Body Composition Classification with Electrical Bioimpedance in Chilean Military by Sex / Clasificación de la Composición Corporal con Bioimpedancia Eléctrica en Militares Chilenos por Sexo

SUMMARY: Military readiness relies heavily on the physical fitness and operational capability of its personnel. This study aims to enhance the effectiveness of body composition assessment and classification protocols within the military context. A comprehensive evaluation of 4370 active-duty Chilean military personnel was conducted, focusing on anthropometric characteristics, including adipose tissue, muscle tissue, and anthropometric indices. The study observed significant differences in body composition between genders, with men exhibiting lower levels of body fat percentage (men: 26.28 %; women: 34.62 %) but higher levels of muscle mass (men: 42.0 %; women: 36.0 %;), skeletal muscle index (men:11.81; women: 9.31), and fat-free mass index (men: 19.92; women: 18.45) compared to women. High levels of muscle tissue were observed in both groups. By integrating these findings into a standardized assessment protocol, a more accurate classification of military personnel was achieved, surpassing traditional methods used in sedentary obese populations. The study advocates the future adoption of an assessment model based on artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, which consider the multifaceted nature of body composition and its impact on operational capability. Such a model would enable military forces to optimize their personnel's physical fitness and readiness, thus enhancing their effectiveness in deployment operations.

La preparación militar depende en gran medida de la aptitud física y la capacidad operativa de su personal. Este estudio tiene como objetivo mejorar la eficacia de los protocolos de evaluación y clasificación de la composición corporal dentro del contexto militar. Se realizó una evaluación integral de 4.370 militares chilenos en servicio activo, centrándose en las características antropométricas, incluido el tejido adiposo, el tejido muscular y los índices antropométricos. El estudio observó diferencias significativas en la composición corporal entre sexos, con los hombres exhibiendo niveles más bajos de porcentaje de grasa corporal (hombres: 26,28 %; mujeres: 34,62 %) pero niveles más altos de masa muscular (hombres: 42,0 %; mujeres: 36,0 %;), índice de músculo esquelético (hombres: 11,81; mujeres: 9,31) e índice de masa magra (hombres: 19,92; mujeres: 18,45) en comparación con las mujeres. Se observaron altos niveles de tejido muscular en ambos grupos. Al integrar estos hallazgos en un protocolo de evaluación estandarizado, se logró una clasificación más precisa del personal militar, superando los métodos tradicionales utilizados en poblaciones obesas sedentarias. El estudio aboga por la adopción futura de un modelo de evaluación basado en algoritmos de inteligencia artificial (IA), que consideren la naturaleza multifacética de la composición corporal y su impacto en la capacidad operativa. Un modelo de este tipo permitiría a las fuerzas militares optimizar la aptitud física y la preparación de su personal, mejorando así su eficacia en las operaciones de despliegue.

Indicadores de desigualdades sociais associados à mortalidade por neoplasias nos adultos brasileiros: revisão de escopo / Indicators of social inequalities associated with cancer mortality in Brazilian adults: scoping review

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar indicadores de desigualdades sociais associados à mortalidade por neoplasias na população adulta brasileira. Utilizou-se como método a revisão de escopo, estabelecendo-se a pergunta norteadora: qual o efeito das desigualdades sociais na mortalidade por neoplasias na população adulta brasileira? Foram identificados 567 trabalhos, sendo 22 considerados elegíveis. Identificou-se uma diversidade de indicadores, como o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano e o Índice de Gini, entre outros, que avaliaram primordialmente diferenças de renda, escolarização, desenvolvimento humano e vulnerabilidade. Não foi estabelecido um único padrão de associação entre os indicadores e as diferentes neoplasias, assim como não se identificou um indicador único capaz de explicar o efeito da desigualdade social em todos os níveis de área e por óbitos por todos os tipos de neoplasias, mas identificou-se que a mortalidade é influenciada pelas desigualdades sociais e que o estudo dos indicadores proporciona definir qual melhor explica os óbitos. Essa revisão destaca importantes lacunas referentes ao uso de indicadores sociais não modificáveis, à análise de pequenas áreas e ao uso limitado de indicadores multidimensionais.

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify indicators of social inequalities associated with mortality from neoplasms in the Brazilian adult population. A scoping review method was used, establishing the guiding question: What is the effect of social inequalities on mortality from neoplasms in the Brazilian adult population? A total of 567 papers were identified, 22 of which were considered eligible. A variety of indicators were identified, such as the Human Development Index and the Gini Index, which primarily assessed differences in income, schooling, human development and vulnerability. A single pattern of association between the indicators and the different neoplasms was not established, nor was a single indicator capable of explaining the effect of social inequality at all levels of territorial area and by deaths from all types of neoplasms identified. It is known that mortality is influenced by social inequalities and that the study of indicators provides an opportunity to define which best explains deaths. This review highlights important gaps regarding the use of non-modifiable social indicators, analysis of small geographical areas, and limited use of multidimensional indicators.

