Evaluation of Chinese Food Guide Pagoda (2022) / 环境与职业医学

Background A rational diet is the foundation of health. Dietary guidelines for Chinese residents and Chinese Food Guild Pagoda aim to provide healthy eating guidance for Chinese residents. Objective To evaluate the rationality and applicability of the "Chinese Food Guild Pagoda" (2022). Methods The energy and nutrient supplies of foods recommended by the Food Pagoda-were calculated based on the chinese food composition Table. The degree of requirement satisfaction for energy or nutrients was calculated by comparing with the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) or adequate intake (AI) for adults (≥ 18 years) with light physical activity according to the Chinese dietary reference intakes. Results The estimated energy intake was 46662.79-10062.28 kJ, which met the 6697.36-10046.04 kJ set by the Food Pagoda. We estimated that 65.74-102.78 g of protein, 59.67-82.71 g of fat, and 211.27-333.19 g of carbohydrate were provided by following the Food Pagoda. Adequate vitamins and minerals were also provided by following the Food Pagoda. However, the amounts of vitamin E was estimated to be 2.40-3.28 times and sodium was 1.59-1.75 times of AI, while selenium was 63.40%-98.15% of RNI. Conclusion The amounts of vitamin E and sodium by following the Food Pagoda may be higher and selenium may be lower than recommended intakes. Energy and other nutrients in the Food Pagoda are suitable for general adults in China.

Self-Reported Diet Management and Adherence to Dietary Guidelines in Korean Adults with Hypertension

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although dietary management is strongly recommended in patients with hypertension, little is known about how many manage their diet and follow the guidelines for hypertension. We investigated the prevalence of dietary management among adults with known hypertension and evaluated their compliance to the dietary guidelines.METHODS: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2016 were used. Among 15,870 adults aged 30–79 years, 4,162 reported a physician-diagnosed hypertension. Diet management behavior was defined by self-report response. Actual dietary intake was assessed by a 24-hour dietary recall. Dietary quality was evaluated using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI).RESULTS: Among adults with hypertension, 28.0% reported that they were managing their diet. Those with hypertension consumed significantly less dietary sodium (p value<0.01), but also less potassium (p value<0.01), resulting in no difference of sodium-to-potassium ratio compared to those without hypertension (p value=0.66). Among those with hypertension, diet-managing adults had better KHEI score (66.9, p value<0.01) and consumed less sodium (3,354.3 mg, p value<0.01) than not-managing adults (63.6 score and 3,554.5 mg, respectively). However, total KHEI score was rather lower in those with hypertension (p value<0.01) than those without hypertension and their sodium intake was still over the recommended amount.CONCLUSIONS: More than two-thirds of Korean adults with hypertension did not manage their diet in daily life. More effective strategies are needed to increase the level of compliance with dietary recommendations for people with high blood pressure.

The Association between the Adherence to Dietary Guidelines for Breast Cancer Survivors and Health-related Quality of Life among Korean Breast Cancer Survivors / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: We examined the association between the adherence to dietary guidelines for breast cancer survivors and health-related quality of life in a cross-sectional study of Korean breast cancer survivors. METHODS: A total of 157 women aged 21 to 79 years who had been diagnosed with stage I to III breast cancers according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and had breast cancer surgery at least 6 months before the baseline were included. We used a Korean version of the Core 30 (C30) and Breast cancer 23 (BR23) module of the European Organization for Research and Treatment Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ), both of which have been validated for Koreans. Participants were asked about their adherence to dietary guidelines for breast cancer survivors, suggested by the Korean breast cancer society, using a 5-point Likert scale. We summed dietary guideline adherence scores for each participant and calculated the least squares means of health-related quality of life according to dietary guideline adherence scores using the generalized linear model. RESULTS: Breast cancer survivors who had higher adherence to dietary guidelines for breast cancer survivors had lower constipation scores than those with lower adherence (p for trend=0.01). When we stratified by the stage at diagnosis, this association was limited to those who had been diagnosed with stage II or III breast cancers. Also, sexual functioning scores increased significantly with increasing adherence scores of dietary guidelines among those with stage II or III breast cancers (p for trend < 0.001). However, among those who had been diagnosed with stage I, higher scores of dietary guidelines were associated with higher scores of pain (p for trend=0.03) and breast symptoms (p for trend=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested that the health-related quality of life levels of breast cancer survivors are associated with the adherence to dietary guidelines and may differ by the stage of the breast cancer.

An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Nutrition Counseling for Adults with Risk Factors for Dyslipidemia / 대한지역사회영양학회지

Dyslipidemia is a component of the metabolic syndrome and a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Nutrition counseling is important to improve dyslipidemia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition counseling in adults with risk factors for dyslipidemia diagnosed by the national health screening program. The nutrition counseling for adults with risk factors for dyslipidemia was carried out at a public health center in Gyeonggi-do. Thirty four patients out of forty five participants in the program completed the nutrition counseling program. The nutrition counseling was provided 3 times during a 12-week period. Individualized nutrition counseling to improve dietary habits was conducted after examining participants' dietary intake through questionnaires about dietary habits and whether they practice dietary guidelines. Data about serum lipid profiles, body composition, nutrition knowledge, the practice of dietary guidelines, and dietary behavior were collected before and after nutrition counseling to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition counseling. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS program (Korea ver.18.0) and significant difference was evaluated by paired t-test and chi(2)-test. Body weight, body fat and WHR were significantly decreased after nutrition counseling. Total-cholesterol, TG, and LDL-cholesterol were significantly decreased but HDL-cholesterol did not show significant changes. Both scores of nutrition knowledge and the practice of dietary guidelines improved significantly (p < 0.001). This study shows that nutrition counseling helps to encourage healthy eating practices and to improve serum lipid profiles of adults with risk factors for dyslipidemia. Overall, results indicated that nutrition counseling resulted in positive changes to lower the reliance on medications. Therefore, nutrition counseling should be considered for the initial treatment of dyslipidemia.

