Estudio de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca en pacientes con sospecha de fallas autonómicas. Utilización del Holter y el Diagrama de Poincare

El estudio de la regularidad de la Frecuencia Cardiaca, a través del Holter de 24 horas se hace desde la década de los años 60 y es bastante efectivo. Sin embargo, desde los años noventa comenzaron a efectuarse estudios cortos de Holter en pacientes sospechados de tener fallas autonómicas de control de la frecuencia cardiaca, especialmente en pacientes con comorbilidades tales como Hipertensión, Diabetes Mellitus, Aterosclerosis etc. De aquí la importancia de realizar un test de Holter de diez minutos, divididos en dos tiempos de 5 minutos, primero en decúbito dorsal y luego en bipedestación, especialmente en pacientes de más de cincuenta años o con comorbilidades presentes. Los resultados se presentan luego en gráficos de Poincare, que incluye el programa operativo del dispositivo, que permite un vistazo de la elipse con sus dos ejes, que representan las acciones simpáticas y parasimpáticas sobre la frecuencia cardiaca. Una variabilidad anormal de la frecuencia cardiaca debe ser luego estudiada más profundamente a fin de reafirmar el diagnóstico y ulteriores pasos en el tratamiento.

The variability of Cardiac Frequency is a valuable monitor of the autonomic function and is currently used as tool for study of changes of regularity through Holter 24 hours. From nighties, several researchers have been oriented to stablish relationship between VCF and autonomic failure, especially in patients with comorbidities, such as Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, atherosclerosis etc. Actually is well known that a lost or VCF or a minor variability, even in short traces of Holter in 10 minutes, means an autonomic failure, of baroreflex and quimioreflex resources. Hence, the importance of performing test of ten minutes Holter, five in decubitus position and five in standing, to patients of more than fifty years old, or less if comorbidities are presents, to design a Poincare diagram, which is special to indicate in quick view the prevalence of Sympathetic o Vagal action on cardiac frequency; that conduces to a more deep study of Autonomic failure, such tilt test, extended holter of 24 hours, and others medicals images resources.

Preparation and quality evaluation of total flavonoids microemulsion of "Pueraria lobata-Hovenia dulcis" / 中国中药杂志

The effective components of flavonoids in the "Pueraria lobata-Hovenia dulcis" drug pair have low bioavailability in vivo due to their unstable characteristics. This study used microemulsions with amphoteric carrier properties to solve this problem. The study drew pseudo-ternary phase diagrams through titration compatibility experiments of the oil phase with emulsifiers and co-emulsifiers and screened the prescription composition of blank microemulsions. The study used average particle size and PDI as evaluation indicators, and the central composite design-response surface method(CCD-RSM) was used to optimize the prescription; high-dosage drug-loaded microemulsions were obtained, and their physicochemical properties, appearance, and stability were evaluated. The results showed that when ethyl butyrate was used as the oil phase, polysorbate 80(tween 80) as the surfactant, and anhydrous ethanol as the cosurfactant, the maximum microemulsion area was obtained. When the difference in results was small, K_(m )of 1∶4 was chosen to ensure the safety of the prescription. The prescription composition optimized by the CCD-RSM was ethyl butyrate(16.28%), tween 80(9.59%), and anhydrous ethanol(38.34%). When the dosage reached 3% of the system mass, the total flavonoid microemulsion prepared had a clear and transparent appearance, with average particle size, PDI, and potential of(74.25±1.58)nm, 0.277±0.043, and(-0.08±0.07) mV, respectively. The microemulsion was spherical and evenly distributed under transmission electron microscopy. The centrifugal stability and temperature stability were good, and there was no layering or demulsification phenomenon, which significantly improved the in vitro dissolution of total flavonoids.

The role of a simple Nomogram model in evaluating the severity of mycoplasma pneumonia pneumonia in adults / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the role of a simple Nomogram model in evaluating the severity of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) in adults.Methods:The clinical data of 162 patients with MPP who received treatment in Wenzhou Central Hospital from March 2015 to October 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into a severe group ( n = 67) and a common group ( n = 95) according to whether they were diagnosed with severe MPP. The clinical data of patients were recorded. Fourteen clinical variables were screened, including age, sex, onset season, fever, heat peak, fever duration, cough duration, white blood cell count, percentage of neutrophils, percentage of lymphocytes, hemoglobin, platelet count, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of statistically significant variables in univariate analysis was performed. The Nomogram model was constructed with the R language software package (version 3.6.2). The model was verified with a calibration curve and receiver operating characteristic curve. Results:Univariate analysis results showed that in the severe group, the fever peak ( Z = 5.03, P < 0.001) was higher, fever duration ( χ2 = 27.55, P < 0.001), and cough duration ( χ2 = 28.72, P < 0.001) were longer, white cell count ( t = 2.93, P = 0.004), percentage of neutrophils ( t = 9.08, P < 0.001), C-reactive protein ( t = 35.05, P < 0.001), and procalcitonin level ( t = 15.09, P < 0.001) were greater compared with the common group. The percentage of lymphocytes ( t = 1.16, P < 0.001), hemoglobin level ( t = 1.22, P < 0.001), and platelet count ( t = 2.82, P < 0.001) in the severe group were significantly lower than those in the common group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that heat peak, cough duration, and C-reactive protein were positively correlated with the severity of MPP (all P < 0.05). The percentage of lymphocytes, hemoglobin concentration, and platelet count were negatively correlated with the severity of MPP (all P < 0.05). The establishment and validation results of the Nomogram model showed that the accuracy of the model was good, with a sensitivity of 88.73%, a specificity of 77.61%, and a C-index of 0.904. Conclusion:Heat peak, cough duration, percentage of lymphocytes, platelet count, and C-reactive protein are closely related to the severity of early MPP. A simple Nomogram model can be one of the tools for early assessment of the severity of MPP.