Gender Differences in Physical Performance and Psychological Assessment Among Cuban National Athletics Team / Diferencias de género en el rendimiento físico y la evaluación psicológica en el equipo nacional de atletismo cubano / Diferenças de gênero no desempenho físico e avaliação psicológica entre a equipe nacional de atletismo de Cuba

Abstract Introduction: Elite sports pose potential health risks, but are vital to the well-being of society. In Cuban society, sport is an integral part of personal development and public health, fostering unity and promoting female participation for sustainable growth. Athletics is one of the most important sports in Cuban sport, and should be approached both from the point of view of sports training and sports psychology. Purpose: The aim of this study was to provide a description of conditional variables in a countermovement jump (CMJ), mood profile, self-efficacy, and the leg-hip height index among athletes from the Cuban national athletics pre-selection team, differentiated by gender. Methods: Our sample consisted of the Cuban national athletics pre-selection team. Results: Mood profile analysis using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) did not reveal significant gender differences, with a small effect size for gender. Men showed a slightly greater trend towards vigor compared to women. Significant differences in self-efficacy were observed between men and women in their confidence levels to achieve jump heights between 21 and 40 cm using the CMJ. However, no significant differences were found for jumps exceeding 40 cm, highlighting the importance of strategies to enhance athletes' psychological needs and self-efficacy. Conclusions: This study suggests that the association between tension-related anxiety and performance indicators related to jump height may play a crucial role in determining specific profiles in male and female Cuban athletes. Our comprehensive analysis contributes to understanding gender differences in performance factors. These findings provide valuable insights for future research and athlete development strategies.

Resumen Introducción: Los deportes de élite plantean riesgos potenciales para la salud, pero son vitales para el bienestar de la sociedad. En la sociedad cubana, el deporte forma parte integral del desarrollo personal y la salud pública, fomentando la unidad y promoviendo la participación femenina, para un crecimiento sostenible. El atletismo es uno de los deportes más importantes en el deporte cubano, y debe ser abordado tanto, desde el punto de vista del entrenamiento deportivo, como desde la psicología deportiva. Propósito: El objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar una descripción de las variables condicionales en un salto con contramovimiento (CMJ, por sus siglas en inglés), el perfil anímico, la autoeficacia y el índice de altura pierna-cadera en atletas de la preselección nacional cubana de atletismo, diferenciados por sexo. Materiales y métodos: Nuestra muestra estuvo constituida por la preselección nacional de atletismo de Cuba. Resultados: El análisis del perfil del estado de ánimo mediante el Perfil de Estados de Ánimo (POMS) no reveló diferencias significativas entre sexos, con un tamaño del efecto pequeño para el sexo. Los hombres mostraron una tendencia ligeramente mayor hacia el vigor, en comparación con las mujeres. Se observaron diferencias significativas en la autoeficacia entre hombres y mujeres, en sus niveles de confianza para alcanzar alturas de salto de entre 21 y 40 cm utilizando el CMJ. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas para los saltos superiores a 40 cm, lo que pone de relieve la importancia de las estrategias para mejorar las necesidades psicológicas y la autoeficacia de los atletas. Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere que, la asociación entre la ansiedad, relacionada con la tensión y los indicadores de rendimiento, vinculados con la altura del salto, pueden desempeñar un papel crucial en la determinación de perfiles específicos, en atletas cubanos, de ambos sexos. Nuestro análisis exhaustivo contribuye a comprender las diferencias de género en los factores de rendimiento. Estos hallazgos proporcionan valiosos conocimientos para futuras investigaciones y estrategias de desarrollo en atletas.

Resumo Introdução: Os desportos de elite apresentam riscos potenciais para a saúde, mas são vitais para o bem-estar da sociedade. Na sociedade cubana, o desporto é parte integrante do desenvolvimento pessoal e da saúde pública, fomentando a unidade e promovendo a participação feminina para um crescimento sustentável. O atletismo é uma das modalidades mais importantes do desporto cubano e deve ser abordado tanto do ponto de vista do treino desportivo como da psicologia desportiva. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi fornecer uma descrição das variáveis condicionais em um salto com movimento (CMJ, sigla em inglês), perfil de humor, autoeficácia e o índice de altura da perna-quadril entre atletas da equipe de pré-seleção nacional de atletismo de Cuba, diferenciados por gênero. Métodos: Nossa amostra consistiu na equipe de pré-seleção nacional de atletismo de Cuba. Resultados: A análise do perfil de humor usando o Perfil de Estados de Humor (POMS) não revelou diferenças significativas de gênero, com um pequeno efeito de tamanho para o gênero. Os homens mostraram uma tendência ligeiramente maior para o vigor em comparação com as mulheres. Diferenças significativas na autoeficácia foram observadas entre homens e mulheres em seus níveis de confiança para alcançar alturas de salto entre 21 e 40 cm usando o CMJ. No entanto, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para saltos superiores a 40 cm, destacando a importância de estratégias para aprimorar as necessidades psicológicas e a autoeficácia dos atletas. Conclusões: Este estudo sugere que a associação entre ansiedade relacionada à tensão e indicadores de desempenho relacionados à altura do salto pode desempenhar um papel crucial na determinação de perfis específicos em atletas cubanos do sexo masculino e feminino. Nossa análise abrangente contribui para entender as diferenças de gênero nos fatores de desempenho. Esses achados fornecem insights valiosos para futuras pesquisas e estratégias de desenvolvimento de atletas.

A comparative research of the difference between arrhythmia and non-arrhythmia wards in the management of atrial fibrillation / 中国介入心脏病学杂志

