor é cego e anda guiado pela loucura, diz a lenda que a paixão carregada de ciúmes leva à obsessão e, da obsessão, o encontro com o desvario é inevitável

We are millenarian beings, however even now we seek to understand what stimulates the human desire.Emotions are caused by passion, and in turn they are inserted into the labyrinthine world of desires. We donot know how we let ourselves be invaded by feelings, seduced by the fascinating world passions. Ironically,we are the essence of pure desire.We want to have concrete answers related to what we are and what we feel, but our lives teach that we arenot masters of our own houses. We are not the owners of our emotions; we cannot control our unconsciousdesires that move our passions. This suggests the myth that love is blind and walks guided by madness. Itsuggests the legend that passion filled with jealousy leads to obsession, and that obsession leading toderangement is inevitable