Development and application of visual analysis teaching software for acupoint compatibility laws / 中国针灸

A user-friendly teaching software for visual analysis of acupoint compatibility laws has been developed based on the principles of partial order mathematics. This software is designed to provide auxiliary teaching of structured organization and visualization of law knowledge of compatibility data of acupuncture and moxibustion prescriptions from ancient texts, textbooks, and clinical case records. The software is installed as a plugin in the Microsoft Office Excel, allowing the generation of visually appealing graphs and associated rules that align with the cognitive patterns of teachers and students majoring in acupuncture and moxibustion. Its aim is to facilitate the discovery and analysis of underlying patterns and structured knowledge embedded in acupoint compatibility data, thus contributing to the enhancement of teaching effectiveness in acupoint compatibility.

Design Diagram：A Framework for Visualizing Study Designs Using Real-world Data and Improving Study Reproducibility / 薬剤疫学

There is growing interest in generating evidence from routinely collected real-world data to support medical and regulatory decision-making. However, longitudinal study designs using real-world data are often complex, and text-only descriptions make it difficult for most readers to understand their designs. To address this issue, in 2019, experts from industry, government, and academia developed the “design diagram,” a framework for visualizing longitudinal study designs. The design diagram uses standardized terminology and a graphical structure to communicate study design details to readers, thereby improving reproducibility. Based on previous work by a joint task force between the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (ISPE) and the Professional Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), the diagram includes a comprehensive set of key study parameters related to reproducibility. It successfully presents study designs in an unambiguous and intuitive manner. Diagrams have been proposed for various study designs, including cohort, nested case-control, and self-controlled designs. Recently, a new diagram was developed that adds at-a-glance elements to show the observability of the source data used in the study. The use of design diagrams is recommended in both the ISPE/ISPOR-endorsed harmonized protocol template (HARPER) and in reporting guidelines for pharmacoepidemiological research, and its widespread use is expected. This paper describes the structure of the design diagram and provides examples of its use. Effective use of design diagrams is expected to improve the reproducibility and reliability of database studies.

New developmental data of Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in tropical temperatures and its implications in forensic entomology

@#The estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) is an essential information in death investigations. It is necessary to know the developmental data of the most important necrophagous insect species in every geographical area. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is one of the most common species associated with human body decomposition, especially in the tropics, so a precise knowledge of its life cycle is crucial. However, despite its ubiquity, developmental data in a range of tropical temperatures is scarce. For this reason, the aim of this study is to provide the developmental data of the blowfly, C. megacephala, in a range of tropical temperatures and to apply these data in forensic entomology. Four temperatures were examined (i.e., 27.0°C 29.5°C, 32.0°C and 34.5°C) and the time of developments from egg to adult were recorded. To build the growth curves, five larvae per day were measured with a digital caliper. Accumulated degree-days were calculated and the isomorphen diagram for this species was plotted. As we predicted, the results showed that the life cycle of this species was affected by the increasing temperature. The implications of these new data for determining the minimum PMI in forensic entomology were discussed.

Bibliometrics and visual analysis of platelet rich plasma based on strategic coordinate diagram and co-word analysis / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To explore the research status, hot spots and trends of platelet rich plasma (PRP). 【Methods】 With "platelet rich plasma (PRP)" and its Chinese equivalent as the subject words, the PRP related articles during January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022 from PubMed and CNKI database were retrieved. The bibliometric analysis was performed by Bicomb 2.0 software to extract the annual number of literature publications, authors, journals and high-frequency theme words/sub theme words. The gCLUTO software was used to evaluate and visualize the results, and strategic diagram was drawn according to the results of biclustering. 【Results】 A total of 9 066 PRP related articles were retrieved (7 027 from PubMed, 2 039 from CNKI), and the number of publications showed an increasing trend year by year. Papers have been published in 1 527 journals in PubMed, among which the journal with the highest number of publications was Arthroscopy: Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery (175 articles), followed by American Journal of Sports Medicine (171 articles ) and Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology (121 articles) . PRP-related studies were published in 541 journals in CNKI, with the top 3 journals as Chinese Tissue Engineering Research (113 articles), Chinese Aesthetic Medicine (64 articles) and Chinese Journal of Blood Transfasion (45 articles) . In Pubmed, Anitua Eduardo (84 articles), Filardo Giuseppe (53 articles) and Cole Brian J (44 articles) were the top three productive authors on PRP; Cheng Biao from the General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of Chinese PLA was the most productive Chinese author (25 articles) . Shan Guiqiu from the General Hospital of the Southern Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army published the most articles(29 articles) in CNKI. American journals published the most articles (2 745 articles ), accounting for 39.06% of the total articles, followed by British and Swiss journals, with 1 499 articles and 550 articles, respectively. A total of 42 high-frequency subject words/sub-subject words were selected from PubMed, and were classified into 6 roups, while 30 high-frequency subject words were selected from CNKI and grouped into 5 categories. The strategic coordinates show that the treatment of rotator cuff and tendon injury with PRP in PubMed, the study of PRP and tissue engineering materials in CNKI are the core themes of current PRP research. 【Conclusion】 The strategic coordinate map and bibliometrics can reveal the current research status of PRP and predict future research hotspots, but current research cores of PubMed and CNKI are not consistent, and further research is still needed.