Objective To investigate the difference between the management of patients in arrhythmia ward and non-arrhythmia wards and optimize the management plan of patients with atrial fibrillation.Methods Data of 1 537 patients with atrial fibrillation admitted to the arrhythmia ward and non-arrhythmia ward in the Department of Cardiology of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from September 2019 to September 2021 were collected.Baseline data,use of oral anticoagulants,use of heart rate control drugs and antiarrhythmic drugs,and use of antiplatelet drugs were compared between the two groups.Results The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score in the non-specialized atrial fibrillation(AF)management group was higher than that in the specialized AF management group,and the difference was statistically significant[(4.76±1.71)vs.(3.46±1.87),P＜0.001].There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of gender,age,comorbidities such as heart failure,hypertension,diabetes,stroke,and vascular disease(all P＜0.001).The proportion of paroxysmal and permanent AF types in the non-specialized AF management group was higher(P＜0.001).The usage rates of rate control drugs(56.0％vs.40.1％),beta-blockers(50.7％vs.36.6％),and digoxin(17.6％vs.5.2％)were significantly higher in the non-specialized AF management group compared to the specialized AF management group,all with statistical significance(all P＜0.001).The usage rates of antiarrhythmic drugs(49.8％vs.22.6％),amiodarone(26.2％vs.5.6％),dronedarone(3.1％vs.0.4％),and propafenone(2.9％vs.0.1％)were significantly higher in the specialized AF management group compared to the non-specialized AF management group,all with statistical significance(all P＜0.001),while there was no statistical difference in the usage rate of sotalol between the two groups.The proportion of patients undergoing coronary artery examination in the non-specialized AF management group(43.6％)was significantly higher than that in the specialized AF management group(25.7％),with statistical significance(P＜0.001).Conclusions The treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation varies greatly due to the management of different specialized wards.

Progress of Research on Regional Differences in Esophageal Cancer / 肿瘤防治研究

Esophageal cancer is a common malignant tumor of digestive tract. Remarkable regional difference is a prominent feature of the clinical epidemiology of esophageal cancer. They are mainly manifested in incidence rate, incidence type, onset age, and gene mutation. These differences may be related to dietary habits, lifestyle, and environmental factors. In recent years, research on the regional differences in esophageal cancer has gradually deepened. This article summarizes the differences in incidence rate, incidence type, gene mutations, epigenetics, risk factors, and prognosis of esophageal cancer in different regions, including Asia (China, India, Japan, and other countries), Europe, America (the United States), Africa, and other regions. Understanding these differences can help doctors and public health experts understand the risk factors and causes of esophageal cancer and further develop highly effective prevention and treatment strategies to reduce the occurrence and mortality rate of this malignancy.

Prevalence rate and related factors in urban and rural residents with hyperuricemia / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To explore the prevalence rate and related factors of urban and rural residents with hyperuricemia (HUA). Methods A total of 360 subjects in physical examination department of Sanliusan Hospital from January 2020 to January 2023 were selected and divided into urban residents and rural residents according to their permanent residence addresses, and the demographic information, living habits and underlying diseases were collected. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum uric acid (SUA), body mass index (BMI) and triglyceride (TG) were measured. The risk factors of HUA were analyzed by logistics regression analysis. Results The incidence rates of HUA in urban and rural residents were 12.18% and 12.88%. There were statistically significant differences in education level, occupation, BMI, sleep time, alcohol drinking, FBG and TG between urban and rural residents (all P24 kg/m2, alcohol drinking and chronic kidney disease were independent risk factors for HUA occurrence among urban residents (all P<0.05). Chronic kidney disease, FBG≥7.0 mmol/L and TG≥2.3 mmol/L were independent risk factors for hyperuricemia occurrence among rural residents (all P<0.05). Conclusion Rural residents should strengthen health education and blood glucose and lipid control, and urban residents should pay more attention to reasonable exercise, control alcohol consumption and reduce HUA occurrence.

Related factors and equity of health status among floating population in China based on geographic information system analysis / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To understand the health status,influencing factors and spatial distribution of the Chinese floating population and to evaluate the health equity of the floating population.Methods:All the data were collected from the 2017 Migrant Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey in China,binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors that might affect the health of the floating population,and the concentration index method was used to evaluate the health equity of the floating population.Spa-tial autocorrelation analyses the spatial aggregation of health status and health equity.Results:The un-healthy rate of the floating population in China was 2.71％.Age and gender show a statistically signifi-cant impact on self-rated health;that is,as age increases,the self-rated health of the migrant population gradually deteriorates,and women are more likely to think that they are unhealthy.Fairness analysis shows that the concentration index of the floating population is 0.021 7,the urban household registration floating population is 0.021 6,and the rural household registration floating population is 0.021 9.It is shown that the fairness of the health status of the floating population is biased towards the high-income class,and the rural household registration floating population's health unfairness is greater than that of the urban household registration migration population.Moreover,Moran's i=0.211 for self-rated health and Moran's i=0.291 for the unhealthy rate indicate that self-rated health has a spatial aggregation trend.Moran's i=0.136 showed the characteristics of spatial clustering,and the two-week prevalence fairness of the floating population was mainly in the northern and southeastern coastal areas.Conclusion:In general,the health status of the floating population in China is relatively good.The main influencing factors of health included gender and age.The central tendency of health inequity is reflected in the south-east coastal and northern regions,which are characterized by poverty.Attention to spatial aggregation is not only helpful to analyze the reasons of floating population,but also to study the health differences between different regions and health-related factors,to improve the overall health level of the whole population.

Establishment and comparison of 2 mouse models of kainic acid induced epilepsy / 陆军军医大学学报