The prevalence of obesity and the level of adherence to the Korean Dietary Action Guides in Korean preschool children

The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the degree of adherence to the Korean Dietary Action Guides for Children (KDAGC). In a cross-sectional study based on a child care center-based survey in Seoul, Korea, we collected parental-reported questionnaires (n = 2,038) on children's weight and height, frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption, and the quality of dietary and activity behaviors based on the 2009 KDAGC Adherence Index (KDAGCAI) which was developed as a composite measure of adherence to the KDAGC. Overweight and obesity were determined according to age- and sex-specific BMI percentile from the 2007 Korean national growth chart. Associations were assessed with generalized linear models and polytomous logistic regression models. Approximately 17.6% of Korean preschool children were classified as overweight or obese. Obese preschoolers had lower adherence to the KDAGCAI compared to those with lean/normal weight. Preschoolers with a high quality of dietary and activity behaviors had a 51% decreased odds ratio (OR) of being obese (highest vs. lowest tertile of KDAGCAI-score, 95% CI 0.31, 0.78; P = 0.001); the associations were more pronounced among those who were older (P = 0.048) and lived in lower income households (P = 0.014). A greater frequency of vegetable consumption, but not fruit, was associated with a borderline significant reduction in the prevalence of obesity. Our findings support the association between obesity prevention and high compliance with the Korean national dietary and activity guideline among preschool children.

Messages of the Newly Proposed Malaysian Dietary Guidelines (MDG): Do Adults in Kuala Lumpur Understand Them?

The Malaysian Dietary Guidelines (MDG) with eight key messages were first published in 1999. An updated version consisting of 14 key messages is being developed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the understanding of five key messages of the updated MDG among adults aged 18-59 years in Kuala Lumpur. A total of 773 adults comprising 330 Malays, 364 Chinese and 79 Indians were included in the study. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data and to determine the level of understanding of key words and messages to be included in the new MDG. The results showed that 63% of the subjects were not aware of the existence of the MDG published in 1999. Overall, the understanding of the five messages in the updated MDG was moderate with a mean score of 60.0 ± 16.5. Between 52% to 93% of the subjects did not understand such key words as serving size, sedentary habits, blended vegetable oil and shortenings. The mean scores of understanding were significantly higher (p< 0.05) among the Chinese subjects (61.3 + 17.8) than Malays (58.6 + 14.2) and Indians (60.0 + 18.9). The younger subjects (61.2 + 16.0) scored significantly (p< 0.05) higher than the older (58.7 + 17.0) counterparts. There was also a significant association between the level of understanding of MDG with education level (p<0.001) and occupational status (p<0.001), respectively. This study suggests that some key words and messages in the updated MDG should be simplified to ensure that they are understood by Malaysians.

Guias alimentares para populações: aspectos históricos e conceituais / Dietary guidelines for populations: historical and conceptual aspects

Objetivo. Revisar o referencial teórico sobre guias alimentares e abordar definições, aspectos históricos, implementação e limitações, visando a contribuir para sistematizar e divulgar o conhecimento sobre guias. Métodos. Revisão da literatura, usando como fontes artigos publicados, livros, relatórios e documentos oficiais. Resultados. A relação entre a dieta e a etiologia das doenças crônicas levou ao desenvolvimento de guias alimentares, os quais constituem um instrumento para orientar a educação em alimentação e nutrição nos países em geral, buscando a adoção de padrão alimentar que contribua para uma vida saudável. Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, os guias devem ser integrados às políticas de alimentação e promoção da saúde. São poucos os trabalhos que informam sobre o que são, para que servem e como são elaborados os guias alimentares. Embora estes existam desde os anos 1960s, no Brasil, o primeiro guia para a população em geral foi lançado em 2006. Atualmente os guias alimentares trazem recomendações com melhor evidência científica, embora seu desenvolvimento e sua implementação ainda estejam sujeitos a limitações. Conclusão. As informações adequadas sobre guias alimentares por parte de todos os profissionais envolvidos nas questões referentes à alimentação e saúde são fundamentais para que esses guias sejam mais eficazes.

Objective. To review the theoretical basis of dietary guidelines, including their definitions, historical aspects, implementation and limitations, in order to increase know ledge on these guides. Methods. Literature review including published articles, books, reports and official documents. Results. The relationship between dietary factors and the etiology of chronic diseases has lead to the development of dietary guidelines, which constitute an instrument to guide national food and nutrition education aiming at adoption of a dietary pattern that contributes to a healthy life. According to the World Health Organization, dietary guidelines should be integrated to the food and health promotion policies. There are a few articles informing what dietary guidelines are, their objectives and how they are formulated. Although they exist since the 1960s, in Brazil, the first dietary guide line was launched in 2006. Current dietary guidelines are based on better scientific evidence, although their development and implementation still present limitations. Conclusion. All those involved in the food and health strategies should be aware of the importance of dietary guidelines so that they can be more effective.