Preparation and in vitro evaluation of berberine hydrochloride nanoemulsion oral drug delivery systems / 药学实践杂志

Objective To prepare berberine hydrochloride nanoemulsion, optimize its formulation composition and preparation process, and investigate its in vitro characteristics. Methods BBR-NE was prepared by water drop addition and pseudo-ternary phase diagram was drawn. The formulation of NE was optimized by central composite design-response surface methodology to choose the optimal formulation composition. The particle size, potential and appearance of the prepared BBR-NE were characterized. Results The optimal prescription of BBR-NE was determined as the oil phase Capryol 90 accounted for 32.84% of the system, the surfactant Tween-80 accounted for 33.90%, the co-surfactant 1,2-propylene glycol accounted for 16.95%, and water relative system accounted for 15.25%. The prepared NE was clear and transparent in appearance, regular in shape and uniform in size, with an average particle diameter of (68.85±8) nm, polydiseperse index of (0.245±0.03) and drug loading of 0.83 mg/g. The in vitro drug release results of NE showed that the in vitro drug release behavior was passive diffusion, which had a certain slow releasing effect and met the first-order release equation. Conclusion The BBR-NE can provide a new dosage form for the clinical use of berberine.

Practical research on fishbone diagram combined with PDCA closed-loop management in orthopedic operating room teaching / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of fishbone diagram combined with PDCA(plan, do, check, action) closed-loop management in the teaching of orthopedic interns in operating room.Methods:The 60 interns received by the Department of Orthopedics in our hospital from January 2019 to August 2020 were randomly divided into the conventional group and the observation group in average. The conventional group used traditional methods, and the observation group introduced fishbone diagram combined with PDCA closed-loop management. The theoretical and practical assessment scores and the evaluation of satisfaction with the teaching were compared between the two groups before and after the teaching in the operating room. SPSS 22.0 was used for t-test and Chi-square test. Results:The scores of each theoretical assessment, the total scores of theoretical assessments, and the scores of practical assessments, in the observation group were higher than those of the conventional group ( P<0.05). The satisfaction rates of interest, effectiveness, rationality, and popularization with teaching in the observation group were 100.00%, 100.00%, 96.67%, and 100.00% respectively, which were higher than those (80.00%, 83.33%, 80.00%, and 83.33% respectively) in the conventional group. Conclusion:The application of fishbone diagram combined with PDCA closed-loop management in orthopedic operating room teaching can improve the performance of interns in the assessment, and can also achieve better teaching satisfaction.

Transplante cardíaco no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: custo do paciente internado / Cardiac transplantation at the Hospital das Clínicas of the Federal University of Minas Gerais: inpatient cost

Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar o custo do paciente internado para transplante cardíaco no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais nos anos de 2019 e 2020. Por meio da metodologia de custeio ABC e Diagrama de Pareto foram levantados os valores inerentes aos materiais, medicamentos e exames realizados pelos pacientes no período de internação em que ocorreram os transplantes. Também foram investigados os custos referentes ao tempo disponibilizado pela equipe cirúrgica e os custos relativos aos dias de internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e Enfermaria. O método de pesquisa envolveu estudo de caso e pesquisa documental, especialmente prontuários físicos e eletrônicos dos pacientes, nos quais foram verificados os registros de dados clínicos. Os preços dos materiais, medicamentos e exames foram obtidos em bancos de dados utilizados pelo hospital como: Comprasnet, Banco de Preços, Painel de Preços e sistemas internos de gestão de compras. Os custos de internação foram levantados junto ao setor responsável pela apuração de custos do HC-UFMG, enquanto as informações utilizadas para cálculo do custo da equipe cirúrgica são provenientes do Portal da Transparência do Governo Federal e plano de cargos, carreiras e salários da Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares e UFMG. Alcançado o objetivo foi produzido relatório situacional, que poderá ser utilizado pelas instituições de saúde como referência de pesquisa e negociação com os entes responsáveis pelo financiamento da saúde no Brasil, principalmente dos transplantes cardíacos. A pesquisa se mostrou relevante do ponto de vista clínico e de gestão, possibilitando uma visão sistêmica e integrada dos processos, à medida que amplia o conhecimento dos custos de uma importante linha de cuidado, além de contribuir com o redimensionamento de recursos e dar mais subsídios à tomada de decisão. Os resultados mostraram que no Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG o Custo do Transplante Cardíaco é de R$ 141.958,91.