Objective To investigate and analyze the behavioral and pathological differences in early-stage mouse models of epilepsy established by 2 different administration routes for kainic acid(KA),intracerebroventricular(ICV)injection and intraperitoneal(IP)injection.Methods A total of 100 male C57BL/6N wild-type(WT)mice(20～22 g)were randomly divided into ICV+normal saline(NS)control group(n=10),ICV+KA model group(n=40),IP+NS control group(n=10)and IP+KA model group(n=40).The ICV+KA model group was given 600 nL of KA(0.5 mg/mL)via ICV injection,and the IP+KA model group was injected with different dose of KA(25 mg/kg).Two control groups were administered equal volumes of NS via corresponding routes.After 3 d of modeling,the evaluation of behavioristics,molecular biology(including Western blotting),and neuropathological assessments(including FJB staining,TUNEL staining and immunofluorescence staining)were performed.Results No epileptic seizures were observed in both 2 control groups,while exhibited seizures were observed in both model groups.The mortality rates of the IP+KA group and the ICV+KA group were 47.50%and 65.00%respectively,while the success rates of modeling were 80.00%and 60.00%respectively.Compared with the IP+KA group,the ICV+KA group showed a significant increase in success rate and a significant reduction in mortality rate.FJB and TUNEL staining results showed that,compared with the IP+KA group,the severity of neurodegeneration and apoptotic changes in the hippocampus of the ICV+KA group were more significant(P＜0.05).Compared with the IP+KA group,there was also a significant difference in the expression of apoptotic proteins in the hippocampus of the ICV+KA group(P＜0.05).Immunofluorescence results showed that the astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus and cortex of the ICV+KA and IP+KA groups were significantly activated compared with the control groups(P＜0.05),but the activation of glial cells in the hippocampus and cortex of the ICV+KA group was stronger than that of the IP+KA model group(P＜0.05)and the activation levels in the ICV+KA group were higher than in the IP+KA model group(P＜0.01).Moreover,expression levels of GFAP and Iba-1 proteins in the hippocampus and cortex were higher in the ICV+KA group than the IP+KA group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Two routes of KA administration are effective in construct epilepsy models.The mice with ICV administration route show a higher success rate and lower mortality rate,and more significant neuropathological damage and glial cell activation.

Quantitative evaluation of gender differences in supraclavicular fat related to fat metabolism with IDEAL-IQ in healthy young adults / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To evaluate the gender differences in fat water fraction(FWF)related to fat metabolism in supraclavicular region of neck with iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least square estimation iron quantification(IDEAL-IQ)sequence quantitatively.Methods Twenty healthy female and twenty healthy male volunteers were selected for a MRI examination with IDEAL-IQ,then the FWF of R2*,brown adipose tissue(BAT)and white adipose tissue(WAT)were obtained by post-processing.The differences of FWF between the two groups were compared by Mann-Whitney U test.Results There was sig-nificant difference in the FWF of BAT and WAT between the two groups(P＜0.05).The FWF of BAT in the female was higher than that the male,and the FWF of WAT in the male was higher than that the female,there was no significant difference in the R2*between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion IDEAL-IQ sequence can be used to evaluate the FWF in supraclavicular region of neck quantitatively,and classify BAT and WAT,then provide clinical according to the quantitative study of fat content.

Study progress on pharmacogenomics of sodium-glucose linked transporter 2 inhibitors / 中国药房

Sodium-glucose linked transporter 2 inhibitors（SGLT2i） are novel oral hypoglycaemic agents and are widely used for hypoglycemic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus， but differences in the genetic backgrounds of patients often lead to variable responsiveness to drug therapy. By summarizing the pharmacogenomic studies of SGLT2i， the article found that the genetic variants of UGT1A9， UGT2B4， SLC5A2， ABCB1， PNPLA3 and WFS1 may influence the pharmacokinetics of SGLT2i and the external hypoglycemic effects of SGLT2i in improving non-alcoholic fatty liver disease， weight loss and so on， but there is no clinical evidence that genetic polymorphisms affect the hypoglycemic efficacy of SGLT2i.

Nuclear factor-KB signaling pathway and gender differences in alcoholic liver fibrosis / 解剖学报

Objective To investigate the relationship between nuclear factor(NF)-κB signaling pathway and gender differences in alcoholic liver fibrosis. Methods C57BL/6 N mice at 7-8 weeks of age were randomly divided into: male normal group, male model group, female normal group and female model group of 20 mice each. The normal group was fed with control liquid diet for 8 weeks, and the model group was fed with alcoholic liquid diet for 8 weeks combined with 31.5% ethanol gavage (5g/kg twice a week) to establish an alcoholic liver fibrosis model. The mice were executed at the end of 8 weekends, and the alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, estradiol (E

Meta-analysis of the efficacy of invisible orthodontic appliances for maxillary molar distalization in adult patients / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To evaluate the clinical efficacy of invisible orthodontic appliances without brackets for the distal movement of maxillary molars to improve the ability of orthodontists to predict treatment outcomes.@*Methods@#Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Wanfang Database, CNKI Database, and VIP Database were searched for studies investigating the efficacy of invisible orthodontic appliances for distal movement of maxillary molars in adult patients and published from database inception to August 1, 2023. A total of three researchers screened the studies and evaluated their quality and conducted a meta-analysis of those that met quality standards.@*Results@#This study included 13 pre- and postcontrol trials with a total sample size of 281 patients. The meta-analysis revealed no significant differences in the sagittal or vertical parameters of the jawbone after treatment when compared with those before treatment (P>0.05). The displacement of the first molar was MD=-2.34, 95% CI (-2.83, -1.85); the displacement was MD=-0.95, 95% CI (-1.34, -0.56); and the inclination was MD=-2.51, 95% CI (-3.56, -1.46). There was a statistically significant difference in the change in sagittal, vertical, and axial tilt of the first molar before and after treatment. After treatment, the average adduction distance of the incisors was MD=-0.82, 95% CI (-1.54, -0.09), and the decrease in lip inclination was MD=-1.61, 95% CI (-2.86, -0.36); these values were significantly different from those before treatment (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Invisible orthodontic appliances can effectively move the upper molars in a distal direction and control the vertical position of the molars. When the molars move further away, there is some degree of compression and distal tilt movement, which is beneficial for patients with high angles. The sagittal movement of incisors is beneficial for improving the patient's profile.

Effects of body mass index on plantar pressure / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Human plantar pressure can reflect the health status of the lower limbs and even the whole body,which is an important basis for gait analysis,and body mass index is an important influencing factor. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of body mass index on plantar pressure. METHODS:Twenty young college students from Xuzhou Medical University,including 10 males and 10 females aged 19-21 years,were selected as test subjects and divided into three groups according to the body mass index value:overweight group(body mass index>25 kg/m2,n=3),lean group(body mass index<18 kg/m2,n=4),and normal group(body mass index 18-25 kg/m2,n=13).A natural walking gait test was carried out on the three groups of subjects with a Zebris pressure distribution measurement plate to obtain the complete gait cycle parameters.The time proportion of support time phase,peak pressure,time to peak force,peak force and impulse volume were analyzed and the correlation between each parameter and the body mass index was analyzed by Person analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Compared with the other two groups,the time proportion of support time phase of subjects in the overweight group was relatively small,while the time proportion in the foot heel contact period and forefoot extension period was relatively large.There was a positive correlation of the time proportion of the foot heel contact period and forefoot extension period with body mass index,while there was a negative correlation between the time proportion of the arch support period and body mass index.(2)The peak pressure of the left arch and palm of the foot of the subjects of the overweight group was higher than that of the normal group,and the peak pressure of the left and right palm of the foot of the lean group was lower than that of the normal group.The peak pressure was positively correlated with the body mass index during the foot heel contact period.There was a significant positive correlation between the peak pressure of the left foot and body mass index during the arch support period as well as the peak pressure of both feet and body mass index during the forefoot extension period.(3)Plantar peak force time in the order of the gait cycle in increasing order:heel<arch<metatarsal<toe.In the foot heel contact period,the time of peak force was negatively correlated with body mass index,but they were positively correlated with each other in the forefoot extension period.In the arch support period,the time of peak force of the left arch was significantly positively correlated with body mass index.(4)Plantar peak force was mainly expressed as medial heel>toe/middle 2-4 metatarsal>lateral heel>medial and lateral metatarsal>arch;medial heel peak force was the largest,and the arch peak force was the smallest.Except for the toe of the left foot,there was a significant positive correlation between peak force and body mass index.(5)The maximum ground impulse of the lean group and the overweight group was in the foot heel contact stage,the minimum ground impulse was in the forefoot extension period,and the minimum ground impulse of the arch was in the normal group.There was a significant positive correlation between ground impulse and body mass index at different periods.(6)The results show that young people should control their body mass index,wear appropriate shoes,protect their feet and ankles,and prevent the occurrence of flat feet.

Men's mental health in a university community during the COVID-19 pandemic / Saúde mental masculina em uma comunidade universitária durante a pandemia de COVID-19

Objective This study aims to identify associations between sociodemographic characteristics and mental health, behaviors, and perceptions among men in a Brazilian university community during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method A total of 862 subjects participated, responding to an online questionnaire with sociodemographic questions, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, and the Psychological Well-Being scale. Results The results indicate that sociodemographic characteristics are associated with the mental health, behaviors, and perceptions of the participants. Variables such as age, race, occupation, marital status, and living arrangements during the period of social distancing relate in different ways to levels of anxiety, stress, and depression, as well as psychological well-being, in addition to behaviors and perceptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion The results highlight the need to consider the specificities of the male population facing the COVID-19 pandemic and emphasize the importance of investing in health actions that consider the influence of the process of social construction of masculinities.

Objetivo Esse estudo tem por objetivo identificar associações de características sociodemográficas com a saúde mental, comportamentos e percepções entre homens de uma comunidade universitária brasileira durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Método Participaram 862 sujeitos, os quais responderam a um formulário online com questões sociodemográficas e às escalas de Depressão Ansiedade e Estresse e a Escala de Bem-Estar Psicológico. Resultados Os resultados apontam que características sociodemográficas mostram-se associadas à saúde mental, comportamentos e percepções dos participantes. Variáveis como faixa etária, raça/cor, ocupação, estado civil e moradia, durante o período de distanciamento, estão relacionadas de maneiras diferentes a níveis de ansiedade, estresse e depressão, bem como, de bem-estar psicológico, além dos comportamentos e percepções durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusão Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de se considerar as singularidades da população masculina diante da pandemia de COVID-19 e ressaltam a importância do investimento em ações em saúde que considerem a influência do processo de construção social das masculinidades.

Teoria da história de vida: uma perspectiva evolucionista para a compreensão do desenvolvimento humano / Life history theory: an evolutionary perspective for understanding human development / Théorie de l'histoire de vie : perspective évolutionniste pour comprendre le développement humain / Teoría del ciclo de vida: una perspectiva evolutiva para comprender el desarrollo humano

Resumo Desenvolvida na biologia para entender a evolução das espécies, a teoria da história de vida passou a ser aplicada na psicologia para compreender as diferenças individuais no desenvolvimento em resposta a condições ambientais específicas. Devido ao seu potencial heurístico para compreensão do comportamento humano, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a incorporação da THV pela psicologia, apresentando seus fundamentos teóricos e conceituais nesse novo campo, tais como contínuo rápido-lento, covariação entre traços psicológicos e estratégias de história de vida. Discutimos com base em trabalhos empíricos as previsões da teoria sobre a influência da imprevisibilidade e severidade ambientais nos traços psicológicos. São revisados trabalhos nas áreas do desenvolvimento, comportamento sexual e antissocial, personalidade e psicopatologia. São apresentadas críticas e contracríticas do seu uso na psicologia. Finalmente, abordamos limitações dos estudos de THV na psicologia. Argumentamos que estudos nessa área podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de soluções aos problemas sociais atuais.