This study aimed to identify the cost of patients hospitalized for heart transplantation at the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais in the years 2019 and 2020. Through the ABC costing methodology and Pareto's Diagram, the values inherent to the materials, drugs and diagnostic procedures to which the patients were submitted during the period of hospitalization for the transplant were raised. The costs related to the time made available by the surgical team and the costs related to the days of hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit and ward were also investigated. The research method involved case study and documental research, especially physical and electronic patient records, in which clinical data records were verified. The prices of materials, medicines and exams were obtained from databases used by the hospital such as: Comprasnet, Price Bank, Price Panel and internal purchasing management systems. The hospitalization costs were collected from the sector responsible for calculating the costs of the HC-UFMG, while the information used to calculate the cost of the surgical team comes from the Federal Government's Transparency Portal and the and Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares and UFMG's career and salary plan. Having achieved the objective, a situational report was produced, which can be used by health institutions as a reference for research and negotiation with the entities responsible for health financing in Brazil, especially heart transplants. The research proved to be relevant from a clinical and management point of view, enabling a systemic and integrated view of the processes, as it expands the knowledge of the costs of an important line of care, in addition to contributing to the resizing of resources and providing more subsidies to decision making. The results showed that at the Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG the cost of Heart Transplantation is R$ 141.958,91.

Síntesis del hidróxido de níquel (II) con disolución multicomponente de la lixiviación de sulfuro de la tecnología Caron / Nickel hydroxide (II) synthesis with sulfide leaching multi-element solution from Caron technology / Síntese de hidróxido de níquel (II) com solução de lixiviação de sulfetos multicomponentes da Caron technology

Resumen Se determinaron las condiciones más favorables para la síntesis de hidróxido de níquel (II) por precipitación química a partir de la disolución lixiviada del sulfuro de níquel de la tecnología Caron. La disolución lixiviada de fuerza iónica igual a 4,6 mol-L-1 fue tratada con hidróxidos de amonio y sodio. Se calcularon las propiedades termodinámicas como entalpía, entropía y energía libre y se construyeron diagramas de zona de predominancia. Se demostró la conveniencia de realizar el proceso a 303 K, pH entre 11 y13 y concentración de amoníaco de 0,5 a 1,0 mol•L-1. En estas condiciones fueron obtenidas altas eficiencias de precipitación de los cationes metálicos de la disolución inicial. El sólido precipitado se caracterizó mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica y difracción de rayos X. Se obtuvo un beta-hidróxido de níquel (II) con la siguiente composición química: 58,5 ≤ Ni ≤ 59,1%, 1,7 ≤ Co ≤ 2,1%, 0,5 ≤ Fe ≤ 0,6%, Cu, Zn, Mn y Mg ≤ 0,2%.

Abstract The most favorable conditions for the synthesis of nickel (II) hydroxide were determined by chemical precipitation, from the leached solution of nickel sulfide from the Caron technology. The leached solution with an ionic strength equal to 4.6 mol-L-1 was treated with ammonium and sodium hydroxides. Thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy, entropy, and free energy were calculated and predominance zone diagrams were constructed. The convenience of performing the process at 303 K, pH between 11 and 13, and ammonia concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 mol•L-1 was demonstrated. Under these conditions, high precipitation efficiencies of the metal cations from the initial solution were obtained. The precipitated solid was characterized by atomic absorption spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. Nickel (II) beta-hydroxide with the following chemical composition was obtained: 58.5 ≤ Ni ≤ 59.1%, 1.7 ≤ Co ≤ 2.1%, 0.5 ≤ Fe ≤ 0.6%, Cu, Zn, Mn and Mg ≤ 0.2%.

Resumo As condições mais favoráveis para a síntese do hidróxido de níquel (II) foram determinadas por precipitação química, a partir da solução lixiviada de sulfeto de níquel da tecnologia Caron. A solução lixiviada de força iônica igual a 4,6 mol-L-1, foi tratada com hidróxidos de amônio e sódio. Foram calculadas propriedades termodinâmicas, como entalpia, entropia e energia livre, e diagramas de zonas de predominância foram construídos. Foi demonstrada a conveniência de realizar o processo a 303 K, pH entre 11 e 13 e concentração de amônia de 0,5 a 1,0 mol•L-1. Nessas condições, foram obtidas altas eficiências de precipitação dos cátions metálicos da solução inicial. O sólido precipitado foi caracterizado por espectrometria de absorção atômica e difração de raios-x. Foi obtido beta-hidróxido de níquel (II) com a seguinte composição química: 58,5 ≤ Ni ≤ 59,1%, 1,7 ≤ Co ≤ 2,1%, 0,5 ≤ Fe ≤ 0,6%, Cu , Zn, Mn e Mg ≤ 0,2%.