Abstract Although developed in biology to comprehend how organisms evolve, life history theory (LHT) has come to be applied in psychology to understand individual differences in development in response to specific environmental conditions. Due to its heuristic potential for understanding human behavior, this work aimed to describe the assimilation of LHT by psychology, presenting its theoretical and conceptual foundations in this new field, such as the fast-slow continuum, the covariation among psychological traits, and the life history strategies. We discuss, based on empirical works, the theory's predictions about the influence of environmental unpredictability and harshness on psychological traits. We review studies in the field of development, sexual and antisocial behavior, personality, and psychopathology. Criticisms and counter-criticisms of its use in psychology are also presented. Finally, we list some of the limitations of LHT studies in psychology. We argue that studies in this area can contribute to the development of solutions to current social problems.

Résumé Développée en biologie pour comprendre l'évolution des espèces, la théorie de l'histoire de vie (THV) a été appliquée en psychologie pour comprendre les différences individuelles dans le développement en réponse à des conditions environnementales spécifiques. Grace à son potentiel heuristique pour comprendre le comportement humain, l'objectif de cet essai était de décrire l'incorporation de la THV par la psychologie, en présentant ses fondements théoriques et conceptuels dans ce nouveau domaine, tels que le continuum rapide-lent, la covariation entre des traits psychologiques et les stratégies de l'histoire de vie. Nous discutons, basés sur des travails empiriques, des pronostics de la théorie concernant l'influence de l'imprévisibilité et de la sévérité de l'environnement sur les traits psychologiques. Nous révisons des travaux dans les domaines du développement, du comportement sexuel et antisocial, de la personnalité et de la psychopathologie. Les critiques et contre-critiques de son utilisation en psychologie sont également présentées. Enfin, nous énumérons des limites théoriques et méthodologiques des études de THV en psychologie. Nous soutenons que les études dans ce domaine peuvent contribuer à l'élaboration de solutions aux problèmes sociaux actuels.

Resumen La teoría de la historia de la vida (THV) ha sido desarrollada en la biología para comprender la evolución de las especies y ha sido aplicada en la psicología para comprender las diferencias individuales en el desarrollo humano en respuesta a condiciones ambientales específicas. Dado este potencial heurístico para comprender el comportamiento humano, el objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la incorporación de la THV por la psicología, presentando su marco teórico y conceptual en este nuevo campo, como el continuo rápido-lento, la covariación entre rasgos psicológicos y las estrategias de historia vital. Se discuten las predicciones de esta teoría sobre la influencia de la imprevisibilidad y la severidad ambiental en los rasgos psicológicos. Se realizó una revisión de los trabajos en los campos de desarrollo, comportamiento sexual y antisocial, personalidad y psicopatología. Además, se presentan críticas y contracríticas a su uso en la psicología. Por último, se exponen limitaciones de los estudios de la THV en este campo. Esta discusión permite constatar que los estudios en este campo pueden contribuir al desarrollo de soluciones a algunos de los problemas sociales actuales.

Adaptación al español del Ideal Partner and Relationship Scale (IPRS): evidencias sobre propiedades psicométricas

Introducción: Los estudios de preferencias de pareja han crecido ampliamente alrededor del mundo en los últimos años; no obstante, las pruebas psicológicas utilizadas en esta área no han sido adecuadamente adaptadas a contextos hispanohablantes. En esta investigación se adaptó al español una de las pruebas más frecuentemente usadas en el campo de la selección sexual humana: Ideal Partner and Relationship Scale (IPRS). Método: Se implementaron los siguientes procedimientos: (1) Traducción por pares, (2) Evaluación por expertos, (3) Aplicación inicial/validación (149 participantes), (4) Análisis de propiedades psicométricas, (5) Análisis confirmatorios con una muestra independiente (247 participantes). Resultados: Los análisis de las propiedades psicométricas de la prueba IPRS (español), indican que el instrumento conserva una estabilidad similar a la versión inglesa. En la estructura interna se conserva una solución factorial de cinco dimensiones de preferencia: atractivo físico, calidez y confianza, estatus y recursos, inteligencia y habilidades sociales. Además, los indicadores de confiabilidad demuestran una consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal sobresaliente. Por último, los patrones de preferencia de los participantes revelan similitudes con lo reportado en investigaciones transculturales semejantes. Conclusiones: Las sobresalientes propiedades referidas a la evidencia reportada en este estudio, llevan a considerar que la adaptación de la prueba IPRS al español fue exitosa, como resultado del seguimiento de protocolos estrictos de validación.

Introduction: Mate preference studies have been growing worldwide in recent years; however, the psychological tests used in this area have not been adequately adapted to Spanish-speaking contexts. This study aims to adapt to Spanish one of the most frequently used tests in human sexual selection: Ideal Partner and Relationship Scale (IPRS). Method: The adaptation included the following procedures: (1) Translation by peers; (2) Evaluation by experts; (3) Initial application / Validation (149 participants); (4) Analysis of psychometric properties; and (5) Confirmatory analysis from an independent sample (247 participants). Results: We proceeded to create the final version of the test in Spanish through the information collected. The analysis of the psychometric properties of the IPRS test indicates that the instrument retains stability and consistency similar to the original English version. This new version conserved the factorial structure, which includes five preference dimensions (physical attractiveness, warmth and trust, status and resources, intelligence, and social skills). Similarly, reliability indicators demonstrate good internal and temporal stability. Finally, the participant's preference patterns are equivalent to what has been reported in cross-cultural mate research. Conclusions: The good properties of the collected evidence led to the conclusion that the adaptation of the Spanish IPRS test was successful, as a result of strict validation protocols.

Do Narcisismo das Pequenas Diferenças ao Gozo Narcísico / From the Narcissism of Small Differences to Narcissistic Jouissance / Del Narcisismo de las Pequeñas Diferencias al Goce Narcisista

A proposta desse ensaio é retomar a incursão de Freud, a partir da Primeira Guerra Mundial, na fonte do sofrimento que vem das relações entre os humanos, indicando a novidade que significou o conceito de narcisismo das pequenas diferenças na apreensão dos movimentos coletivos que declaram uma inócua expressão de hostilidade ao outro, ou os que promulgam ações destrutivas e mortíferas contra o outro eleito como seu inimigo absoluto. Com o advento da pulsão de morte, Freud redimensiona o conceito de narcisismo das pequenas diferenças e introduz a ideia de que a satisfação das pulsões que atingem a mais cega fúria de destruição, está conectada a um gozo [Genuß] narcísico. Esse gozo, na leitura de Lacan, é um mal porque comporta um mal à alteridade. É com esse legado que nos propomos pensar a extensão da psicanálise ao discurso decolonial e outros discursos contra hegemônicos, através do diálogo interdisciplinar, na leitura das linguagens de ódio que enfrentamos em nossa época.

The purpose of this essay is to resume Freud's incursion, from the First World War, on the source of the suffering that comes from the relationships between humans, indicating the novelty that meant the concept of narcissism of small differences in the apprehension of collective movements that declare an innocuous expression of hostility to the other, or those who enact destructive and deadly actions against the other chosen as their absolute enemy. With the advent of the death drive, Freud re-dimensions the concept of narcissism of small differences and introduces the idea that the satisfaction of drives that reach the blindest fury of destruction is connected to a narcissistic jouissance [Genuß]. This jouissance, in Lacan's reading, is an evil because it entails an evil to alterity. It is with this legacy that we propose to think about the extension of psychoanalysis to the decolonial discourse and other counter-hegemonic discourses, through interdisciplinary dialogue, in the reading of the languages of hate that we face in our time.

El propósito de este ensayo es retomar la incursión de Freud, desde la Primera Guerra Mundial, sobre el origen del sufrimiento que proviene de las relaciones entre los humanos, señalando la novedad que significó el concepto de narcisismo de las pequeñas diferencias en la aprehensión de los movimientos colectivos que declaran una expresión inocua de hostilidad hacia el otro, o los que ejecutan acciones destructivas y mortíferas contra el otro elegido como su enemigo absoluto. Con el advenimiento de la pulsión de muerte, Freud redimensiona el concepto de narcisismo de las pequeñas diferencias e introduce la idea de que la satisfacción de las pulsiones que alcanzan la más ciega furia de destrucción está ligada a un goce narcisista [Genuß]. Este goce, en la lectura de Lacan, es un mal porque implica un mal a la alteridad.Es con este legado que nos proponemos pensar la extensión del psicoanálisis al discurso decolonial y otros discursos contrahegemónicos, a través del diálogo interdisciplinario, en la lectura de los lenguajes de odio que enfrentamos en nuestro tiempo.

Measuring categorisation in pre-school children: new toolkit, new insights

Introduction: whilst recent years have witnessed considerable research into infant categorisation, its development during the pre-school period has garnered far less interest and innovation. Objective: this paper documents the development of a valid and reliable new toolkit for measuring categorisation in children, designed to allow fine-grained differentiation through four short tasks. Methods: the paper outlines how a pilot study with 55 children reduced confounding variables, ruled out several explanations for performance variations and enabled procedural refinements. It then documents a study conducted with 190 children aged 30-60 months. Results: this more sophisticated testing mechanism challenges previously accepted developmental norms and suggests both sex and socio-economic status (and their interaction) influence categorisational abilities in pre-schoolers. Conclusion: the results indicate that preschool children's ability to categorise varies markedly, with implications for their capacity to access formal education.

Introdução: embora nos últimos anos tenha havido pesquisas consideráveis sobre a categorização infantil, seu desenvolvimento durante o período pré-escolar atraiu muito menos interesse e inovação. Objetivo: este artigo documenta o desenvolvimento de um novo kit de ferramentas válido e confiável para medir a categorização em crianças, projetado para permitir diferenciação refinada por meio de quatro tarefas curtas. Método: o artigo descreve como um estudo piloto com 55 crianças reduziu variáveis de confusão, descartou várias explicações para variações de desempenho e permitiu refinamentos de procedimentos. Em seguida, documenta um estudo realizado com 190 crianças de 30 a 60 meses. Resultados: este mecanismo de teste mais sofisticado desafia as normas de desenvolvimento previamente aceitas e sugere que o sexo e o status socioeconômico (e sua interação) influenciam as habilidades de categorização em pré-escolares. Conclusão: os resultados indicam que a capacidade de categorização dos pré-escolares varia acentuadamente, com implicações na sua capacidade de acesso à educação forma

Envejecimiento saludable: un primer acercamiento a la revisión de indicadores subjetivos de salud en zonas urbanas y rurales en Costa Rica / Healthy aging: An initial review of subjective health indicators in urban and rural areas in Costa Rica