Caracterização hidrogeoquímica de águas subterrâneas utilizadas para abastecimento público na porção nordeste do Sistema Aquífero Guarani / Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater for public supply in the Northeastern portion of the Guarani Aquifer System

RESUMO O Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG) compreende um dos mais importantes aquíferos do mundo, tanto pela grande reserva quanto pela qualidade de suas águas subterrâneas. Entretanto, nem todas as regiões, nas quais o SAG é utilizado no abastecimento público, possuem estudos a respeito do quimismo de suas águas e de sua associação com a geologia. Este trabalho apresenta a caracterização hidrogeoquímica das águas subterrâneas do SAG utilizadas no abastecimento público em São Carlos, São Paulo, região nordeste do SAG, por meio de amostras provenientes de 27 poços tubulares profundos. A captação de água subterrânea é proveniente principalmente do SAG. Entretanto, também é possível verificar a presença das formações Botucatu, Piramboia, Serra Geral, Itaqueri, Adamantina e sedimentos cenozoicos. Apesar de pouco mineralizadas, verifica-se variabilidade iônica na composição das águas subterrâneas, evidenciada na distribuição espacial da condutividade elétrica na área de estudo. Os resultados hidroquímicos apontam para a existência de quatro fácies hidroquímicas: bicarbonatadas mistas, bicarbonatadas cálcicas, bicarbonatadas sódicas e sódica fluoretada, em ordem decrescente de representatividade. A heterogeneidade geológica interfere na concentração de íons na água, por meio da dissolução mineral, e possibilita a mistura das águas subterrâneas. A análise de componentes principais constatou que 62,7% da variabilidade total do conjunto amostral é explicada, principalmente, por dois fatores. O primeiro grupo de variáveis representa 38,7% da variabilidade, atribuída principalmente aos íons provenientes da dissolução de minerais (HCO3−, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+) e aos parâmetros relacionados a esse processo (pH e condutividade elétrica). O segundo revelou 24% da variabilidade total, que pode estar associado a origens antrópicas, como a presença dos íons Cl−, N-NO3−, SO42-, F− e K+.

ABSTRACT The Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) comprises one of the most important aquifers in the world due to its large water reserve and its groundwater quality. However, some regions that comprise the GAS groundwater for human supply are not thoroughly characterized on water chemistry and its relation with the local geology. This work presents the hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater from the northeast region of the GAS used for human public supply in São Carlos (São Paulo, Brazil) based on samples from 27 deep boreholes. The groundwater exploration occurs mainly from GAS. However, it is also possible to verify the presence of the Botucatu, Piramboia, Serra Geral, Itaqueri, Adamantina, and Cenozoic sediments. Although little mineralized, there is a large ionic variability in the groundwater composition, also evidenced by spatial distribution of the electrical conductivity in the research area. These results explain four hydrochemical water types: mixed bicarbonate; calcium bicarbonate; sodium bicarbonate; and sodium fluoride, in decreasing order of representativeness. The concentration of ions in groundwater reflects the geological heterogeneity, through mineral dissolution and possible groundwater mixing. A Principal Component Analysis demonstrated that 62.7% of the total sample set variability is explained by two main factors. The first one represents 38.7% of the variability; mainly attributed to ions from minerals dissolution (HCO3−, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+) and parameters related to this process (pH and electrical conductivity). The second group showed 24.0% of the total variability, which may be associated with anthropic activities origins, such as the presence of Cl−, N-NO3−, SO42-, F−, and K+.

Study on Technological Innovation System of Pharmaceutical Industry in Fujian Province ：Based on System Causal Loop Diagram and Problem Basic Model Analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To p rovide reference for improving the level of technological innovation and promoting the high-quality development of pharmaceutical industry in Fujian province. METHODS ：A total of 452 people were interviewed by relevant departments of pharmaceutical industry ，industry associations ，pharmaceutical enterprises and some consumers in Fujian province. After sorting out the interview data ，based on the theory of causal loop diagram and problem basic model methods ，the key variables and problem basic models affecting the technological innovation system of pharmaceutical industry in Fujian province were investigated . The leverage solutions and suggestions were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：The scientific and technological innovation environment ，managers’innovative ideas ，scientific and technological innovation motivation ，enterprise profits，product’s market competitiveness ，social organizations of pharmaceutical industry ，and industrialization of scientific and technological innovation achievements in the technological innovation system of pharmaceutical industry in Fujian province were closely related to the technological improvement of pharmaceutical industry in Fujian province. There were basic modes of “the rich getting richer ”for the technological innovation system of pharmaceutical industry in Fujian province ，i.e. the investment of external resources on scientific and technological innovation of pharmaceutical enterprises was mostly concentrated in the pharmaceutical enterprises above designated size. At the same time ，due to the lack of industry-research-university interaction and the unsmooth achievement transformation channel ，some small and medium-sized pharmaceutical enterprises with the potential of scientific and technological innovation or with traditional advantages may form the problem basic model “to attend to trifles and neglect the essentials”. It is suggested that the subjects related to pharmaceutical industry should give full play to the role of various scientific and technological platforms ，strengthen the attention and support to innovative small and medium-sized pharmaceutical enterprises ， create and optimize the financial service environment for scientific and technological innovation of pharmaceutical enterprises ，and support pharmaceutical enterprises with innovation power and potential to carry out technological innovation projects.