Resumen En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una primera aproximación al análisis del efecto moderador del contexto social, cultural y geográfico en indicadores subjetivos del envejecimiento saludable en personas mayores de 46 años residentes en territorios con características diferenciadas en Costa Rica. Se trabajó con una muestra de 305 personas residentes en tres áreas geográficas: una urbana, una semiurbana y una tercera principalmente rural. La diferenciación de las tres zonas se basó en criterios de densidad poblacional, infraestructura y acceso a bienes y servicios. Los indicadores subjetivos del envejecimiento saludable analizados fueron: participación social, apoyo social, salud percibida, espiritualidad, autoeficacia, comportamientos de autocuidado, bienestar subjetivo (satisfacción con la vida y bienestar psicológico) y estado de ánimo; todas las variables fueron condicionadas por zona de residencia, edad y sexo. Para analizar los indicadores subjetivos se estimó un análisis de covarianza (ANCOVA) o un análisis multivariado de covarianza (MANCOVA), dependiendo del número de variables dependientes analizadas. En general, se identificaron indicadores subjetivos de envejecimiento saludable altos en las personas participantes del estudio, quienes reportaron altos niveles de participación social, satisfacción con la vida y estados de salud y ánimo positivos. Se encontraron diferencias por edad entre los grupos. Sin embargo, no se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los indicadores subjetivos analizados según la zona de residencia o el sexo. En síntesis, este estudio encontró que los indicadores subjetivos de envejecimiento saludable analizados eran muy similares en residentes de tres zonas geográficas con características distintas. Estos hallazgos iniciales se discuten desde una perspectiva cultural y geográfica y en relación con los modelos de envejecimiento saludable.

Abstract This review exposes the results of a first approximation to the analysis of the moderator effect of the geographical, social, and cultural context on subjective indicators of healthy aging in the Costa Rican context. Costa Rica is a middle-income democratic country that is in an advanced demographic changing process; this phenomenon makes it one of the aged countries in the Latin American region. Therefore, studying healthy aging becomes relevant in the context of population demographic change in the present and future aging societies. The study compared several subjective indicators of healthy aging among people older than 46 who resided in three different geographical areas in the country. Participants were 305 healthy people from three locations: one urban (Heredia Central City), one semi-urban (Santa Ana Central City), and one mainly rural (Nicoya). Participants completed standardized assessment scales to evaluate social participation, social support, perceived health, spirituality, self-efficacy, self-care behaviors, and subjective well-being (life satisfaction and psychological well-being). All variables were conditioned by geographical zone (urban, semi-urban, and mainly rural), age, and gender. Either Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) or Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) were estimated depending on the number of dependent variables analyzed to test the effect of the zone of residence, gender, and age, over the subjective indicator of healthy aging studied. In general, participants evidenced high scores on subjective indicators such as self-care, social support, spirituality, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being, which have been associated with health and well-being during the aging process. Participants reported high levels of social participation and perceived that they received adequate support for their daily life needs. Likewise, participants evidenced a general state of well-being, a positive state of health, high levels of self-efficacy, and positive moods. Differences were found among the groups by comparing age. However, no significant differences were found in the variables studied related to geographical areas of residence and sex, suggesting invariant comparison evidence by zone of residence and sex. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the subjective indicators of healthy aging studied are key to promoting healthy aging at the national level. It is considered necessary to improve opportunities for social participation aimed at older adults, to strengthen community and family social networks, to promote socio-economic support such as financial and instrumental support for activities of daily living, and finally emotional support such as listening, empathy and advice. Although the differences among geographical areas of residence of the people studied were not statistically significant in this study, the evidence suggested a trend of high well-being indicators mainly in the rural areas studied, and particularly more in males than in females. As this study only reached preliminary data, further research must obtain conclusive evidence, as previous research had suggested older people living in rural areas with high longevity indicators in Costa Rica might enjoy unusual environmental characteristics and personal protective factors that could be absent in most of the urban areas in the country. On the other hand, it will be necessary to include the historical and socio-cultural determinants focusing on context-specific review analyses in the mainstream research on healthy aging, even more in aged countries like Costa Rica. The findings are discussed within the inter-cultural emphasis and healthy aging models in order to contribute to a better understanding of how the context (physical-constructed and social/cultural) influences the differences, although subtle, in the study´s variables and participants, and how the process of aging might be different according to the multiple contextual conditions in which people live and adapt their capacities and abilities for coping with daily life demands.

Anxiety, emotions and threat perception in COVID-19 context: differences between Spanish teachers and students

Introduction: Our study compares the emotional impact of the first month of the lockdown on teachers and students due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, focusing on the variables of generalized anxiety, emotions, and perceived threat. Method: A non experimental design was applied, the sample consists of 452 participants (teachers = 188, young adult students = 264. Correlation analyses, a between-group design and effect size were carried out. Results: The results indicated that in crises or emergencies such as COVID-19, teachers and students have different emotional reactions. Students showed more generalized anxiety symptoms, more negative emotions, and fewer positive emotions. Teachers showed a higher degree of existential anxiety. Conclusion: Specific action plans should be developed for teachers and students. In addition, educational policies and teacher training programs should take the gender perspective into account when studying and planning a resilient educational system.

Introducción: Nuestro estudio compara el impacto emocional, entre profesores y estudiantes, durante el primer mes de cuarentena en España debido a la COVID-19, centrándonos en la ansiedad generalizada, emociones y percepción de amenaza. Método: Se aplicó un diseño no experimental, donde participaron 452 personas (profesores = 188, estudiantes adultos jóvenes = 264). Se realizaron análisis de correlación, diseños entre-grupos y tamaño del efecto. Resultados: Los resultados indican que durante crisis o emergencias como la COVID-19, los profesores y estudiantes tienen diferentes reacciones emocionales. Los estudiantes mostraron mayores síntomas de ansiedad generalizada, más emociones negativas y menos emociones positivas. Los profesores mostraron tener un alto grado de ansiedad existencial. Conclusión: Planes de acción específica deberían desarrollarse por separado para profesores y estudiantes. Además, las políticas educativas y los programas de formación de profesorado, deberían tener una perspectiva de género al estudiar y planificar un sistema educativo resiliente.