"Vinte mil pedras no caminho": a representação gráfica de uma carreira de usuário de drogas baseada em sua autobiografia / "Veinte mil piedras en el camino": la representación gráfica de una carrera de usuario de drogas basada en su autobiografía / "Twenty thousand stones along the way": a graphic representation of a drug user career based on his autobiography

O objetivo deste artigo é, com base em uma narrativa autobiográfica que descreve a carreira de usuário de drogas, construir um diagrama que permita visualizar o desenvolvimento da carreira e dividi-la em fases sucessivas quanto ao incremento ou à diminuição do autocontrole sobre o uso de drogas. A construção de um diagrama nos permitiu visualizar os períodos de maior e menor autocontrole sobre o consumo de substâncias e os principais fatores intervenientes. Tal procedimento mostrou-se uma ferramenta capaz de fornecer uma representação sintética e, ao mesmo tempo, diacrônica da carreira de usuário, dividida em fases sucessivas quanto ao incremento ou à diminuição do autocontrole, que constatamos depender da droga consumida e do contexto pessoal e social do usuário. (AU)

El objetivo de este artículo es, a partir de una narrativa autobiográfica que describe la carrera de usuario de drogas, construir un diagrama que permita visualizar el desarrollo de la carrera y dividirla en fases sucesivas en lo que se refiere al aumento o disminución del autocontrol sobre el uso de drogas. La construcción de un diagrama nos permitió visualizar los períodos de mayor y menor autocontrol sobre el consumo de substancias y los principales factores intervinientes. Tal procedimiento se mostró una herramienta capaz de suministrar una representación sintética y, al mismo tiempo, diacrónica de la carrera de usuario, dividida en fases sucesivas con relación al aumento o la disminución del autocontrol, que conforme constatamos depende de la droga consumida y del contexto personal y social del usuario. (AU)

The objective of this article is to construct a diagram based on the autobiographical narrative that describes the trajectory of a drug user, to allow visualizing the development of his career and dividing it into successive phases regarding the increase or decrease of self-control over drug use. The construction of a diagram allowed us to visualize the periods of increased and decreased self-control over substance use and the main factors involved. This procedure proved to be an able tool to provide a synthetic and, at the same time, diachronic representation of the user's career, divided into successive phases regarding the increase or decrease of self-control, which we found to be dependent on the drug consumed and the personal and social context of the user. (AU)

Preparation of nanoemulsion spray from Moslae Herba volatile oil and its antibacterial activity / 中国中药杂志

Moslae Herba is a commonly used aromatic Chinese medicinal with volatile oil as the main effective component and exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiviral effects. However, the irritation and instability of Moslae Herba volatile oil necessitate the preparation into a specific dosage form. In this study, the steam distillation method was employed to extract the Moslae Herba volatile oil. The content of thymol and carvacrol in Moslae Herba volatile oil was determined by HPLC as(0.111 9±0.001 0) and(0.235 4±0.004 7) mg·mL~(-1), respectively. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams and surfactants compounding were applied in the selection of the optimal excipients(surfactant and cosurfactant). On this basis, a nanoemulsion was prepared from the Moslae Herba volatile oil and then loaded into pressure vessels to get sprays, whose stability and antibacterial activity were evaluated afterward. With clarity, viscosity, smell and body feeling as comprehensive indexes, the optimal formulation of the Moslae Herba volatile oil nanoemulsion was determined as follows: Moslae Herba volatile oil∶peppermint oil∶cremophor EL∶absolute ethanol∶distilled water 7.78∶1.58∶19.26∶6.15∶65.23. The as-prepared nanoemulsion was a light yellow transparent liquid, with Tyndall effect shown under the irradiation of parallel light. It has the pH of 5.50, conductivity of 125.9 μS·cm~(-1), average particle size of 15.45 nm, polydispersity index(PDI) of 0.156, and Zeta potential of-17.9 mV. Under a transmission electron microscope, the Moslae Herba volatile oil nanoemulsion was presented as regular spheres without adhesion and agglomeration. Stability test revealed that the Moslae Herba volatile oil nanoemulsion was stable at 4-55 ℃, which was free from demulsification and stratification within 30 days. After the centrifugation at 12 000 r·min~(-1) for 30 min, there was no stratification either. The nanoemulsion had good inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and resistant S. aureus strains, with the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.39, 3.12 and 1.56 mg·mL~(-1), respectively. The above results demonstrated that the nanoemulsion was prepared feasibly and showed stable physical and chemical properties and good antibacterial effects. This study provides a practicable technical solution for the development of anti-epidemic and anti-infection products from Moslae Herba volatile oil.

Analysis on 158 detainees with adverse reactions due to anti-infective drugs / 药学实践杂志

Objective To analyze the characteristics and trends of adverse drug reactions (ADR) induced by anti-infective drugs in Shanghai Prison General Hospital and provide a guideline of rational drug use and pharmacovigilance for detainees. Methods The anti-infective drug induced ADR cases reported to the national ADR monitoring center in our hospital from January 2011 to October 2018 were collected. The primary and secondary factors of types, organs and (or) systems affected by anti-infective drugs that lead to ADR were studied with Pareto diagram. Results 158 ADR cases caused by anti-infective drugs were collected. 143 cases (90.51%) were male in 20-59 years old. Pareto diagram analysis showed that ADRs mainly involved eight kinds of anti-infective drugs (antituberculosis drugs, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, antiviral drugs, penicillin, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and nitroimidazoles). ADRs mainly involved in hepatobiliary and blood system. Both topical and systemic reactions were reported. Abnormal liver function, liver injury, rash and allergic reaction were the most common. Conclusion Pareto diagram method reflected the "critical minority and minor majority" analysis on detainees with ADRs caused by anti-infective drug. It was recommended to focus on anti-tuberculosis drugs and cephalosporin drugs to reduce or avoid the occurrence of ADR.

Emprego do cloreto de polialumínio em estudos de tratabilidade de água de abastecimento via coagulação, floculação e sedimentação / Use of polyaluminium chloride in studies of water supply treatability through coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation

RESUMO Cloreto de polialumínio (PAC) é um coagulante polimérico inorgânico pré-hidrolisado que tem se destacado no tratamento de água de abastecimento e residuária por formar um precipitado de Al(OH)3* rígido e pesado, além de ter baixo efeito no pH. A literatura, porém, ainda é escassa na correlação da química e da física do coagulante com otimizações de processo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi empregar o PAC em estudos de tratabilidade de água de abastecimento via coagulação, floculação e sedimentação. Para isso, inicialmente foi feito um modelamento matemático para ajuste de turbidez e pH e construídos diagramas de coagulação de turbidez e de cor aparente remanescentes com pH de 4,0 a 9,0 e dosagem de 10 a 120 mg.L-1 de PAC (0,6 a 6,9 mg.L-1 de Al3+). Também foram estudados diferentes gradientes de velocidade e tempos de mistura para a coagulação e a floculação. Os diagramas de coagulação apresentaram resultados satisfatórios na faixa de pH entre 7 e 9 com dosagem superior a 30 mg.L-1 de PAC (1,7 mg.L-1 de Al3+), e está relacionado com a solubilidade mínima do Al(OH)3*. Otimizações da coagulação e da floculação obtiveram melhora de até 79% da turbidez remanescente, redução de até 83% da área do sedimentador ou redução de até 67% na dosagem de PAC, em razão de um aumento do tamanho do floco produzido. Um conhecimento aprofundado da química e da física do processo relacionado ao uso do PAC pode, portanto, trazer benefícios ao seu uso.

ABSTRACT Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) is a pre-hydrolyzed inorganic polymeric coagulant that is being used widely in the treatment of water supply and wastewater by forming a hard and heavy Al(OH)3* precipitate, in addition to having a smaller effect on pH. The literature, however, is still scarce in correlating the chemistry and physics of the coagulant with process optimizations. The objective of this paper is to use PAC in studies of water supply treatability through coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation. For this purpose, a mathematical modeling was initially performed to adjust turbidity and pH, and then remaining turbidity and apparent color coagulation diagrams were constructed with a pH of 4.0 to 9.0 and a dosage of 10 to 120 mg.L-1 of PAC (0.6 to 6.9 mg.L-1 of Al3+). Different gradients of velocity and mixing times for coagulation and flocculation were also studied. The coagulation diagrams indicated satisfactory results in the pH range between 7 and 9 with a dosage higher than 30 mg.L-1 of PAC (1.7 mg.L-1 of Al3+), and it is related to the minimum solubility of Al(OH)3*. Coagulation and flocculation optimizations achieved an improvement of up to 79% in the remaining turbidity, a reduction of up to 83% in the settler area or a reduction of up to 67% in PAC dosage, due to an increase in the size of the floc produced. An in-depth knowledge of the chemistry and physics of the process related to the use of PAC can, therefore, bring benefits to its use.

Estrategias de manejo de Senecio vulgaris L. asociado al cultivo de Daucus carota L. a partir de los principios de la modelación biológica / Management strategies of Senecio vulgaris L. associated to Daucus carota L. from the principles of biological modeling

RESUMEN Senecio vulgaris L. es una maleza, considerada de difícil control cuando se asocia a la zanahoria, debido a que compite por recursos con el cultivo, siendo importante su control, ya que tiene un impacto negativo en la productividad. La modelación biológica es una herramienta que permite prever los posibles efectos del control de la especie, ya que identifica las diferentes variables de un sistema y los factores que las afecta, para de este modo, predecir los resultados en diversos ambientes. Con base en la dinámica de sistemas y los aspectos morfo-fisiológicos de la especie, se planteó la modelación del banco de semillas de S. vulgaris, basado en las ecuaciones planteadas por Fernández-Quintanilla, donde se construyó el diagrama Forrester, al que se le incorporaron las diferentes ecuaciones y valores del modelo, para proyectar la dinámica de la especie en el banco de semillas, dependiendo del manejo. Se propusieron tres escenarios: (1) control con herbicidas en post-emergencia, (2) rotación de cultivos y (3) incorporar los métodos culturales de control, con un testigo en pre siembra y rotación de cultivos. Los resultados del modelo muestran que cuando se realiza rotación de cultivos y se incorporan manejos en pre-siembra al proceso convencional de la especie, se presenta una menor cantidad de semillas en el banco.

ABSTRACT Senecio vulgaris L. is a weed, considered difficult to control, when it is associated with carrot, because it competes for resources with the crop, its control being important, since it has a negative impact on crop productivity. Biological modeling is a tool that allows predicting the possible effects of the species control, since it identifies the different variables of a system and the factors that affect them, in order to predict the results in different environments. Based on the dynamics of systems and the morphophysiological aspects of the species, the modeling of the S. vulgaris seed bank was suggested, based on the equations proposed by Fernández-Quintanilla, the Forrester diagram was constructed, which was incorporated the different equations and values of the model, to project the dynamics of the species in the seed bank, depending on the management. Three scenarios were proposed, (1) post-emergence herbicide control, (2) crop rotation (3) incorporate traditional control methods with a control in presowing and crop rotation. The model results show that when crop rotation is performed and pre-sowing management is incorporated into the conventional process of the species, a smaller quantity of seeds is presented in the bank.

Study on prescription process of nanoemulsion of Perilla frutescens essential oil and preliminary quality evaluation / 中草药

Objective: Using Perilla frutescens as a model drug, the nanoemulsion of Perilla frutescens essential oil (PFEO) were prepared, and the formulation process research and preliminary quality evaluation were carried out. Methods: The cosurfactants were determined according to the amount of PFEO dissolved in various excipients. The HLB value method was used to preliminarily screen surfactants suitable for oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions, and the surfactants with dosage safety were further screened to determine the composition of nanoemulsion formulations. By drawing a pseudo-ternary phase diagram, the nanoemulsion region size, drug loading, water content, and conductivity, viscosity, particle size, distribution, and stability was comprehensively compared to optimize the prescription. This study investigated the appearance, physicochemical properties (viscosity, pH value, conductivity, electrical conductivity, particle size, Zeta potential), stability, in vitro permeability properties and nasal mucosa irritation of the nanoemulsion of PFEO. Results: The final optimized nanoemulsion formulation was 14.3% PFEO-9.5% Transcutol P-19.1% Labrasol-57.1% water. The nanoemulsion of PFEO prepared according to the optimized prescription was uniform, transparent, clear, with good fluidity. The viscosity was (3.68 ± 0.17) mPa∙s, pH value was (6.18 ± 0.03), the electrical conductivity was (109.61 ± 0.89) μS/cm, the Zeta potential was (-7.08 ± 1.82) mV, and the particle size was (49.98 ± 1.55) nm. The results of transmission electron microscope experiment showed that, the droplets of PFEO nanoemulsion were spherical with the particle size within 100 nm. The stability test results showed that the nanoemulsion of PFEO had centrifugal stability, dilution stability, long-term stability and temperature stability. After storage at room temperature and unsealed for one month and six months, the percentage change of the average perillaldehyde content of PFEO nanoemulsion and PFEO was 1.8% and 17.48%, respectively. The nasal mucosal irritation test results showed that the PFEO nanoemulsion administration group had no significant difference from the blank saline group. Conclusion: The appearance and related physical and chemical properties of PFEO nanoemulsion prepared by optimized prescription process meet the quality requirements of nanoemulsion, with drug stability, drug permeability and safety.

Effect of precipitation inhibitors on pH-induced supersaturated phase behavior of dl-tetrahydropalmatine / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the effect of three types of precipitation inhibitors (PPI) HPMC K4M, HPMC AS MG and Soluplus on the pH-induced supersaturated phase behavior of dl-tetrahydropalmatine (dl-THP) at oral clinical doses. Methods: dl-THP pH solubility phase diagram and desaturation curve during pH-shift were drawn, and the solubility phase diagram was used to support dl-THP phase behavior. Area under the concentration-time curve and supersaturation ratio were used to analyze the effect of PPI on the phase behavior of dl-THP; Polarized light microscope and differential scanning calorimetry were used to analyze the precipitation properties. Results: Under the clinical dosage, the maximum supersaturation of dl-THP during the pH-shift was 3.93, and the supersaturation was lost over time; HPMC K4M, HPMC AS MG, and Soluplus could all maintain the supersaturation within 180 minutes during the pH-shift dissolution. HPMC K4M, HPMC AS MG, and Soluplus maintained supersaturation levels of 1.19, 1.89 and 1.36 respectively at a concentration of 5%, 1.30, 2.35 and 1.86 at a concentration of 20%, and 1.30, 2.60 and 2.07 at a concentration of 50%. Polarized light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry results showed that crystalline precipitation occurred. Conclusion: All precipitation inhibitors can improve the pH-induced supersaturated phase behavior of tetrahydropalmatine, and this improvement behavior varies with the type and concentration of precipitation inhibitors. HPMC AS MG has the best effect.